4 th Regional Coordination Meeting INSERT COUNTRY MAP SHOWINGLOCATION OF BENCHMARK SITE

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1 4 th Regional Coordination Meeting Cairo November 19 20, 2012 Water Management Strategies and Impacts on Livelihoods in (Egypt) INSERT COUNTRY MAP SHOWINGLOCATION OF BENCHMARK SITE

2 WLI Goal and Intended Outputs Overall Goal: to improve the livelihoods of rural households and communities in areas where water scarcity, land degradation, and associated problems are prevalent. Intended Outputs: 1. Integrated water and land use strategies for policy making, tools for sustainable benchmark management and organizational mechanisms for community inclusion at the benchmark site. 2. Enhanced knowledge, skills and qualifications for key stakeholders in the benchmark sites. Please insert a picture 3. Improved rural livelihoods of farmers in the benchmark sites through the adoption of sustainable land and water management practices and livelihood strategies. that represents your National Policy Objectives in (EGYPT): work 1. Increase the productivity of both land and water units. 2.maintain i the sustainability of water and land use. 3. Improving the livelihood of rural inhabitants. 4. Reducing poverty rates in rural ralareas.

3 WLI Egypt components Bio Physical Coordination Education & Capacity Development Socioeconomic and policies

4 Benchmark sites Agroecosystem: Irrigated agricultural Damnhour El Bustan South thel Husiania El Zankalon

5 Bio physical activities

6 Present situation of irrigated agriculture Water Old system New intervention Land Fragmentation Soil degradation Crop Free cropping pattern Cash crops

7 Present situation of water management Negative Impact Inequitable water distribution to make water conflict between upstream and downstream farmers along canals. Downstream farmers presently have to use drainage water to solve water shortage. It results in salt accumulation in the farm land. Water pollution is also a serious problem to the farmers.

8 Present situation of water management Supply VS. Demand Delivered Water Quantity Rational Quality Gab between S & D Better Water Management practices in Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Better Water Management practices in Small Scale Irrigation Schemes Better Water Distribution (more equity) Water Saving Increase Allover Water Productivity

9 WLI Bio-physical & BM- Modeling [Activity A]Modeling A.] the sustainability of the irrigation system Analysis of water supply system Inequityof water distribution irrigation and drainage management/practices age e actces Water quality deterioration (salinity) Linkages & cooperation

10 Present situation of water management Monitoring and Evaluation Measure supply and demand through Water Balance On demand spatial assessments Options for improvements Options for improvements Build scenarios for up scaling model

11 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Sustainability assessment framework: Sustainability of the irrigated land A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling ) B. On-farm soil degradation analysis B.1 Baseline assessment B.2 Comprehensive case studies of soil degradation [soil compaction, salinity build-up, water table fluctuation] B. 3 Spatial analysis and hazard map development of soil degradation d baseline in the Nile delta region

12 Old land Salt-affected land New land 2010/2011 Baseline study of the bio-physical & socio-economic characterization in the WLI Benchmark sites 2011/2012 A.1 Modeling B.2.1case study of soil compaction 2012/2013 A.1 Modeling B.1.1 Baseline assessment B.2.1 case study: soil compaction B.3.1 hazard map B.1.2 Baseline assessment A.2 Modeling A.3 Modeling 2013/2014 B.2.2 Case study: soil compaction & salinity build-up B.3.2 Hazard map B.1.3 Baseline assessment 2014/2015 A.3 Modeling B.2.3 Case study: salinity build-up & water table B.3.3 Hazard map

13 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Sustainability of the irrigated land A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system stem (Modeling ) Damnhour

14 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Winter season 20m 3 /fed./day

15 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Sabaia Farmer s Abstraction / Available Share of Supply P=14.6 mm P=32.7 mm P=42.7 mm Farmers tk take > their available share Farmers take < their share Farmers take > their share Sabaia Farmer s Abstraction / Available Share of Supply

16 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta WUI for Sabaia and Habib Canals

17 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March April May Habib Canal Supply (m 3 /fed.) Abstraction/available (%) WUI Precipitation (mm) Sabaia Canal Supply (m 3 /fed.) Abstraction/available (%) WUI

18 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Water Quality (Salinity) canals drain groundwater Sabaia Habib Nasr Well 2 Well 3 Well

19 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Rotational or continues flow Nov. Water Levels of Canals Dec. Jan.

20 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Sustainability assessment framework: Sustainability of the irrigated land A. Assessing the sustainability of the irrigation system (Modeling ) Soil compaction & salinity in old land B. On-farm soil degradation analysis B.1 Baseline assessment B.2 Comprehensive case studies of soil degradation [soil compaction, salinity build-up, water table fluctuation] B. 3 Spatial analysis and hazard map development of soil degradation baseline in the Nile delta region

21 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta B. Soil degradation d assessment in old land Questionnaire form o the sources of soil compaction due to agriculture practice, o the perception of the farmers the effect of soil compaction Sample size: Phase I: 50 points without field measurements, Phase II: 50 points with field measurements for soil compaction and soil salinity at different stages of the cultivation season, as follows: Med of the winter season End of the winter season After harvesting of the winter season (bare soil) On Start of summer season Mid of summer season End of summer season

22 Pre-results Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Cropping practices 72% face several problems with drainage. Mechanical application per farm operation Problems attributed to agriculture mechanization Wheels slippage 8% Fuel over consumption 8% Rise of white or black fumes from tractor/machine manifold at certain parts of the land 12% The front wheels rise up from back wheels 7% Deep wheel prints and tracks on soil 7% Formation of big soil aggregates and blocks 58%

23 Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Nile Delta Farmers perceptions: Perception of farmers of soil compaction 80% didn t hear before the term soil compaction. 20% indicated their understanding d soil compaction o term but they couldn t give a clear definition of it. 92% believe that they have not soil compaction problem Soil compaction impact on agriculture production Positive 0% No impact 12% Negative 88% "Soil compaction" attributed to Poor drainage system 50% Inappropriate mechanical applications 33% Poor irrigation application 17%

24 Socio economic activities

25 socio economic activities Activities iii of 2012 Conduct a socio-economic farm & household survey focusing on: existing & potential water and land management practices & technologies existing & potential income- generating activities

26 socio economic activities Survey of total sample size is 452. The draft Report of this Survey was developed and submitted to ICARDA for reviewing.

27 socio economic activities

28 socio economic activities Socio economic Farm & Household Characteristics Characteristic. Old Land Salt affected Land New Land Farm Size < 1.2 ha 2.0 ha 2.1 ha Cropping Wheat (72%) Sugar Beet (45%) Wheat (13%) Pattern Clover (27%) Rice (70%) Mi Maize (29%) Wheat (33%) Rice (85%) Cotton (13%) Clover (2%) Groundnut (10%) Bean (5%) Fruit (65%) Source of Irrigation Nile Water Groundwater Nile Water Groundwater Nile Water Groundwater Drainage Water Drainage Water Sewage Water Farmer's Sex Males (91%) Males (75%) Males (91%) Females (9%) Females (25%) Females (9%) Farmer's Age > 50 yrs yrs yrs.

29 socio economic activities Economic Efficiency of Crop Production: Profitability from Water Standpoint (Gross Margin Per Unit of Water $/1000 CM) 7 Sugar Beet 6 Clover Hun ndreds $/1000 CM 5 Maize Cotton 4 Groundnut El Zankalon S. El Husainia P. El Nubaria

30 socio economic activities Existing & Potential Water and Land Management Practices & Technologies Technologies and Practices Old Land Salt affected Land New Land Raised Bed P P Deficit Irrigation P P Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation Laser Levelling Manure Composting P Adding Agr. Gyps. P New Varieties P

31 Improving Land & Water Management: Field levellevel Development and Use of Technologies (FTF Indicators) Technology Stage of Devt Land Area (ha) Users (m) Users (f) Raised Bed Under Research Deficit Irrigation Under Research Source: The results of the socio economic farm and household survey 2011/2012 with a sample size of 452.

32 Understanding and improving on farm Income Farm Budget Winter: Sugar Beet Sites: Old & Salt affected Lands Farm Budget Summer: Maize Sites: Old & New Lands Input costs: Input costs: Variable Costs= $ 681 Variable Costs= $ 1706 Fixed Costs= $ 496 Total Costs= $ 1177 Productivity: i Ton/Ha Total Revenue: 1554 $/Ha Fixed Costs= $ 754 Total Costs= $ 2460 Productivity: i 3.00 Ton/Ha Total Revenue: 9072 $/Ha Source: The results of the socio economic farm and household survey 2011/2012 with a sample size of 452.

33 Understanding and improving Livelihoods Characterization & Key Indicators Women s income generating options: rabbit breeding Style of housing: concrete + 2 floors rooms Factors affecting farm income earned from main crops: e.g. farm location on the mesqa, irrigation water flow, laser leveling, cultivating new varieties Source: The results of the socio economic farm and household survey 2011/2012 with a sample size of 452.

34 Existing & Potential Income generating Activities Activities Old Land: El Zankalon Salt affected Land: South El Husainia Plain New Land: El Nubaria Rabbit Breeding P P P Livestock Breeding P P P Poultry Raising P P P Bakery P P P Di Dairy Products P P Mushroom Production P P Honey Production P P P Source: The results of the socio economic farm and household survey 2011/2012 with a sample size of 452.

35 socio economic activities Recommendations Farmers should be encouraged to adopt and disseminate water-saving technologies and land conservation practices in the three target Sites. Farmers should also be encouraged to adopt and disseminate i technology packages e.g. (using raised bed + cultivating new varieties) or (laser levelling + cultivating new varieties). Farmers should be trained on crop residual management e.g. rice straw. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt land consolidation of fragmented holdings especially in El Zankalon where small farm size prevails (< 1.2 Ha). Farmers should be encouraged to organize commodity-wise groups or producer groups e.g. sugar beet, rice, maize and citrus. Farmers should be encouraged and trained on contract farming at certain conditions to resolve marketing problems.

36 2012/2013 work plan

37 Improve Water Mgt Strategies A. Modeling the sustainability of the irrigation system in old land B: On farm soil degradation analysis B.1 Baseline assessment B. 2 Comprehensive case study of in old land B. 3 Spatial analysis and hazard map Improve Livelihoods 1 Complete the analysis of the survey of Analysis of women access to land 3 Farmer capacity development in terms of experimental learning evaluation Exchange Knowledge Agribusiness course Integrated soil and water management under saline conditions on farm irrigation and drainage systems Quarterly & Annual Reporting Monitoring WLI Indicators

38 Education & Capacity Development activities In country trainings: 3 days, y, Desert Development Center (AUC) planned for January 2013 Course Title: 1 GeneralAgribusiness Agribusiness, Farm Managementandand Marketing Course Objectives: Understand the basics of farm management and economics Learn more about marketing research and marketing strategies, e.g. value adding Efficiently control the quality of farm produce Monitor financial accounts Assess the sustainability of farming operations Understand sustainable farming solutions including IPM, production and waste management Number of Participants: 30 from the Bustan benchmark site

39 Education & Capacity Development activities Proposed training course 2 Integrated soil and water management under saline conditions i Target: Researchers, Agribusiness, Technician 3 Operation, evaluation and maintenance of the on farm irrigation and drainage systems under saline conditions Target: Technician, Extension service, Farmers

40 WLI Seed Additional Resource Mobilization Plan for 2013: (Egypt) Fund (US$) Resource Needs Resource Mobilization Plan for 2013: (Egypt) Plan A (US$) [Plan B] Total (US$) [A+B] In kind contribution (US$) ImproveWater MgtStrategies A. Modeling the sustainability of the irrigation system in old land B: On farm soil degradation analysis B.1 Baseline assessment B. 2 Comprehensive case study of in old land 6,000 ni 5,000 10,000 15, ,000 15,000 5,000 4,000 10,000 3,000 B. 3 Spatial analysis and hazard map ni 7,000 7,000 4,000 Water constraints on crop choice & farmers income SUBTOTAL Improve Livelihoods Complete the analysis of the survey of 2012 Analysis of women access to land Farmer capacity development in terms of experimental learning evaluation SUBTOTAL Improve & Exchange Knowledge 3 on job training courses Training activities (tbd) Subtotal GRAND TOTAL 11,000 5,000 ni ni 5,000 9, , ,000 57, ,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 15,000 75,000 25,000 68,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 15,000 9,000 15,000 24, ,000 21,000 2,000 1,000 1,000 4,000 6,000 10,000 16,000 41,000

41 Expected publications: Publication Estimated ZOD Paper: Economics of Irrigation Water Management in Feb 2013 the Salt affected Soils of Egypt Report: Literature review of soil compaction: reasons March 2013 and impacts Paper: the perception of framers towards soil May 2013 compaction problems in old land Paper: Hazard map of soil compaction and salinity in old land and salt affected affected land at the Nile Delta region Sept 2013

42 Thank you Coordination Prof. Nahla Zaki [NWRC] Universities Prof. Richard Tutwiler [AUC] Prof.. Hany Ramadan [ ARC] Dr. Tina Jaskolski [AUC] Bio-physical Component Prof. Basem Ashour [Zagazig University] Dr. Samar Attaher [ARC] Prof. Abdel Ghany El Gendy [ Ain Shams University] Dr. Ibraheem Gafar [NWRC] Prof. Mohamed El Ansary [Benha University] Dr. Shrief Tony [NWRC] Prof. Abdalah El Amen [ Cairo Universty] Dr. Alaa Ghareeb [NWRC] Dr. Abdrabbo Shehata [NWRC} Socio-economic Component Dr. Enas Abbas Saleh [ARC] Prof. Hassan Abd El Magid [ ARC] Prof. Gamal M. Fawzy [NWRC] Prof. Ali Ahmed Ibrahim [Zagazig University] ICARDA Dr. Ateef Swelem Dr. Caroline King Dr. Aden Aw-Hassan Dr. Boubaker Dhehibi Dr. Malika Martini