Agriculture. Chapter 8

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1 Agriculture Chapter 8 1

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3 Agriculture Traditional Agriculture Agricultural Revolutions Global restructuring Social and Technological Change in Global Food Production The Environment and Agricultural Industrialization Problems and Prospects in the Global Food System 3

4 Agriculture The deliberate modification of Earth s surface by either cultivating plants or raising animals for food or money 4

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7 Types of Agriculture Subsistence agriculture Growing food to eat or trade Commercial agriculture Cultivating plants or growing food to sell 7

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9 Development elopment of Ag Humans were hunters and gatherers for the first % of human history More time efficient H & G spend 4 hours/day working Healthier lh than early ag people Less prone to starvation and famine Lived longer and had a more varied diet 9

10 Development elopment of Ag WhystopH&Gandstartag? start ag? No good theory Over population led to need to do ag Ag led to overpopulation 10

11 Development elopment of Ag H&G had great knowledge of environment Diamond s study 107/108 birds Wide variety of ag practiced Modification of landscape 11

12 Vegetative e agriculture Planting cuttings of plants Multiple hearths SE Asia W Africa S America 12

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14 Seed Agriculture Came after vegetative agriculture Multiple hearths N China E Africa Central America 14

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16 North America Tobacco 16

17 Central America Corn Tomatoes Chili peppers Squash Beans Sweet potatoes Avocados Cottons Agave 17

18 South America Guinea pig Potato Tomato Cacao Peanuts Pineapple Strawberries Papayas Pears Beans Cashews Brazil Nuts 18

19 Cuy! 19

20 Southwestern Asia Hemp Bananas Yams Lentils Beans Rices Peas Eggplants Gingers Mangoes Indigo Beets Spinach Apples Almonds Peaches Plums Figs Cherries Pistachio Walnuts Melons Onion Oats Barleys 20

21 Northern Asia Citrus Bamboos Millets Plums Cabbages Beans Pears Rice Teas Soybeans Yams Taros Barleys Persimmons 21

22 Southern Asia Citrus Bananas Yams Almonds Coconuts

23 Mediterranean Grapes Olives Garlic Dates Lettuce Barleys Oats Lentils Peas Carrots Leeks 23

24 Coffee Millets Sorghums Rices Barleys Peas Beans Cucumbers Melons Cottons Yams Africa 24

25 Subsistence ag Hunting and gathering Shifting cultivation Intensive subsistence ag Wet rice Not wet rice Pastoral nomadism 25

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27 Hunting and Gathering Fun! 250,000 people are H&Gs More efficient Nastiest places on planet Form of nomadism 27

28 Shifting cultivation Called slash and burn, swidden, milpa Ecologically most appropriate use of humid tropics 25% land used to feed 5% population Techniques very sophisticated, technology very simple 28

29 Shifting cultivation Plots cleared, burned, planted Different plants cultivated over time Many different fields in use Fields used for several years, then abandoned d 29

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32 Kayapó means those who look like monkeys,. But the Kayapó refer to themselves as Mebêngôkre, the men from the water hole/place. 32

33 Kayapo Create islands of vegetation Intercropping Blend harmonious plant energies Cultivate plants to attract game Use IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Encourage beneficial insects Use Aztec ants to repel leaf cutter ants Cultivate trees for wasps 33

34 Kayapoapo Moderate soil Temperature Light levels Moisture Nutrient levels Use dozens of different ashes as fertilizer Over 150 different treatments for diarrhea 34

35 Kayapoapo Plant in concentric rings Sweet potatoes/yams in center In middle corn, rice, manioc Trees in outer rings bananas, pineapple, papaya, mango, beans 35

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37 Shifting cultivation Biggest problem is WB, IMF Development projects for timber or cattle clear forest Indigenous people cleared off 37

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40 Pastoral al nomadism Done in 2d nastiest areas - 20% planet Cold or dry climates People wandering around with animals Camels, horses, sheep, goats, cats Usually don t eat animals, only animal products Trade for veggies 40

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42 Pastoral al nomadism Some migrate seasonally Wide range from nomadic to sedentary Sometimes depends on climate Biggest problem WB and governments 42

43 Intensive e Subsistence Heavy human labor input (that s the intensive part) Food grown to eat (that s the subsistence part) Wet rice Not wet rice 43

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45 Wet Rice Globally very important India, China, Japan, Indonesia, All available land is used Few machines Grain not grown for animals Pigs, chickens, fish 45

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47 Wet Rice Little rices grown in nursery Transplanted by hand into paddies Water levels very critical Dams, dikes, paddy walls maintained Grown ¾ life wet, then dried and harvested by hand 47

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57 Not wet rice Subsistence agriculture Wheat, barley, corn, other grains and legumes Crops rotated through different fields 57

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59 Agricultural Revolutions First agricultural revolution Second agricultural revolution Third agricultural revolution Industrialization of agriculture 59

60 First Agricultural Revolution 10,000 BCE Seed agriculture Use of plow and draft animals 60

61 Second Agricultural Revolution 1650 CE in Western Europe, North America Production of AG surplus Surplus sold for profit Linked to Industrial Revolution Enclosure movement 61

62 Third Agricultural Revolution 1928 CE Agriculture as Industry Industrial methods and policies of production Emphasis on profit Farms became large commercial enterprises 62

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64 Rosie the Organic Free Range Chicken 20, chickens / football field Biohazard suit for visitors to protect chickens 2 weeks free range 5 week life span total 64

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71 Third Agricultural Revolution Industrialization ation Mechanization Chemical farming Food manufacturing Replacement Machines for people Chemicals for biological inputs Industrial substitutes for ag products 71

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74 Commercial agriculture characteristicsacte Few farms and few farmers million farms million farms million farms million farms Today less than 1% US population farmers Under 1 million farmers, million people in jails 74

75 Commercial agriculture characteristicsacte Few farms and few farmers Large farm size National average 469 acres CA average +3,200 acres = 5 sq mi 75

76 Commercial agriculture characteristics ti 32,500 farms lost per year from 1987 to % were family farms Now 50,000 farm operations supply 75% us food 76

77 Smallfams farms vs. bigfams farms Dinuba Pop 6, farms Avg. 45 ac 4elem elem, 1hs ½ town farm owners 2X churches, civic, social orgs Arvin Pop 7, farms Avg. 297 ac 1hs 2/3 town field workers 77

78 Farm Size Converting from 1,280 acre farms to 320 acre farms would Generate 540 new jobs Increase retail sales $16 million Increase personal income $6.2 million USDA says small farms are most efficient by 2 to 10 times 78

79 Farm Size Small farms (27 acres) 10X more efficient per acre than large (6000 acre) farms Farms of 4 acres are over 100X more efficient per acre 79

80 Commercial agriculture characteristicsacte Few farms and few farmers Large farm size Heavy machine and fossil fuel use 80

81 Fossil Fuels Earth Bound Farms organic salad mix 58 calories of fossil fuel: 1 calorie of salad 20% fossil fuel use is for Ag 18% fossil fuel use is for personal use 81

82 Fossil Fuels 400 gallons/year of oil needed to feed 1 person 1kg Nitrogen fertilizer requires 1.6l diesel In 2002 US used 12,009,300 TONS of N fertilizer or 96,000,000 barrels of oil From 1945 to 1994 fertilizer use increased by 4 X, crop yields increased by 3 X Fossil fuel use in US increased 20 X in last 40 years 82

83 Fossil Fuels 10/1 ratio for input energy / food energy ½ of plains topsoil lost since

84 Commercial agriculture characteristicsacte Few farms and few farmers Large farm size Heavy machine and fossil fuel use Goods sold to producers, not consumers Heavy chemical use 84

85 Commercial agriculture characteristicsacte Heavy chemical use Pesticides Herbicides Fertilizers 85

86 Random Facts 30% of children s meals are fast food 1/5 of American meals are eaten in cars 16% of the average American s calories are from added sugars For teenagers it is 20% of calories 86

87 Random Facts Spending on Healthcare Food % 18% Today 16% 5% 87

88 Pesticides 88

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90 Commercial agriculture Heavy chemical use 25,000,000 cases of pesticide poisoning worldwide 220,000 deaths/year worldwide due to pesticide poisoning 10,000 deaths/year in US from cancer from pesticides 90

91 A young Mexican girl drinking water from an empty pesticide container. This picture strongly demonstrates t the lack of education about the dangers of pesticides in rural areas of the developing world. Photograph: PATRICIA DIAZ

92 Global Restructuring of Agricultural Systems Forces of Globalization Green Revolution Agricultural change in Latin America The organization of the Agro-Food system Food regimes 92

93 Social and Technological Change Two examples The Green Revolution Biotechnology GMOs 93

94 Agriculture vs. the Environment 94

95 Commercial agriculture Heavy chemical use 14 million people in US drink poisoned water from agriculture 70% of water pollution in US is from agriculture 95

96 Commercial agriculture Heavy chemical use 5,000,000,000 lbs/year in US Pesticides 20 lbs/person Butter 5 lbs/person Coffee 8 lbs/person 96

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98 Commercial agriculture Heavy chemical use Cotton uses 25% chemicals Cotton is only 5% of crops grown 1/3 pound of chemicals per t-shirt 57 million pounds in CA on 6 counties 98

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100 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Of all insecticides used globally each year, the amount used on cotton: 25% Most acutely toxic pesticide registered by the E.P.A.: aldicarb (used frequently on cotton) In California, between , amount of total aldicarb application used on cotton: 85-95%. 100

101 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Number of pesticides presently on the market that were registered before being tested to determine if they caused cancer, birth defects or wildlife toxicity: 400 Amount of time it takes to ban a pesticide in the U.S. using present procedures: 10 years 101

102 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Number of active ingredients in pesticides found to cause cancer in animals or humans: 107 Of those active ingredients, the number still in use today:83 Number of pesticides that are reproductive toxins according to the California E.P.A.: 15 Number of pesticides found to cause reproductive problems in animals:

103 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Most serious cause of groundwater pollution confirmed in California: agricultural chemicals. Number of pesticides found in drinking wells of California since 1982: 68. Number of California wells affected:

104 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Number of farming communities affected: 36 % of the total U.S. population supplied with drinking water from groundwater: 50% Number of different pesticides documented by the E.P.A. to be present in groundwater in 1988: 74 Number of states affected:

105 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Number of states in which aldicarb has been detected in the groundwater: 16 Percentage of all U.S. counties containing groundwater susceptible to contamination from agricultural pesticides and fertilizers: 46%. Number of people in the U.S. routinely drinking water contaminated with carcinogenic herbicides: 14 million. 105

106 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Percentage of municipal water treatment facilities lacking equipment to remove these chemicals from the drinking water: 90% Estimated total costs for U.S. groundwater monitoring: US$900 million to 2.2 billion Estimated costs for U.S. groundwater carbon filtration cleanup: up to $25 million per site 106

107 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Percentage of all food samples tested by the FDA in 1980 which contained pesticide residues: 38% Of the 496 pesticides identified as likely to leave residues in food, the percentage which FDA tests can routinely detect: 40% 107

108 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Average number of serious pesticide- related accidents between World War II and 1980: 1 every 5 years. Average number of serious pesticiderelated accidents between 1980 and the present: 2 every year. 108

109 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Increase in cancer rates between 1950 and 1986: 37% Number of Americans who will learn they have cancer this year: 1 million. Number who will die from it: 500,000. Cost to U.S. of cancer in terms of lost production, income, medical expenses and research resources: US$39 billion each year. 109

110 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Highest rate of chemical-related illness of any occupational group in the U.S.A.: farm workers Pesticide-related illnesses among farm workers in U.S.A. each year: approximately 300,000. Number of people in the U.S. who die each year from cancer related to pesticides: 10,400. Number of people in the U.S. killed each year by assault rifles:

111 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Maximum safe level of perchlorate, the main ingredient of rocket and missile fuel, in drinking water 0.03 micrograms per kg of body weight Perchlorate found in leafy vegetables grown in California with irrigation water contaminated by leaks or dumping from military contractors 4, micrograms per kg of produce 111

112 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Total weight of chemical weapons in Iraq before the 2003 war, as estimated by the American Federation of Scientists 3,850 tons Total weight of just six of the most dangerous pesticides at large in the global environment 7,000,000 tons 112

113 PESTICIDE STATISTICS People killed by Iraqi chemical weapons in the six-year period preceding the 2003 U.S. War on Iraq 0 People killed by pesticides, as estimated by the World Health Organization, during the same six-year period over 1,300,

114 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Number of deaths in the United States each year for which death certificates list the cause of death as air pollution 0 Number of U.S. deaths actually caused by air pollution, as estimated by the Harvard School of Public Health 60,

115 PESTICIDE STATISTICS Projected increase in the world's population between 1995 and percent Projected increase in the world's chemical production between 1995 and percent 115

116 Biotech World Monsatan Novartis TRIPS Theft of Indigenous Knowledge 116

117 Biotech Herbicide resistance Pesticide production Terminator gene Golden rice with vitamin A 38lbs/day 117

118 rbst/rbgh BGH Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone IGF-1 = cancer Increased udder infections (+79%) Pus and bacteria in milk More antibiotics used 30% family farms may close 118

119 Organic agriculture Integrated approach to agriculture Alternative Agriculture Feed the soil to feed the plant IPM 119

120 Organic agriculture CCOF certified 3d party certification 3yearprocess Soil plan Approved chemical lists Chemical logs 120

121 Organic agriculture CSA Community Supported Agriculture Small scale Diversified Better prices for farmer and consumer 121

122 Go home 122

Chapter 9: Economic Geography, Agriculture and Primary Activities

Chapter 9: Economic Geography, Agriculture and Primary Activities Oil tanker indicating increasing economic interdependence Categories of Activities Primary Activities: related to harvesting or extracting