Geothermal Direct Use and Heat Pump Applications in Mexico

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Geothermal Direct Use and Heat Pump Applications in Mexico Geothermal Energy Development for a Green Economy Vietnam Institute of <geosciences and <Mineral

Energy (CeMIEGeo) iidea Group, Engineering Institute, UNAM México AGENDA Geothermal Capacity Existing (OLD) Projects Low-Medium Temp Resources Past Projects

1 Geothermal Direct Use and Heat Pump Applications in Mexico Geothermal Energy Development for a Green Economy Vietnam Institute of <geosciences and <Mineral Resources IEA South East Asian Geothermal Workshop November 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam Alfonso García-Gutiérrez Mexican Center for Innovation on Geothermal Energy (CeMIEGeo) iidea Group, Engineering Institute, UNAM México AGENDA Geothermal Capacity Existing (OLD) Projects Low-Medium Temp Resources Past Projects Current Projects by CeMIEGeo Greenhouses and GHPs ORC cycle, Water Desalination, Food Dehydration Space Conditioning with GHPs Preliminary Costs of GHP Projects Concluding Remarks

COUNTRY MWe 1 United States 3,789.0 2 Philippines 1,870.0 3 Indonesia 1,647.0 4 New Zealand 1,005.0 5 Mexico 983.7 6 Italy 941.0 7 Turkey 858.0 8 Iceland 664.4 9 Kenya 653.0 10 Japan 524.

2 COUNTRY MWe 1 United States 3, Philippines 1, Indonesia 1, New Zealand 1, Mexico Italy Turkey Iceland Kenya Japan Costa Rica El Salvador Nicaragua Russia Guatemala Papua-New Guinea (Lihir Island) Portugal (Azores Islands) Germany China 27.0 France (Guadeloupe Island & 20 Alsace) Ethiopia Austria Australia Thailand 0.3 Total 13,813.1 Power Data August 2017 Installed Capacity Direct Use Data for 2015 COUNTRY MW th 1 China 17, United States 17, Sweden 5, Turkey 2, Germany France 2, Japan 2, Iceland 2, Switzerland 1, Finland 1, Canada 1, Norway 1, Italy 1, India Hungary Austria Korea (South) Netherlands Poland New Zealand Mexico Papua New Guinea 0.1 Total 70,329.0

DIRECT USE IN MEXICO EXISTING PROJECTS: BALNEOLOGY (155.8 MWt; 4,166.5 TJ/yr) and SPACE HEATING (0.46 MWt; 4.4 TJ/yr) SINALOA: 0.3 MWt 6.5 TJ/año AGUASCALIENTES: 14.

5 MWt 133 TJ/año SAN LUIS POTOSI 7.0 MWt 155 TJ/año QUERETARO 17.3 MWt 409 TJ/año HIDALGO 18.8 MWt 286 TJ/año VERACRUZ 3.0 MWt 78.5 TJ/año Cabañas GUANAJUATO: 14.

3 DIRECT USE IN MEXICO EXISTING PROJECTS: BALNEOLOGY (155.8 MWt; 4,166.5 TJ/yr) and SPACE HEATING (0.46 MWt; 4.4 TJ/yr) SINALOA: 0.3 MWt 6.5 TJ/año AGUASCALIENTES: 14.4 MWt 150 TJ/año JALISCO: 16.5 MWt 425 TJ/año CHIHUAHUA: 2.3 MWt 53 TJ/año COAHUILA 1.6 MWt 28 TJ/año DURANGO 15.5 MWt 350 TJ/año NUEVO LEÓN 9.9 MWt 230 TJ/año ZACATECAS 5.5 MWt 133 TJ/año SAN LUIS POTOSI 7.0 MWt 155 TJ/año QUERETARO 17.3 MWt 409 TJ/año HIDALGO 18.8 MWt 286 TJ/año VERACRUZ 3.0 MWt 78.5 TJ/año Cabañas GUANAJUATO: 14.5 MWt 350 TJ/año Oficinas Sum de Vapor y Lineas de Inyección Capacitación Lab. Químico Taller Kuster Petrografía Taller Telemetría MICHOACÁN: 10.4 MWt 274 TJ/año MÉXICO: 4.4 MWt 107 TJ/año MORELOS: 14.5 MWt 350 TJ/año TLAXCALA 0.3 MWt 77 TJ/año CHIAPAS 29.3 MWt 739 TJ/año

4 EXISTING PROJECTS: SPACE HEATING LOS AZUFRES GF LOS AZUFRES GF TEMPERATURES IN 2016 AND IN WORKING SHIFT Cabañas Oficinas Sum de Vapor y Lineas de Inyección Capacitación Lab. Químico Taller Kuster Petrografía Taller Telemetría Ref: Avila et al, Proceedings 2016 Mexican Geothermal Assn, Morelia, MEX

SPACE HEATING AT LOS AZUFRES GF System component

85 C T water,return = 70 C Fresh water 4.

5 SPACE HEATING AT LOS AZUFRES GF System component Requirements Brine supply 4.5 m 3 /hr Pump 1 hp, 1800 rpm, 190/300V Heat Exchanger T brine,inlet = 110 C T brine,outet = 88 C T water,supply = 85 C T water,return = 70 C Fresh water 4.45 m 3 /hr Water Conduction lines Mechanical room Ref: Avila et al, Proceedings 2016 Mexican Geothermal Assn, Morelia, MEX

LOW- AND MEDIUM ENTHALPY RESOURCES Estimated Potential: 1,396 EJ Mexican Geothermal Resources CERRO PRIETO 570/570MWe 5 Geothermal fields in operation (983.

6 LOW- AND MEDIUM ENTHALPY RESOURCES Estimated Potential: 1,396 EJ Mexican Geothermal Resources CERRO PRIETO 570/570MWe 5 Geothermal fields in operation (983.7 MWe Resources between 36 and 208 C 1,637 Thermal manifestations evaluated, unused 927 geothermal systems 50% TRES VIRGENES 10/10 MWe 50% 40% 40% 30% DOMO SAN PEDRO 35.5/25.5 MWe LOS AZUFRES 247.8/224.8 MWe LOS HUMEROS 93.6/68.6 MWe 20% 10% 0% 5% 1 5% 36 a 60 C 60 a 102 C 102 a 151 C 151 a 208 C (Iglesias, et al., WGC 2015) 1% of recoverable energy 355,150 MWt World Installed capacity = 70,329 MWt

7 Previous Direct-use Projects developed by CFE and IIE TIMBER DRYING Los Azufres GF, 96,000 ft 3 of dried Wood, , faster and better wood drying DEHYDRATION OF FOOD AND FRUITS Los Azufres GF, 450 kg of capacity-pear, plum, peach, guava, apple, banana, onion, chili, tomato GREENHOUSES Los Azufres GF, Vegetable production beans, tomatoes, chilli; Ornamental and forest plants christmaas trees, poinsettia; Rare and exotic plants - cacti, orchids, tropical/insectivorous plants MUSHROOM GROWING Los Humeros GF, 40kg/day; Pletorus ostreatus var. Florida and columbinus, 2 ton/day brine/steam from well H1 at 130 C, pasteurization at 90 C; Inside plant temperatures: C Innoculation;18-22 C for incubation and C during mushroom growth SILICA BLOCKS Cerro Prieto GF, 0.5 million tonne of 7 tonnes/hr, Light product with good thermal insulation properties and good mechanical resistance; Roads, light weight roofing tile, and bricks MECHANICAL COMPRESSION GHP- Los Azufres GF, 56 kw 71 C, COP A = 4.74 source at 52 C; Brine distillation rates = 28 kg/hr ; COP A = 83 C; (HPE R ) = ABSORPTION GHP Los Azufres and Cerro Prieto GFs, COP ; refrigeration capacity 10.3 kw ; Source at C; evaporator temperature -13 C. Activities NO LONGER OPERATING

8 DIRECT-USE PROJECTS UNDER DEVELOPMENT BY CeMIEGeo 1. Greenhouse climatization using GHP, UPBC Mexicali 2. Technology development for low to medium enthalpy, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Flash ORC; Modular Desalination Unit; Geothermal Food Drier (forced convection) 3. Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Two GHP demonstration projects in Los Humeros and Mexicali 4. Cascade Direct Use System, UMSNH Morelia ORC; Absorption Refrigeration for ICE making; Foor Drying 5. Mobile educational/demonstration 1 TON GHP unit; 3 HXs, series and parallel, UMSNH Morelia 6. Advanced Food and Fruit Drier (natural convection, radiant floor and walls), UMSNH Morelia 7. GHP Space Conditioning Using GHP in Morelia City, UMSNH Morelia

in desert climate LONG HOT summers, COLD winter Open soil productivity

9 GREENHOUSE CLIMATIZATION USING GHP UPBC MEXICALI Mexicali is near the border with USA One of the fastest growing AGRICULTURAL areas in the world in desert climate LONG HOT summers, COLD winter Open soil productivity affected by climate Plant growth and ambient temperatures in Mexicali City, BC 27 C 14 C

Porcentaje de crecimiento(%) GREENHOUSE CLIMATIZATION USING GHP UPBC MEXICALI Ambient temperatures above 27 C for six months Agricultural products require 14 28 C

10 Porcentaje de crecimiento(%) GREENHOUSE CLIMATIZATION USING GHP UPBC MEXICALI Ambient temperatures above 27 C for six months Agricultural products require C Production in open soil 7 kg/m 2 in optimum conditions With greenhouses 15 kg/m 2 and 50 kg/m 2 with average technology Production all year around Temperatura (⁰C)

11 GREENHOUSE CLIMATIZATION USING GHP UPBC MEXICALI Air conditioning system Geothermal heat Exchange using heat pumps Coupling between soil and greenhouse Greenhouse

12 GREENHOUSE CLIMATIZATION USING GHP UPBC MEXICALI

direct uses Characterized by agriculture and fisheries (tomatoes, strawberries, fish, etc.

13 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Several areas in Mexico lack adequate electricity supply Supply of drinking/clean water is scarce Near the sea Have geothermal resources useful for direct uses Characterized by agriculture and fisheries (tomatoes, strawberries, fish, etc.) Electricity generation, water desalination and food dehydration with geothermal are possible individually or in cascaded integrated form 3 projects

Geothermal Food Drying for Geothermal Direct Use, individually and in

14 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM To develop our own technology relative to Flash ORC; Water Desalination; Geothermal Food Drying for Geothermal Direct Use, individually and in Cascade systems Instant Evaporation Binary Cycle (IEBC) Modular units -10 to 200 kw

Initial unit: 10 kwe net, 16 kwe gross operating up to

15 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Instant Evaporation Binary Cycle (IEBC) Initial unit: 10 kwe net, 16 kwe gross operating up to 150 C LAB tests: microturbine, steam generation, condensing unit, etc.

16 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Instant Evaporation Binary Cycle (IEBC) Final stages

17 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Instant Evaporation Binary Cycle (IEBC)

18 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Modular Geothermal Desalination Unit - MGD Requirements: In-situ geothermal resource at the site, the necessity of fresh water under a shortage scenario, and the lack of drinking water sources in the at surroundings, for instance the presence of seawater. Multiple Effect Distillation MED desalination unit 40 m 3 /day of drinking water nominal capacity operating on geothermal energy at 90 C Geothermal fluid flows through all chambers, not only in the first one, as traditionally done in the MED process

19 VACUUM SYSTEM SPRAY SYSTEM EVAPORATION CHAMBERS

20 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM TEST SITE: CABO SAN LUCAS

TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator Project focuses on high-demand national diet products like tomatoes,

21 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator Project focuses on high-demand national diet products like tomatoes, garlic, avocado, banana, chili pepper, papaya, and other fruits and vegetables Ideal sites: Baja California and Sinaloa States Test site: Domo San Pedro GF, Nayarit State

TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator Prototype Unit Operating temperature: 45-65 C Bacteria Growth: 25-45 C

22 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator Prototype Unit Operating temperature: C Bacteria Growth: C Product perishable above 65 C Food type Fresh product, kg Dehydrated product, kg Tomatoes Strawberry Fresh fish Scalable to semi-industrial or industrial size

23 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator

24 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator Test site: Domo San Pedro GF, Nayarit State

25 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator

26 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator

27 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator

28 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM INTEGRATION OF PROJECTS CASCADE USE, MAXIUM UTILIZATION OF EXTRACTED ENERGY

29 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Two GHP projects in Los Humeros and Mexicali Ambient temperatures Mexicali MEXICALI 27 C 16 C LOS HUMEROS Ambient temperatures Los Humeros 27 C 15 C

Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Los Humeros: A small village located within the Los Humeros Geothermal Field Marginalized, few services; About 400

30 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Los Humeros: A small village located within the Los Humeros Geothermal Field Marginalized, few services; About 400 natives Project: Use GHPs to provide space heating to Kindergarten and Health Clinic Kindergarten: One building, single room (no internal divisions); about 73 m 2 Health Clinic: Two buildings; Main several rooms; Annex one single room; 113.4/56.2 m 2 Kindergarten Health Clinic + Annex

31 Space Conditioning using GHPin Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Los Humeros GHP Project HEALTH CLINIC

32 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Los Humeros GHP Project HEALTH CLINIC HEALTH CLINIC 3.5 TON W-AIR GHP ANNEX 1.5 TON W-W GHP RADIANT FLOOR

33 Los Humeros GHP Project KINDERGARTEN Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE)

34 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Los Humeros GHP Project KINDERGARTEN KINDERGARTEN 2.5 TON W-AIR GHP

35 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) Los Humeros Temperature and thermal conductivity measurement at different depths SENSORS TYPE K

36 Los Humeros GHP Project Space Conditioning using GHPin Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE)

37 Los Humeros GHP Project - Kindergarten Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE)

38 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) UPBC Mexicali GHP project cooling dominated Ambient temperatures Mexicali 27 C 16 C

5 MÁQUINAS- HERRAMIENTAS 7 laboratories, 2x10 + 3x5 ton each, 35 ton Project Ground loop: vertical

39 Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE) UPBC Mexicali GHP project Lab No. 3 MEDICIONES Lab No. 2 AUTOMATIZACIÓN Lab No. 4 ENERGÍA Lab No. 1 CNC N Lab No. 5 MÁQUINAS- HERRAMIENTAS 7 laboratories, 2x10 + 3x5 ton each, 35 ton Project Ground loop: vertical and horizontal wells + horizontal trenches Water table at some 5 m, good for heat rejection to the ground

40 UPBC Mexicali GHP project cooling dominated Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE)

41 UPBC Mexicali GHP project cooling dominated Space Conditioning using GHP in Northern and Central Mexico, INEEL (formerly IIE)

42 SOME COSTS of CeMIEGeO DIRECT USE PROJECTS ESTIMATED COSTS OF SOME HEAT PUMP PROJECTS LOCATION UMSNH MORELIA UPBC MEXICALI INEEL (ex IIE) Los Humeros INEEL (ex IIE) MEXICALI UMSNH MORELIA CAPACITY, TON COP (estimated) TYPE COST (HEAT PUMP ONLY) $, $, USD/TON USD/kW GHP SYSTEM $, USD/TON $, USD/kW 20 (2X10) 4 W - A 1, ,554 5, (5,3,2X2) 3.8 W - A 1, ,167 1,190 6 (2,4) W -A W-A + W-W 2, (7X4) W - A 2, (EER = 15) W - A 15,237 4,354 OBSERVATIONS Installed, H & V Closed Ground Loops, 600 ft wells, University Biology Bldg, mild climate, 2-3 month H and AC Installed, Greenhouse, Vertical Ground Loops, ft wells, cooling dominated, temps up to 52 C Costs of HP and Hor. Ground Loops. Excludes trenches, installation, etc. Final cost 2X. Heating dominated. HP and H&V Ground Loops, excludes wells, trenches, installation, etc. Final cost 2-3X. Cooling dominated. Mobile educational/demonstration unit with 3 HXs, series and parallel

43 CONCLUDING REMARKS RESOURCES BETWEEN 36 C and 208 C ARE ENORMOUS, 1637 MANIFESTATIONS, 927 SYSTEMS ESTIMATED POTENTIAL 1,396 EJ; 90% FROM 60 TO 151 C; 1% 355,150 MWt DIRECT USE POTENTIAL MEXICO LITTLE USE OF GEOTHERMAL HEAT FOR DIRECT APPLICATIONS CURRENT PROJECTS : BALNEOLOGY AND SWIMMING AND ONE GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING, 156 MWt PAST PROJECTS by CFE AND IIE : GREENHOUSES, MUSHROOM GROWING, TIMBER DRYING, WATER DISTILLATION WITH HEAT PUMPS AND ABSORPTION COOLING, PRESENTLY NOT OPERATING CURRENTLY, CEMIEGEO (MEXICAN CENTER FOR INNOVATION ON GEOTHERMAL ENERGY) DEVELOPS 7 DIRECT USE PROJECTS ON GREENHOUSE AND BUILDINGS CLIMATIZATION WITH GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS; DEVELOPMENT OF ORCs, FOOD DEHYDRATION, SEWATER DESALINATION, CASCADE USES, AMONG OTHERS GHP PROJECTS HIGH-SOCIAL IMPACT ON CHILDREN, CLINIC PATIENTS AT LOS HUMEROS; STUDENTS - RESEARCHERS AT UPBC MEXICALI TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GIVES US INDEPENDENCE; POTENTIAL TO COVER LOCAL REGIONAL MARKET; EXPORT TECHNOLOGY

44 THANK YOU Alfonso Garcia-Gutierrez MEXICAN CENTER FOR INNOVATION ON GEOTHERMAL ENERGY (CeMIEGeo) INSTITUTO DE INGENIERÍA, UNAM, CDMX

0 C 10 0 38 0 66 0 93 0 121 0 149 0 0 F 50 0 100 0 150 0 200 0 250 0 300 0 Food processing Cement drying Furniture Leather Lumber Pulp and paper Biogas processes Concrete block curing Aggregate

45 0 C F Food processing Cement drying Furniture Leather Lumber Pulp and paper Biogas processes Concrete block curing Aggregate drying Soil warming Metal parts washing Pasteurization Malt beverages Distilled liquor Aquaculture Fruit & vegetable drying Mushroom culture Blanching and cooking Beet sugar extraction Soft drinks Greenhousing 0 C F Application temperature ( 0 F, 0 C)

46 TECHNOLOGY DEVELPMENT FOR LOW TO MEDIUM ENTHALPY, IIDEA GROUP UNAM Geothermal Food Dehydrator

OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN EBURRU AREA, KENYA

OPPORTUNITIES FOR DIRECT UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN EBURRU AREA, KENYA Cornelius Ndetei Environmental Scientist Kenya Electricity Generating Co. Ltd 6 th African Rift Geothermal Conference (ARGEO-C6)