Nutrient Productivity Score (NPS) a new concept bridging agriculture and nutrition

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1 Nutrient Productivity Score (NPS) a new concept bridging agriculture and nutrition U. Ruth Charrondiere, Morgane Fialon, Sergio Dahdouh, Anna Vincent, Fernanda Grande, Olcay Unver, Harinder Makkar, Anne Mottet, Austin Stankus, Matthias Halwart, Beate Scherf, Fatima Hachem FAO, Rome

Where we are today World Population is increasing.

Agricultural production has to increase but available land and water is limited.

Subsidies are rarely on fruits and vegetables but often on soy, wheat, sugar, soya oil (in a olive oil producing

2 Where we are today World Population is increasing. Malnutrition is persisting, while overweight and obesity are increasing. Agricultural production has to increase but available land and water is limited. 70% of water is used in agriculture increase difficult. Climate change threatens agriculture. Subsidies are rarely on fruits and vegetables but often on soy, wheat, sugar, soya oil (in a olive oil producing country) = enhances wrong food choice Food Waste: 30% of the produced food is lost or wasted (1.3 billion tons per year) = waste of inputs and unnecessary increase of CO 2 need to think how to produce and conserve the nutrients and foods needed to feed the world adequately

3 Aim: Eliminate Hunger and Malnutrition in the World HOW?

4 + How to feed the world?

5 How to feed the world? + No need for nutrition- sensitive agriculture, biodiversity or food composition data Need for nutrition- sensitive agriculture, biodiversity and food composition data

6 What was done so far? Nutritionists Worked within health sector Consumer centered: nutrition education (FBDG), food and nutrient intakes disease relation, labeling, nutrition policies Mostly supplements and fortification, rarely foods Decisions taken based on little data (food consumption or composition) Agriculture Worked within agriculture Concentrate on yield, pest resistance, transportability, market value, industrial standardization and income but not on nutritional value or value chain Little progress in malnutrition rates

health Food production Food system Food environment The nutrients which are not produced, can

7 Use whole food system approach Food system = include all activities related to the production, processing, markets, distribution and consumption of food that affect human nutrition and health Food production Food system Food environment The nutrients which are not produced, can neither be preserved nor consumed. Then the only alternatives are supplementation and fortification

8 What is the idea of the Nutrient Productivity Score? to link nutrition with agriculture to emphasis quantity and quality by combining quantity (i.e. yield in tons/ha) with quality (i.e. the nutrient content of agricultural products) What are the main goals? to motivate agriculture to become nutrition-sensitive while being resource efficient to compare different agricultural systems (crops, livestock farming or mixed systems; rotation vs monoculture; rice vs rice-fish; traditional vs industrial AG vs aquaponics; insect vs soya production for feed) Different varieties (biodiversity) or species to inform policy/decision makers of best use of land and resources to efficiently reach nutrient needs of populations

9 What is being done by others? Nutritional Water Productivity: D. Renault and W.W. Wallender in 2000 uses 6 nutrients (energy, protein, fat, Ca, iron, vitamin A) per unit water input Nutritional yield: DeFries et al. (2015) use 4 nutrients (energy, protein, iron and zinc), yield and dietary reference intakes (DRI). Applied to cereals. Number of adults reaching DRI/ha/year Land- use: Imke de Boer, Wageningen University (2016) Surface (m2) per kg edible protein production Surface (m2) needed per person per year for different types of diets FAO: Nutrient Productivity Score in 2016 (still unpublished). Requested by CGRFA in 2015 Nutrient production: Herrero et al (2017) uses 8 nutrients (energy, protein, VITA, VITB12, folate, iron, Zn, Ca) by production type and farm size

10 Definition of Nutrient Productivity Score The nutrient productivity is expressed by the percent of DRI (Dietary Reference Intakes) to be met for 10 average adults per year from an agricultural product produced in one hectare per year, either for one or all 9 selected nutrients. The 9 nutrients selected are energy, protein, dietary fiber, Fe, Zn, Ca, vitamin A (VITA), vitamin C and folate.

11 Four main variables to build the NP: 1. Nutrient content per 100 g raw edible portion of the food. Example: Energy content of white wheat flour from USDA SR28: 364 kcal/100g EP (estimate until when Indian FCT will be released in 2016) 2. Taking yield of the agricultural system per year Example: yield of wheat in India, in ha tons/ha/year (India, 2013) 3. Applying the extraction rate from wheat yield to edible portion of wheat tons/ha/year 100% 72% tons/ha/year for wheat flour, brown tons/ha/year for wheat flour, white 4. Adult DRI adult equivalent Example: DRI for energy in India, in 2011: 2730 kcal/d for men and 2230 kcal/d for women. Average adult 2480 kcal/d The NP is expressed: Using one hectare per year, which percent of yearly DRI to be reached (10 adults basis) for one or all nutrients

12 NP = Formula Yield edible proportion Nutrient Content DRI Units: NP in % of nutrient requirements/ha/10 persons/year Yield in tons/ha/year Nutrient content in kcal or g or mg or µg/100g edible portion on fresh weight basis (EP) DRI in kcal or g or mg or µg/adult/day Factors: X10000: Convert the nutrient content expressed per 100g EP to 1 ton X 365 X 10: Obtain the yearly DRI of 10 adults For the total DRI: Average of the NPs in each nutrient without data truncated NP TotDRI (%) = NP en + NP prot +NP fib +NP Fe +NP Zn +NP Ca +NP vitc +NP vita +NP fol 9

13 Materials Nutrient content: Kenya: Kenyan FCT (2017), supplemented by WAFCT (2018) and USDA (2016) SMILING FCT of Vietnam, Cambodia Bangladesh FCT (2013) UDSA SR28 For Quinoa protein of 28 varieties: Bazile, D., Bertero, H. D., & Nieto, C. (2015), Chapter 6.2 "Quinoa in the Indian subcontinent" in the book State of the Art Report on Quinoa around the World in Rome TACO Brazilian FCT (2011) India: Indian FCT (2017) Dietary reference intakes (DRI): India: Dietary Guidelines for Indian. National Institute of Nutrition. Second edition (for Indian men with a weight of 60kg and women with a weight of 55kg with moderate work) Kenya and other: FAO/WHO/UNU (2001) Human energy requirements; WHO/FAO/UNU (2007) Protein and amino acid requirement in human nutrition; WHO/FAO (1998) Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition Yield: FAOSTAT (of 2012 or 2013) per country For Quinoa protein of 28 varieties: Bazile, D., Bertero, H. D., & Nieto, C. (2015), Chapter 6.2 "Quinoa in the Indian subcontinent" in the book State of the Art Report on Quinoa around the World in Rome H. Berg. Rice monoculture and integrated rice-fish farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam economic and ecological considerations. Ecological Economics 41 (2002) ; Ahmed, N., & Garnett, S. T. (2011). Integrated rice-fish farming in Bangladesh: meeting the challenges of food security. Food Security, 3(1), ; Extraction rate / Edible portion Food Composition tables for internal use. FAO. FCT: Kenya, WAFCT, USDA SR28, B. Holland, I.D. Unwin and D. H. Buss. Vegetables, Herbs and Spices. Royal society of chemistry. Ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food

14 NPS Energy India NPS Zn India 300% 250% 250% 200% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% 150% 100% 50% 0% 600% 500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% NPS Folate India 600% 500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% NPS9 India Nutrient productivity in percent of DRI met for 10 adults per year from products produced in one hectare per year for India using yield of 2013 and 2012, Indian FCT (2017) and DRI of India (2011)

15 Nutrient productivity in percent of DRI met for 10 adults per year from products produced in one hectare per year for Brazil using yield of 2012 and DRI of WHO/FAO and Taco FCT (2011), where folate is missing. 2500% NPS for Mango and banana varieties in Brazil 2000% 1500% 1000% 500% 0% Energy Protein D. Fiber Fe Zn Ca Vit. A Vit. C Folate NPS8 NPS9 Mango, Haden Mango, Palmer Mango, Tommy Atkins Banana, plantain, raw Banana, figo, raw Banana, maçã, raw Banana, nanica, raw Banana, ouro, raw Banana, pacova, raw Banana, prata, raw Folate from Kenya added -> change to NPS9: small increase Vitamin A and C above 4000% -> truncated

Food composition, Vitamin A deficiency (>224 Mio) and agricultural production Food β-carotenes (mcg)/100 g edible food on fresh weight basis (EP) Mio adults reaching RDI for 1 year with annual

16 Food composition, Vitamin A deficiency (>224 Mio) and agricultural production Food β-carotenes (mcg)/100 g edible food on fresh weight basis (EP) Mio adults reaching RDI for 1 year with annual production Min value Mio adults reaching RDI for 1 year with annual production Max value Cassava < Potato Sweet potato Taro Mango Apricot (β-carotene equivalent) Production = 3 x global RDI Banana < Total

17 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% Rice and Rice Fish systems in Vietnam RC: rice monoculture, conventional RFC: rice fish, conventional RFIPM: rice fish with integrated pest management RIPM: rice monoculture with integrated pest management Fish species in both systems: common carp, tilapia and silver barb Fish represents 5% of the yield in RFC Fish represents 7% of the yield in RFIPM 20% 0% Energy Protein D. Fiber Fe Zn Ca Vit. A Vit. C Folate NPS9 RC RFC RFIPM RIPM 250% Rice and Rice Fish systems in Bangladesh Nutrient productivity in percent of DRI met for 10 adults per year from one hectare per year for different rice systems : -in Vietnam using yield of Berg (2002), DRI of India (2011), SMILING FCT -in Bangladesh using yield of Ahmed (2011), DRI of India (2011), Bangladesh FCT (2013) 200% 150% 100% RbFAC: boro rice fish, alternate RbFIC: boro rice fish, integrated RaFIC: aman rice fish, integrated RbC: boro rice monoculture RaC: aman rice monoculture 50% 0% Energy Protein D. Fiber Fe Zn Ca Vit. A Vit. C Folate Total DRI RbFAC RbFIC RaFIC RbC RaC Fish species in alternate system: Indian carp (with eyes included) Fish species in integrated systems: common carp, tilapia, silver carp Fish represents 16% of the yield in RbFAC Fish represents 4% of the yield in Rb,aFIC Source: Yields: H. Berg (2002; Ahmed, N., & Garnett, S. T. (2011); DRI India; FCT of SMILING and Bangladesh

18 Pork, Good agriculture practice, FRA Pork, Red label, FRA Pork, Heavier finishing, GBR Pork, Indoor breeding, GBR Pork, Outdoor breeding, GBR Pork, Conventional, GBR Pork, Organic, GBR Chicken, Conventional, GBR Chicken, Free range (non organic), GBR Chicken, Organic, GBR Chicken, Conventional, FRA Beef, 100% suckler, GBR Beef, Lowland, GBR Beef, Hill and upland, GBR Beef, Non-organic, GBR Beef, Organic, GBR Milk, Average farm, NZL Milk, Conventional farm, SWE Milk, Organic farm, SWE Milk, Intensive production, SWE Milk, extensive production, SWE Milk, Ten conventional commercial dairy Milk, Eleven organic commercial dairy farms, Milk, 119 conventional dairy farms, NLD Milk, Conventional farm, GBR Milk, Organic farm, GBR Milk, More fodder as maize (50%), GBR Milk, 60% higher yields, GBR Milk, 20% autumn calving, GBR Egg, Battery cage, NLD Egg, Deep litter, NLD Egg, Deep litter with outdoor run, NLD Egg, Aviary with outdoor run, NLD Egg, Non-organic, GBR Egg, Organic, GBR Egg, 100% cage, GBR Egg, 100% free range, GBR Protein NPS 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Pork Chicken Beef Milk (cow) Egg (hen) Protein productivity in percent of DRI met for 10 adults per year from one hectare per year for different animal products produced in Europe and New Zealand using land use data from De Vries (2010) and DRI of WHO/FAO.

19 Pork, Good agriculture practice, FRA Pork, Red label, FRA Pork, Heavier finishing, GBR Pork, Indoor breeding, GBR Pork, Outdoor breeding, GBR Pork, Conventional, GBR Pork, Organic, GBR Chicken, Conventional, GBR Chicken, Free range (non organic), GBR Chicken, Organic, GBR Chicken, Conventional, FRA Beef, 100% suckler, GBR Beef, Lowland, GBR Beef, Hill and upland, GBR Beef, Non-organic, GBR Beef, Organic, GBR Milk, Average farm, NZL Milk, Conventional farm, SWE Milk, Organic farm, SWE Milk, Intensive production, SWE Milk, extensive production, SWE Milk, Ten conventional commercial dairy farms, Milk, Eleven organic commercial dairy farms, NLD Milk, 119 conventional dairy farms, NLD Milk, Conventional farm, GBR Milk, Organic farm, GBR Milk, More fodder as maize (50%), GBR Milk, 60% higher yields, GBR Milk, 20% autumn calving, GBR Egg, Battery cage, NLD Egg, Deep litter, NLD Egg, Deep litter with outdoor run, NLD Egg, Aviary with outdoor run, NLD Egg, Non-organic, GBR Egg, Organic, GBR Egg, 100% cage, GBR Egg, 100% free range, GBR NPS 9 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Pork Chicken Beef Milk (cow) Egg (hen) Nutrient productivity in percent of total DRI met for 10 adults per year from one hectare per year for different animal products produced in Europe and New Zealand using land use data from De Vries (2010), DRI of WHO/FAO; USDA SR28.

20 900% 800% 700% 600% 500% 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% High protein High yield Protein prod. High yield Low protein High protein Low yield Nutrient productivity and biodiversity same agricultural conditions YIELD Yield (tons/ha/harvest) PROTEIN CONTENT (G PER 100G) In FCT quinoa has 13.1 g/100g EP Source: Bazile, D., Bertero, H. D., & Nieto, C. (2015). State of the Art Report on Quinoa around the World in Rome: FAO & CIRAD. DRI of India

21 Aquaponics comparison System: Tilapia Basil Energy Protein D. Fiber Fe Zn Ca Vit. A Vit. C Folate NPS9 System: Tilapia Okra Basil Aquaponics adds nutrients compared to only fish: - 32% for NPS for Basil or 16% for Okra - Vitamin A and C, and dietary fibre is only added through vegetables Okra Tilapia Tilapia with basil (compared to okra) is yielding more nutrients, especially iron, VITA 0 Energy Protein D. Fiber Fe Zn Ca Vit. A Vit. C Folate NPS9

22 m3/ha USD/ha NPS for land use extend to water use, case study in Kenya % % NPS in Kenya (as per ha) Energy Protein Fiber Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin Wheat Potato Banana A NPS in Kenya (as per 1000m3) Folate Vitamin C NPS9 Energy Protein Fiber Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin A Folate Vitamin C NPS9 Wheat Potato Banana Income Wheat Potato Banana Water use Wheat Potato Banana Source: DRI WHO/FAO; Kenyan FCT (2017); water use of Renault & Wallender (2000); yield FAOSTAT for Kenya

23 Challenges in developing NPS To find adequate data on the nutrient content, yield and water use often estimates To find all underlying data in order to be able to play with them. For example: we did not find data of a cow s life-time feeding (which food for how long) so that we can play different scenarios to replace e.g. soya by insects How many hectares of grassland is needed in different countries per animal relate the food intake of the animal to quality and quantity of milk and egg production

24 Results Taking in account the surface occupied and the nutrient profile of what is produced In the case of vegetal products, taking into account the 9 nutrients, the most interesting ones are: Potato Banana Some mango varieties with high content in vitamins Sweet potato, orange fleshed In the case of animal products, taking into account the 9 nutrients, the most interesting ones are: Cow milk Eggs Rice fish systems In case of specific micronutrient deficiencies, one could only take this nutrient productivity (e.g. vitamin A) to identify the most suited agricultural products

25 How the NPS could be used 1. To calculate for a project area, country or globally if the nutrients produced are sufficient to cover the DRI for one or all 9 nutrients for the population under consideration 2. To make different scenarios on how to improve nutrients produced by replacing certain variables, e.g. investigate DRI coverage if 10% of land used by cereals replace by fruits or vegetables or by one compared to another variety 3. Monitor nutrition-sensitive interventions 4. Assist in project development to choose crops to be planted or animals to be raised 5. For breeding to select optimal plant/animal to have good yield AND nutrient composition 6. Investigate if agricultural production (and trade) result in sufficient nutrients according to local food habits 7. Represent a new approach for payment based on nutrient content 8. Not intended use: to select one best food to be planted

26 Conclusions Nutrient productivity is able to inform about differences for one or 9 nutrients produced by different agricultural products, production systems, varieties and processing states even in many cases approximate data (yield and/or NV) were used Depending on the nutrient, the outcome for NP is very different NP of all 9 nutrients gives an overall picture but may hide differences among nutrients Yield has a higher influence on NP compared to the food composition (quinoa example) if the nutrient composition is fairly staple vs high differences in yield Some results could change if better NV data would be available, e.g. organic (higher NV) or for some biodiverse foods (lower yield) More specific data on yield and food composition are needed for more agricultural products to draw conclusions close to the truth NP can inform decision makers on potential nutritional impact of production policies and programmes Yield might have a similar influence on NP for total DRI as food consumption data on nutrient intake estimates

27 Thank you for your attention Any questions?

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