1. Assessing SSNM and AWD in Northeast Thailand, RICE CRP

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1 1. Assessing SSNM and AWD in Northeast Thailand, RICE CRP Assessing SSNM and AWD: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Drought-prone Rainfed Lowlands in Northeast Thailand SSNM: Site Specific Nutrient Management AWD: Alternate Wetting and Drying water management The SSNM is expected to reduce fertilizer use efficiency. The demand to save on the cost of irrigation is most pronounced during the dry season because farmers use diesel pumps to draw water from swamps or use shallow tube wells to draw underground water. The AWD water management is expected to reduce water use and its cost, while maintaining the yield level. Rice farmers in Northeast Thailand and elsewhere. The water crisis is threatening the sustainability of the rice production in the rainfed low-land areas in northeast Thailand. From 2009 to 2013, the Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center (URRC) collaborated with the CURE project and conducted (1) droughttolerant rice variety selection, (2) site specific nutrient management (SSNM) trials, and (3) alternate wetting and drying (AWD) water management trials for dry-season rice. The SSNM was developed to help farmers determine the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer based on soil fertility and toposequence position of the rice field. Toposequence is important because soil characteristics of lower and upper fields are different. To assess the impacts of the SSNM and AWD use, we propose to conduct a randomized control trial in the target areas in northeast Thailand. In the rain season of 2017, farmers in the treatment group will be recommended and trained to use SSNM. And the same treatment farmers will be recommended and trained to apply AWD on their fields during the dry season. Throughout the two seasons, the farmers in the treatment and control groups will be interviewed a few times. Takashi Yamano (t.yamano@irri.org) 1 P a g e

2 2. Impact and Adoption of Salinity-tolerant Rice, RICE CRP innovation to be assessed? Adoption of Saltol Sin Thwe Latt: salinity tolerant rice variety, released in Myanmar Rice farmers in saline-prone areas in major deltas in Asia, specifically in Myanmar. would like to answer (what outcome(s), on whom, over what time period)? Two studies could be expected: Impact and Adoption. In the impact study, we can estimate the potential impact of adopting Saltol Sin Thwe Latte on rice yield and profit. One possible drawback of Saltol Sin Thwe Latt is its low price, compare with popular rice varieties. Thus, profits need to be examined. Even if Saltol Sin Thwe Latt performs better than other varieties, the adoption of the variety may not improve quickly. The seed supply chain in Myanmar is not well functioning. A possible study can test an innovative way to promote the variety. study design, methods, data, etc.)? Salinity is one of the major problems for rice production. The intrusion of salt water in rice fields can reduced germination rate, reduced plant height and tillering, caused poor root growth and increased spikelet sterility which lead to poor harvest of the farmers. Global warming is expected to exacerbate the problem by raising sea water level in major rice producing deltas in Asia. Salinity tolerant rice varieties are expected to mitigate the possible negative impacts of the increased salinity. A preliminary survey was conducted in 2016 in Myanmar, and a report has been written. The survey was just for fact finding by interviewing over 100 farmers in villages where Saltol Sin Thwe Latt has been released. Impact: We could design a random control trial by distributing Saltol Sin Thwe Latt seeds to randomly selected farmers (could be selected at the village level). Adoption Study: We could randomize availability of Saltol Sin Thwe Latte seeds and examine how to increase adoption rates through some interventions, such as phone bidding. Takashi Yamano (t.yamano@irri.org) 2 P a g e

3 3. Sustainable Production Standards in Rice Value Chains in Vietnam, RICE CRP innovation to be assessed? Adoption of sustainable production standards and horizontal and vertical coordination in rice value chains in Vietnam Farmers and exporters would like to answer (what outcome(s), on whom, over what time period)? What is the impact of (i) the adoption of sustainable production standards (one must, five reductions; VietGAP, GlobalGAP, Sustainable Rice Platform standards); (ii) horizontal coordination of farmers through the implementation of the small farm, large field (SFLF) program by the government in Vietnam; and (iii) vertical coordination through the adoption of contract farming by rice exporters in Vietnam? What are the implications of these trends in rice value chain upgrading in terms of economic, social and environmental sustainability? Is this transformation socially inclusive and environmentally friendly? study design, methods, data, etc.)? Upgrading of rice value chains is a key focus of the CGIAR Research Program on Rice and expected to be a powerful strategy for rendering rice farming more sustainable in the Mekong Delta. Contract farming is currently being promoted by the Vietnamese government as a tool for upgrading rice value chains in order to make the Vietnamese rice export sector more competitive quality-wise in the international rice market. The analysis can be done in two stages. The first one is a passive learning stage, where we conduct a survey of existing contracts and production standards in the Vietnamese rice sector and then assess which contract models lead to most sustainable production based on a set of indicators as defined by the Sustainable Rice Platform (SR). The second one is an active learning stage, where we conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with the leading rice exporter (Loc Troi) to test new contract models and variations thereof which somehow internalize sustainable production standards (AWD, 1M5R, SRP standards, ). Matty Demont: m.demont@irri.org 3 P a g e

4 4. Impact assessment of RiceAdvice for improvement of rice farm management practices in Africa, RICE CRP RiceAdvice ( ) is free android application for AndroidTM that providing personalized advice on rice management practices to sub-saharan African (SSA) small-holder rice farmers. What is the impact RiceAdvice on productivity, income, food security and poverty reduction among rice basedhouseholds in SSA? The users of RiceAdvice are rice farmers Farmers in sub-saharan Africa often have limited access to quality extension services due to limited number of public extension workers. Considering high speed penetration rate of smartphones and advance in ICT, use of RiceAdvice will enhance scale-out of recommended rice management practices at lower cost. It is important for the CGIAR to assess the impact of this innovation on the livelihood of small-holder farmers. The impact assessment methodology will combine both randomized control trials and observational study methods. The observational study will be based on counterfactual approach The study will be conducted in Nigeria and Senegal. Aminou Arouna, Impact Assessment Economist, AfricaRice (a.arouna@cgiar.org) Saito Kazuki, Agronomist, AfricaRice (K.Saito@cgiar.org) 4 P a g e

5 5. Impact assessment of tolerant rice varieties to climate change in Africa, RICE CRP ARICA varieties are new generation of rice varieties to both increase the productivity and the resilience of rice farmers to biotic and abiotic stress What is the impact stress tolerant varieties adoption on productivity, income, food security and poverty reduction among rice based-households in SSA? The users of ARICA are rice farmers After the success of NERICA varieties as crossing between Oriza sativa and Oriza glaberima, new generation of rice varieties is developed and introduced in Sub-Saharan Africa to increase resilience to climate change. First ARICA varieties were released The impact assessment methodology will combine both randomized control trials and observational study methods. The observational study will be based on counterfactual approach The study will be conducted in Benin, Guinea- Conakry, Mali and Ethiopia. Aminou Arouna, Impact Assessment Economist, AfricaRice Manneh Baboucarr, Breeder, AfricaRice 5 P a g e

6 6. Impact assessment of ASI thresher for small-holder rice farmers in Africa, RICE CRP The ASI-thresher-cleaner is a thresher which separates grain from straw, recovering a higher proportion of paddy than manual threshing, resulting in fewer losses and reduced labor requirement. What is the impact ASI-thresher-cleaner adoption on labor productivity, income, food security and poverty reduction among rice based-households in SSA and service providers? The user of ASI-thresher-cleaner are rice farmers and service providers After the success introduction of ASI in Senegal since 2000, it has been introduced since 2013 in other SSA countries including Nigeria, Benin, etc. It is important to assess the impact of this technology. The ex-post impact assessment methodology will combine quantitative and qualitative participatory impact-evaluation, The quantitative part will be based on counterfactual approach using MTE framework. The study will be conducted in Benin, Nigeria and Senegal. Aminou Arouna, Impact Assessment Economist, AfricaRice (a.arouna@cgiar.org) Moreira Jean, Mechanization expert, AfricaRice (J.Moreira@cgiar.org) 6 P a g e

7 7. Impact assessment of rice improved varieties with better market quality traits in Ecuador, RICE CRP The improved varieties with better market qualities were developed using CIAT germplasm. Also, CIAT and FLAR collaborated to cross the germplasm and select the modern varieties released, like SFL 09, SFL 011. Determine the impact on productivity, income changes, market access, food security and poverty reduction effects by adopting the improved rice varieties with better market quality. The direct users are the rice producers and the indirect beneficiaries are the national consumers. CIAT is the main source of germplasm and improved varieties for Latin America and the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the replacement between old varieties (more than 10 years) and modern varieties (less than 10 years old) is not that dynamic limiting the reach of the new improved varieties with better market quality traits. It is important to understand the impact of adopting technology and the policies that could be implemented to stimulate adoption. Since CIAT and FLAR are the main source for new improved varieties in the region the lessons from this study could guide policy makers and set examples to improve technology reach. We are proposing to re-survey a national representative sample across Ecuador collected in 2015 (1,028 households 1,725 rice plots) to complete a panel data that can allow us to achieve our analysis objectives. The methods used will relay in advance econometric techniques to define causality between adopting improved varieties and household changes in income, poverty, food security, and market access. We will explore different quasi-experimental approaches like differences in differences, fixed effect models, instrumental variables among others. Ricardo Labarta CIAT (r.labarta@cgiar.org) Robert Andrade CIAT (r.s.andrade@cgiar.org) Diego Marin CIAT (d.marin@cgiar.org) 7 P a g e

8 8. Adoption of rice production innovations and its effects on the provision of ecosystem services in Brazil, RICE CRP The research collaboration between CIAT and Embrapa has a long history. Recent evidence shows the relevant influence that the gene-bank, and capacity building has generated to the amount of innovation developed and disseminated in Brazil for the rice sector. Has collaborative research and technology adoption of rice innovations had any effect on the provision of ecosystem services in Brazil (i.e. water waste, increase in gas emissions, fertilizer run-off, etc.). Research and Development stakeholders in the rice sector in Brazil. Demonstrating the benefits for long term alliances between international and national research centers is a priority to identify successful policy implementations that can developed, disseminate and reduce harmful environmental effects. We aim to exploit large databases available in Brazil that combines GxExMxS (genomic, environmental, management, and socioeconomic). We will combine econometric techniques with bio-economic modeling to assess the impact of rice innovations. Ricardo Labarta CIAT (r.labarta@cgiar.org) Robert Andrade CIAT (r.s.andrade@cgiar.org) Elcio Guimaraes Embrapa (elcio.guimaraes@embrapa.br) 8 P a g e

9 9. Rice production and the effect of trade agreements on food security in Colombia, RICE CRP. CIAT, FLAR and Fedearroz have contributed to the development of better rice management production practices in Colombia aiming to increase the rice sector competitiveness and maintain rice self-sufficiency. Rice producers and other stakeholders in the rice value chain of Colombia and the United States Does rice technology adoption improve competitiveness and help food security within the implementation of the free trade agreement between Colombia and United States? Colombian rice producers are facing the effects of the free trade agreement between them and the United Sates rice producers and prior studies show that Colombia has lower competitiveness indicators compare to them. This could affect their capacity to be self-sufficient on rice production. Technology adoption (i.e. improved rice varieties and management practices) can increase rice sector competitiveness and reduce unexpected effects of the free trade agreement. However, there is not yet clear evidence on the effects that the free trade agreement can have either positive or negative. Understanding clearly the effects that technology adoption can have could help the rice value chain stakeholders. We will use quasi-experimental methods using the datasets from the recent agricultural census and the four-yearly rice census collected by Fedearroz and national statistical institutes. The combination of these datasets is a challenge that we want to use to build up experience for bigdata management. Likewise, we will build competitive indicators to compare both countries using export, imports and production information and derive relevant policy recommendations. Ricardo Labarta CIAT (r.labarta@cgiar.org) Robert Andrade CIAT (r.s.andrade@cgiar.org) Margarita Gáfaro Banco de la Republica, Colombia (mgafargo@banrep.gov.co) 9 P a g e