Handbook of natural fibres

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1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 119 Handbook of natural fibres Volume 2: Processing and applications Edited by Ryszard M. Koztowski The Textile Institute WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012

2 Contents Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xi xvi Part I Processing techniques for natural fibres 1 1 Silk production and the future of natural silk manufacture 3 K. M. Babu, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology (BIET), India 1.1 Introduction to silk and the silk industry Types of silk and their importance The silk industry Post-cocoon technology Silk reeling technology Silk fabric manufacture Spun silk production and manufacture Future trends in natural silk production Sources of further information and advice Acknowledgements References 28 2 Improving the flame retardancy of natural fibres 30 R. M. Kozlowski, Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes (IMPIB), Poland and M. Muzyczek, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP), Poland 2.1 Introduction Key issues in flame retardancy of natural fibres and lignocellulosic textiles Flammability and flame retardancy of some natural fibres and textiles 42 v

3 vi Contents 2.4 Methods of improving flame retardancy in natural fibres Future trends Sources of further information and advice Conclusions References 59 3 Improving the properties of natural fibres by chemical treatments 63 J. A. Rippon and D. J. Evans, CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Australia 3.1 Introduction Wool Silk Other protein fibres Cotton Other vegetable fibres Future trends Acknowledgements References Appendix: abbreviations Ultraviolet-blocking properties of natural fibres 141 M. Zimniewska and J. Batog, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP), Poland 4.1 Introduction UV protection by 4.3 Properties textiles 145 of natural fibres Methods of improving the ultraviolet properties of natural fibres Future trends Conclusion References Enzymatic treatment of natural fibres 168 W. Konczewicz and R. M. Kozlowski, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP), Poland 5.1 Introduction Key principles of enzyme treatment of natural fibres Main types of enzyme treatments for natural fibres 174

4 Contents vii 5.4 Future trends Sources of further information and advice References Electrokinetic properties of natural fibres 185 T. Luxbacher, Anton Paar GmbH, Austria 6.1 Introduction Key principles of electrokinetic properties of natural fibres Applications Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References Appendix: notation and abbreviations 214 Part II Applications of natural fibres and case studies Natural fibres for automotive applications 219 A. Baltazar-Y-Jimenez and M. Sain, University of Toronto, Canada 7.1 Introduction Natural fibre-reinforced composites Environmental aspects of natural fibres in automotive applications Processing technologies for natural fibre composites End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and environmental pressures Design for recycling (DFR) Future trends Acknowledgements References Natural fibre composites (NFCs) for construction and automotive industries 254 Y. K. Kim, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA 8.1 Introduction Natural fibre composites (NFCs) Natural fibre reinforcement forms for green composites NFC manufacturing methods Quality assurance and testing NFCs for building and automotive industries 272

5 viii Contents 8.7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Natural fibres for geotextiles 280 A. L. LeAo, B. M. Cherian and S. F. De Souza, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil, R. M. KoztowsKi, Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes (IMPIB), Poland, S.Thomas, Mahatma Gandhi University, India and M. Kottaisamy, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Natural vegetable fibres for geotextiles 9.3 Types of geosynthetics and their composition 9.4 Important characteristic properties of geotextiles 9.5 The market for natural fibre geotextiles 9.6 Functional requirements of geosynthetic materials 9.7 Primary uses for geotextiles 9.8 Applications of geotextiles 9.9 Future trends 9.10 Conclusions 9.11 References The use of flax and hemp for textile applications 312 M. Muzyczek, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants (INF&MP), Poland 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of flax used for textile applications 10.3 Applications and examples 10.4 Future trends 10.5 Sources of further information and advice 10.6 References The application of flax and hemp seeds in food, animal feed and cosmetics production 329 P. Kolodziejczyk, Biolink Consultancy Incorporated and University of Alberta, Canada, L. Ozimek, University of Alberta, Canada and J. Kozlowska, RK Science, Poland 11.1 Introduction to flax and hemp seeds Flax- and hemp-related food products 343

6 Contents ix 11.3 Flax seed in animal nutrition Health effects of flax and hemp products Regulatory issues and sources of information on flax Conclusions References Natural fibres for paper and packaging 367 R. Passas, Grenoble INP-Pagora, France 12.1 Introduction Natural fibres for paper and packaging Pulp and paper processes Applications of natural fibres for paper and packaging Future trends Acknowledgements References Environmental textiles from jute and coir 401 P. K. Banerjee, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India 13.1 Introduction to environmental textiles The importance of jute and coconut plant cultivation Extraction of jute and coir fibres Critical properties of jute and coir fibres The nature of commercial products from jute and coir New environmental textiles from jute and coir Market potential ofjute-coir environmental textiles References Appendix: list of abbreviations Antimicrobial natural fibres 428 J. Borsa, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary 14.1 Introduction to textiles and microbial hazards: past and present Survival of microbes on fabric surfaces Textiles as protection against biohazards and as infection reservoirs Antimicrobial fibres Antimicrobial agents: silver, other metals and their salts 436

7 x Contents 14.6 Antimicrobial agents: quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) Antimicrobial agents: chitosan Antimicrobial agents: dyes Antimicrobial agents: photomicrobicidal materials Antimicrobial agents: natural agents Antimicrobial agents: others Risks of antimicrobial finishing Future trends References Biomimetics and textile materials 467 M. S. Ellison, Clemson University, USA 15.1 Introduction Key principles of biomimesis Key principles and issues of biomimetic inspired textiles Conclusions and future trends Acknowledgment References Enhancing consumer demand for natural textile fibres 481 A. Fijol, ABF Consulting LLC, USA (formerly at Cotton Council International, USA) 16.1 Introduction: current market scenario for natural fibres The role of marketing and advertising in the natural fibre market Understanding and affecting consumer buying behaviour Demand building techniques Future trends Conclusion References 497 Index 499 Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012

Handbook of medical. textiles. pps"^ Edited by. V. T. Bartels. The Textile Institute WOODHEAD PUBLISHING

Handbook of medical. textiles. pps^ Edited by. V. T. Bartels. The Textile Institute WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 100 Handbook of medical textiles Edited by V. T. Bartels The Textile Institute WP WOODHEAD PUBLISHING pps"^ ^ Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi Woodhead