TilE BiosAliNE CONCEPT

Transcription

1 TilE BiosAliNE CONCEPT AN AppROACH TO Tk UTilizATioN of LhlREXpioiTEd RESOURCES

2 Environmental Science Research Editorial Board Alexander Hollaender Associated Universities, Inc. Washington, D.C. Ronald F. Probstein Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Bruce L. Welch Environmental Biomedicine Research, Inc. and The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 6 - ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS OF PESTICIDES Edited by Rizwanul Haque and V. H. Freed Volume 7 - ECOLOGICAL TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH: Effects of Heavy Metal and Organohalogen Compounds Edited by A. D. McIntyre and C. F. Mills Volume 8 Volume 9 - HARVESTING POLLUTED WATERS: Waste Heat and Nutrient-Loaded Effluents in the Aquaculture Edited by O. Devik - PERCEIVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: Research and Applications Edited by Kenneth H. Craik and Ervin H. Zube Volume 10 - PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS Edited by Mohammed Abdul Quddus Khan Volume II -- BIOLOGICAL CONTROL BY AUGMENTATION OF NATURAL ENEMIES: Insect and Mite Control with Parasites and Predators Edited by R. L. Ridway and S. B. Vinson Volume 12 - PENTACHLOROPHENOL: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology Edited by K. Rango Rao Volume I3 - ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS: Detection and Measurement Edited by Taft Y. Toribara, James R. Coleman, Barton E. Dahneke, and Isaac Feldman Volume 14 - THE BIOSALINE CONCEPT: An Approach to the Utilization of Underexploited Resources Edited by Alexander Hollaender, James C. Aller, Emanuel Epstein, Anthony San Pietro, and Oskar R. Zaborsky Volume 15 - APPLICATION or SHORT-TERM BIOASSAYS IN THE FRACTIONATION AND ANAL YSIS or COMPLEX ENVIRONMENTAL MIXTURES Edited by Michael D. Waters, Stephen Nesnow, 10ellen L. HUisingh, Shahbeg S. Sandhu, and Larry Claxton A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

3 TItE BioSAliNE CONCEPT AN APpROACH TO T~ UTilizATioN of UNdERExploiTEd RESOURCES EdiTEd by AlEXANdER HollAENdER Associated Universities, Inc. Washington, D.C. ANd JAMES C. AllER National Science Foundation EMANUEl EPSTEiN University of California, Davis ANTHONY SAN PiETRO Indiana University OSkAR R. ZAboRSky National Science Foundation PLEN. M PRESS " r--.ew 'rork AN) LONJON

4 Main entry under title: The Biosaline concept. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Environmental science research) Includes index. 1. Biosaline resources Congresses. 2. Mariculture-Congresses. 3. Salt-tolerant crops-congresses. l. Hollaender, Alexander, SH138.B ISBN-13: : / e-isbn-13: Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1979 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 Preface There are many areas on this world which might lend themselves to agricultural development and which are, at the present, not used for this purpose. Two of the most obvious are desert areas where the salt concentration is very high, both land and water areas. With the development of new approaches and careful research, considerably more productive capability could be developed in these. This volume points out some of the possible approaches as well as results obtained by a combination of creative research, practical understanding of the problems involved and inventive ways to overcome some of the handicaps of utilizing biosaline areas. This volume grew out of the "International Workshop on Biosaline Research" organized by Mr. Gilbert Devey of the Division of International programs of the National Science Foundation and directed by Dr. Anthony San Pietro of the Department of Biology of Indiana University. Since the proceedings of the workshop appeared somewhat limited, it was thought to broaden the spectra of chapters and include several topics briefly discussed at the Kiawah workshop. As in any quickly developing field, it was not possible to obtain all the contributions which we thought should be included in this volume. However, we have presented enough material to stimulate further investigation of this interesting field. When asked by my colleagues to edit this volume, I was very glad to do this because of my interest in mutagenesis, which seems to be one way to make plants produce under biosaline conditions. Since no one is an expert in the biosaline field, I couldn't have completed this book without the cooperation and support of my co-editors and contributors. All of us look forward to the day when there are biosaline experts. Ate.x.andelt HoUae.ndelt v

6 Contents The Biosaline Concept J.C. Aller and O.R. Zaborsky Feed and Food from Desert Environments J.A. Bassham Salt Tolerance of Plants: Strategies of Biological Systems D. W. Rains The Potential of Native Plants for Food, Fiber and Fuel in Arid Regions W.G. McGinnies Production of Food Crops and Other Biomass by Seawater Culture 77 E. Epstein, R.W. Kingsbury, J.D. Norlyn, and D.W. Rush Natural Halophytes as a Potential Resource for New Salt-Tolerant Crops: Some Progress and Prospects G.F. Somers Silviculture with Saline Water H.J. Teas Biochemical Control of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation in Marine Organisms for Food and Feed Production C.C. Black, Jr Biosaline Research: The Use of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms in Food and Feed Production 177 A. Mitsui vii

7 viii CONTENTS Salt Tolerance in Microorganisms. 217 J.K. Lanyi Prospects for Farming the Open Ocean 235 R.A. Hilcox Aquaculture of Animal Species S.I. Doroshov, F.S. Conte and H.R. Clark, Jr. Biological 1.Jaste Treatment at Elevated Temperatures and Salinities H.J. Oswald and J.R. Benemann Chemicals and Fuels from Semi-Arid Zone Biomass J.R. Benemann Enzyme Technology: Potential Benefits of Biosaline Organisms R.H. Coughlin and O.R. Zaborsky Potential for Genetic Engineering for Salt Tolerance J. Mielenz, K. Andersen, R. Tait and R.C. Valentine Ecological Consideration of Biosaline Resource Utilization. J.L. Gallagher Index