Hordium vulgare. Hordium spontaneum. Hordeum spontaneum, progenitor of cultivated barley: two row form with small seeds, weak straw.

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4 Hordium vulgare Hordium spontaneum Hordeum spontaneum, progenitor of cultivated barley: two row form with small seeds, weak straw.

5 Barley belongs to the grass tribe Hordeae, in which the spikes have a zigzag rachis. Belongs to the genus Hordium, section Cerealia. Cultivated barley (Hordium vulgare) is in the same section as the two wild species with brittle rachis (H. agrocrithon and H. spontaneum). All three species are diploid (2n = 14).

6 6-row 2-row

7 Barley has one floret per spikelet and three spikelets per node Awn Lateral Lateral Kernal Kernal Lateral Lateral Glumes Barley spikelets on six row and two row barley genotypes. Note lateral spikelets sterile on two row barley.

8 Top view Two row barley Top view -Six row barley

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17 Earlier maturing than wheat. More competitive than other cereals. Moisture stress tolerant. Lower input (low nitrogen).

18 Both winter and spring habits exist: Vernalization period is 2 to 10 weeks below 50 o F. Winter genotypes less winter hardy than wheat.

19 Barley types divided: 2 row and 6 row. Feed and malt types. Hulled principally in US. Hulless varieties used in Europe.

20 Barley Seeds Hulled Barley Hulless Barley

21 Awned usual in Western US: Rough and Smooth Awns. Awnless types exist. Hooded (modified awn): Silage and green chop.

22 Barley Ears Awned Ears Hooded Ears

23 Dwarf types common. Taller genotypes used for rain-fed production. Straw may be weaker than wheat. Aluerone Color: Colorless, white, yellow, blue. Waxy starch types used for some specialty food and feed.

24 Many diseases in common with wheat Important diseases Barley yellow dwarf virus Fusarium head scab

25 Introduced into the North America: Colonial US New England. Spanish introduction into Florida and Southwest. Landraces: Chevalier, Thorpe, Hanna NE. Tennessee Winter SE. Coast SW. Later Asian introductions Manchuria, Hannchen, Nepal.

26 Production centers shifted from east to mid-west and California in 19 th century. Prohibition shifted production of high quality malt types to feed. Early barley mixed groups of similar types. First cross late 19 th Century. USDA Introductions more important for early pure lines.

27 Barley harvested Production by County

28 120, ,000 27% 80,000 60,000 17% 16% 40,000 10% 7% 20,000 3% 3% 2% 0

29 /3 of Idaho Agricultural products are exported

30 Barley by District 46,000 a 60 Bu/a 2,700k Bu 9,000 a 80 Bu/a 600k Bu 127,000 a 102 Bu/a 12,500k Bu 348,000 a 84 Bu/a 27,040k Bu

31 Barley by County Bonneville - 5,500k Bu Jefferson - 4,330k Bu Fremont - 4,230k Bu Madison - 3,100k Bu Caribou - 2,730k Bu Teton - 2,375k Bu

32 Idaho Barley Barronesse -30% AC Metcalfe -21% Conrad -15% Camas -14% Cultivars AC Metcalfe. 18% Harrington 17% Conrad.. 12% Barronesse 10% Legacy 9% Baronesse -23% Boyer -16% Haybet -10% Moravian 69 35% Conrad -18% Harrington -10% Eight Twelve -5% Harrington -23% AC Metcalfe -23% Legacy -14% Merit -11%

33 Most malt and other human food uses for barley are produced under contract. Contracts typically specify the planting of Certified Seed. What is Certified Seed? Seed produced from planting Registered Seed. Registered seed is produced by planting Foundation Seed Foundation Seed is produced from planting Breeders Seed.

34 Recommendation based on rainfall: <21 : units N / lb grain / acre: 1,500 lb/acre seed = 60 lb N/acre : units N/ lb / acre: 2,000 lb/acre seed = 86 lb N/acre. >24 : units N/ lb / acre: 2,500 ;b/acre seed = 115 lb N/acre.

35 Soil Test 0-24 inches Barley Yield Goal Following grain crop Following alfalfa

36 Planting dates: Similar to spring wheat. April 1 for most of PNW. As late as May 15 in upper valley and Idaho panhandle.

37 Don t over fertilize. Select lodging resistant cultivars. Reduce plumps Increase protein: Target protein 11.5 to 13% Use synthetic ethylene (Cerone) to inhibit GA mediated cell elongation of the peduncle. Timely water shut-off.

38 Similar to wheat. Barley more competitive than wheat. Management of annual grasses problematic. Rotation of herbicides important to prevent herbicide resistant weeds.

39 Primary weedy oat in US Annual losses in millions $ Shattering and dormancy adaptive traits that promote weediness. Herbicide resistance a problem in wild oats when single mode of action herbicides are used repeatedly within a crop rotation

40 Group 1 ACCase Inhibitors: Hoelon, Cheyenne, Discover. Group 2 ALS Inhibitors: Assert, Olympus. Group 8 Lipid Synthesis: Fargo.

41 Insects: Barley thrips. Aphids. Diseases few in West: BYDV and Stripe rust.

42 Wild Oat

43 Wheat strip rust

44 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus

45 Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres)

46 Leaf rust (Puccinia graminis)

47 Foot rots Bipolaris, Pythium, Rhizoctonia

48 Net Blotch Seed Treatment: Imazalil Powdery Mildew Fungicides: Triadimefon. Phopiconazole. Tribasic copper. Sulfate + sulfur.

49 Smut Seed Treatment Fungicide: Triadimenol Carboxin + Thiram Carboxin + Captan Carboxin + Maneb + Lindane Carboxin + PCNB. Mancozeb.

50 Grades based on: Row number (6-row or 2-row). Grain end use (Malt or Feed). Test wt. (50 lb/bu 2-row, less for 6-row). Discounts. Plumps: won t sieve through a 6/64 screen. Thins sieve through: 5/64 6 row. 5.5/64 2 row.

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52 Livestock Feed

53 Removing hulls and grinding or breaking bran improves feed efficiency. Dry rolling: Cheap but dusty Steam rolling: Same efficiency but better palatability. Fine grinding: Hammer mill impact grinding- dusty! Pelletizing: Force material through die

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59 Malt - controlled sprout: Steep raise moisture to 42-44% uniformly through kernel Too short - poor malt Too long mold & bacteria Kilning reduce moisture. Brew ferment with carbohydrate source and yeast.

60 Malt - controlled sprout: Steep raise moisture to 42-44% uniformly through kernel. Too short - poor malt. Too long mold & bacteria. Germination on beds with forced air and 100% relative humidity. 15 o C temp. Goal: alpha and beta amylases.

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62 Kilning Dry malt Brown to add flavor and color May bleach to reduce color.

63 Brewing: Germany or US specialty beers use straight barley. Most use adjuncts: rice, corn, wheat or other grit to provide carbohydrate. Hops added for bitters. Yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, occasionally S. cerevisiae.

64 Plumps: grain that does not pass through a 6/64 slotted screen Skinned grain: lemma is removed from kernel during harvest. Extract: the solublized carbohydrates from the malt Beta-Glucan: in malting refers to the beta glucan in the wort (filtered fermentation)

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66 Scottish Whiskey

67 Abrasive rollers with paddles moves grain through a perforated steel cylinder. Pearled grain may then be milled.

68 Potato