Tools for Improving Irrigation Management of Vegetables
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1 Tools for Improving Irrigation Management of Vegetables Michael Cahn Irrigation and Water Resources Advisor University of California, Cooperative, Monterey Co
2 Nitrate is part of the Agricultural Discharge Waiver
3 Tools for Managing Nitrogen Fertilizer in Lettuce Quick nitrate soil test (20 ppm NO 3 -N = 70 to 80 lbs of N/acre/ft)
4 How much does irrigation management matter for optimizing nitrogen fertilizer?
5 Soil Nitrate-N (ppm) Nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation interactions Grower practice Quick Nitrate Test Field 1 94% of Crop ET (5.1 inches) Treatment Applied N fertilizer (lb/acre) Grower 192 QNT Field 2 198% of Crop ET (17.4 inches) Days after X Data Planting Treatment Applied N fertilizer (lb/acre) Grower 302 QNT 160
6 What s new in irrigation management? Soil moisture sensors Flow meters Crop ET Irrigation and N management software for vegetables
7 Dataloggers improve ease of data collection: View trends in data Interface with multiple sensors Built in connectivity
8 Data Connectivity has improved: Radio Cell phone Satellite Internet
9 Data Connectivity: Commercial services Hortau ClimateMinder Ranch Systems Puresense CropSense (John Deere) Decagon Irrometer Onset Computer Spectrum Technology
10 Coastal crops: berries and vegetables Moderate soil moisture deficits can cause yield loss
11 Tensiometers monitor the matric potential (tension) of the soil Measurement of soil moisture that is most related to water status in a plant
12 Logging tensiometers improves interpretation of readings 0 soil moisture tension (cbars) inches 18 inches Date Electronic gauge
13 Hortau tensiometer system
14 Watermark granular matrix blocks: Soil moisture tension: 0 to 200 cbars
15 Don t give up your soil probes and shovels yet: Soil moisture sensors monitor a few locations within a field Soil moisture sensors are probably not affordable to use in every field Ground truthing is still needed
16 Volumetric soil moisture sensors Many manufacturers and models Most interface with dataloggers Most useful for evaluating relative changes in soil moisture
17 Decagon 10HS Volumetric Soil Moisture Sensor
18 Where should soil moisture sensors be located? Rule of thumb: 3 locations in field and 2 depths (eg. 8 and 18 inches) Locate sensors in plant row Locations should represent head, middle, and tail of the field.
19 How much water did you apply?
20 Flow meters are not just for wells Flow rate (gpm) :00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 Time
21 Applied Water vs. Crop Evapotranspiration Cumulative Applied Water + Rain (inches) Crop ET Applied Water Days after Transplanting Cumulative Crop ET (inches)
22 Evapotranspiration Ranch System Atmometer CIMIS weather station
23 Evapotranspiration can be estimated using CIMIS weather stations: Solar Radiation Wind Speed Relative Humidity Air Temperature Active CIMIS Stations: Santa Ynez (64) Cuyuma (88) Goleta Foothills (94) Santa Barbara (107) Sisquoc (165) Lompoc (231) Santa Maria II (232) Nipomo (202) San Luis Obispo West (160) wwwcimis.water.ca.gov
24 Spatial CIMIS ETo Reporting
25 Comparison of different methods of estimated ETo (Gilroy Ca) Cumulative reference ET (inches) Jul-04 Spatial CIMIS CIMIS station ET gage Jul-18 Aug-01 Aug-15 Aug-29 Sep-12 Sep-26 Date
26 ET crop = ET ref K crop 8% canopy 29 DAP K c can vary from 0.1 to Canopy Cover (%) % canopy 77 DAP 0 CIMIS reference ET Days after Planting Crop Coefficient
27 Web-based Irrigation and N management software for lettuce
28 CropManage Web-based software: Assist growers in managing water and nitrogen fertilizer using information from multiple sources Soil tests (quick N test) Weather data (CIMIS ETo) Soil physical characteristics Crop models Flow meter Soil moisture sensors
29 Main Uses Maintain and share irrigation, fertilizer, and soil test records within a farming operation. Manage information for multiple fields and ranches Guide irrigation schedule using CIMIS evapotranspiration data and crop models Guide nitrogen fertilization decisions based on crop uptake model and quick nitrate test
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34 Summary Water management plays a critical role in managing N fertilizer in shallow rooted vegetables Connectivity using radios, cell phones and the internet facilitates real-time monitoring of crop water use Using a combination of ET and soil moisture monitoring is probably the best approach to evaluating irrigation scheduling in cool season vegetables
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