in agricultural ecosystems in Malaysia Mohd Norowi, H., Sajap, A.S., Rosliza, J., Mohd Fahimie, J. and Suri, R

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1 Conservation and sustainable utilization of stingless bees for pollination o services in agricultural ecosystems in Malaysia Mohd Norowi, H., Sajap, A.S., Rosliza, J., Mohd Fahimie, J. and Suri, R

2 Outlines 1. Pollination and pollinators 2. Roles of pollinator 3. Pollination services 4. Decline in bees 5. Diversity and potential of stingless bees 6. Malaysia initiatives 7. Summary

3 Pollinators Pollination is essential ecosystem service About 80% flower plant depend on animal Mammals Bats 40 plant families Open at night Durian, Guava, Banana Birds 65 plant families

4 Insects Pollinators Beetles (Coleoptera) 34 plant families Weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus Flies (Diptera) 60+ plant families Cacao tropical midges Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) 70+ plant families (moths often overlooked) Sunflower Sunflower Thrips 9 plant families Cacao

5 Pollinators Ants Wasps Bees Pollinate 90% of 254,000 angiosperm species 17,000 described bee species (est. 25,000) Bee provide the essential ecosystem service of POLLINATION

6 Pollinator - Bees Apis cerana Apis dorsata True Honeybees Koompassia excelsa or Tualang Trigona sp

7 Pollinator stingless bees Closed to honey bees Worldwide species Trigona and Melipona are the most important Trigona is the most widely distributed Important pollinators of many crops in tropical and subtropical (Heard, 1999)

8 Pollinator - Roles In natural ecosystem pollinators conserve biodiversity 95% insect responsible for canopy trees 50% understory yplants Tropical forest ecosystem is more susceptible to pollinator loss Plant reduce reproduction success in diverse ecosystem

9 Pollinator - Roles In Agroecosystem - food security 30% of human food rely on bee-pollinated crops Global value USD 217 billion Bees are rented/sold to supplement wild pollinator populations p

10 Pollination and ecosystem service conserve biodiversity Maintenance of genetic resources Purification of air and water Stabilization and moderation of the Earth's climate Pollination of plants, including many crops Control of pests and diseases Cultural and aesthetic benefits Ability to adapt to change

11 Pollination and ecosystem service - Agro Klien et al crops depend on animal pollination 28 crops independent 9 unknown Increase quantity or quality Increase seed production and breeding

12 Pollination and ecosystem In Malaysia oil palm industry Elaeidobius kamerunicus in oil palm plantation Saved the oil palm industry USD 100 million per year service - Agro

13 Gallai et al. (2009) Pollination and ecosystem service - Agro East Aisa (China, Korea DRP, Korea Rep., Mongolia) Total crop production Bn Value of insect pollination Bn Southeast Asia Total crop production Value of insect pollination EU 25 Total crop production Value of insect pollination Bn 11.6 Bn Bn 14.2 Bn

14 Gallai et al. (2009) Pollination and ecosystem service - Agro % Vulnerability by region Edible oil Fruits Nuts Pulse Spices Stim. Veg. crops crops East Asia SEA EU

15 Decline in bees Significant decline in pollinator diversity in UK and Netherlands since 1980s. Bee diversity declined 56% and 67% in UK and Netherlands, respectively In UK 75% of bee pollinated wild plants declined in distribution

16 Decline in bees Colony Collapse Disorder

17 Decline in bees Could seriously threaten food security and biodiversity (FA0, 2007)! CBD IPI (2000) - to promote sustainable use of pollinator diversity in agriculture and related ecosystems Diversification of crop pollinator help to maintain pollination service Looking for efficient pollinators

18 Stingless bees diversity Malaysia hosts wide variety stingless bees (Trigona) 32 species reported 29 species kept in MARDI insect Museum 20 colonies of 11 species in pollinator garden

19 Less aggressive Advantages of Stingless bee Able to forage in glasshouses Native conservation and resistant to the diseases and parasites Colonies are sustained They are potential to be commercial il

20 Trigona at work

21 Values of Trigona service Commodities Production Value (USD) Pollinator Dependence Ratio Insect Pollinator Economic values (USD) Starfruits 5,218, ,391,746 Guava 481, ,939 Citrus (Mandrin) 143, ,153 Mango 911, ,483 Watermelon 9,970, ,471,914 Durian 4,781, ,108,165 Coconut 9,026, ,256,662 Total 30,532,987 19,141,065

22 Issues and Challenges To secure as many as possible the number of stingless bees To strengthen capacity among the stakeholders To enhance research and development especially in aspects to increase sustainable utilization of stingless bees

23 Current Initiatives Develop National Strategies and Action Plans Strategies consisted of various action plans aim to conserve and sustainable use pollinator diversity

24 Conservation Inventorization To continue collection activities

25 Conservation Ex-situ conservation Pollinator garden

26 Pollinator garden 11 species - T. itama, T. thoracica, T. atripes,. peninsularis, T. pagdeniformis, T. collina, T. valdezi are collected

27 Pollinator Garden Study the biology and behaviour Medicinal value of honey propolis and pollen H f ti l h hi h f Honey of stingless has higher free phenolic acids

28 T. itama

29 Thoracica

30 Stingless bee in Agroecosystem Fruit trees Mango Starfruit Durian Rambutan Watermelon Honeydew Stingless bee species T. thoracica, T. apicalis and T. atripes T. thoracica T. thoracica T. thoracica and T. atripes T. thoracica, T. itama, T. peninsularis and T. atripes T. thoracica and T. itama

31 Monitoring tool (a) Computer Vision System for Monitoring 8 Pollinator Activity 2 4 9:00 AM 9:30 AM 10:00 AM 10:30 AM 11:00 AM 11:30 AM 12:00 PM Pollinator Counts 12:30 PM 1:00 PM Time

32 Natural vs Agroecosystem TP Forest reserve vs Selangor FV 50 Km apart Stingless bee diversity were compare

33 100 Templer Park Forest Reserve 80 T. itama T. thoracica T. atripes T. peninsularis T. pagdeniformisi T. canifrons Six species in 0 TPFR and only four in SFV 40 Jan Feb March Apr May June 100 Selangor Fruit Valley T. itama, 80 T. thoracica, T. itama T. thoracica T. atripes T. peninsularis 20 0 Jan Feb March Apr May June

34 Summary 1. Pollination > 30% global food production 2. Bee populations are in decline and reliance on one/few species unsustainable 3. Potential of stingless bees 4. On-going initiatives in Malaysia 5. Conservation and management of pollinator

35 Thank you

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