Orchard Mulching and Cover Crop Trials
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1 Orchard Mulching and Cover Crop Trials David Granatstein WSU Center for Sustaining Agriculture and Natural Resources, Wenatchee, WA Dr. Gene Hogue Ag Canada, Summerland, BC Contributors: Kent Mullinix, Leo Garcia, Nancy Decker, Francisco Sarmiento, Lisa Green Supported by funding from the Wash. Tree Fruit Research Commission
2 Orchard Mulching and Cover Crop Trials: Multiple Goals Weed control non-herbicide; suitable for organic production Moisture conservation Fertility management, soil quality Pest management? (e.g. habitat for beneficials)
3 Factors Influencing Weed Control Age of orchard Rootstock? Area, timing of weed control Weed species potential spread, harboring pests Cost versus benefit
4 Weed Control Options Mechanical tillage, mowing Thermal flame, hot water Mulch Competition cover crops Soil conditions fertility, structure Biocontrol insects, pathogens Herbicides All but herbicides are options for organic growers.
5 Mulch Trials Underway Ag Canada Summerland, BC; Yakima, WA Washington State University / Wenatchee Valley College (WVC), Wenatchee, WA Tonasket Elementary School orchard, Tonasket, WA
6 Initial trials with compost showed no consistent benefit. However, when applied as a mulch (right), compost seemed more effective.
7 Heavy weed pressure in check plots at Summerland, BC.
8 This spray-on paper mulch machine is a new innovation for orchard weed control, developed by Dr. Gene Hogue at Summerland, BC.
9 Spray-on paper mulch applied to tree row at Summerland, BC. Good weed control.
10 Shredded paper Wood chips Alfalfa hay Mulch trial at Tonasket, WA.
11 Wood chip mulch, Wenatchee, WA.
12 Shredded paper mulch, Wenatchee, WA
13 Chopped alfalfa hay mulch, Wenatchee, WA
14 Delayed senescence with alfalfa mulch (10/99) Alfalfa Control
15 Fall-planted dwarf white clover (in tree row as a living mulch)
16 Fall-planted Oriental mustard (foreground)
17 Poor suppression of annual grass weeds by mustard (4/00)
18 Winter rye; good weed suppression the following season
19 Dead rye in midsummer; few weeds
20 WVC Mulch Trial BL weeds/m Weed Control by Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa Mustard Rye Clover Mulches 6/1/ % weed cover Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa Mustard Rye Clover
21 WVC Mulch Trial Weed Biomass 9/99 Weed DM (g/m2) /21/99 a a a Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa b
22 Orchard Mulching Trials Summerland, BC 5 th Leaf Spartan / M.9 TCSA Roots Yield (mm 2 ) (g/0.018m 3 ) (kg/tree) 1. Check (glyphosate) 1011 b 11.3 c 10.3 c 2. Biosolids (Vancouver) 1052 b 16.9 bc 11.2 bc 3. Paper mulch 1565 a 28.7 abc 13.0 ab a 41.8 a 13.9 a 5. Composted biosolids a 38.7 a 14.9 a 6. Alfalfa hay 1203 b 35.2 ab 14.0 a 7. Geotextile 1125 b 19.1 bc 12.7 abc (Hogue et al., 2000)
23 WVC Mulch Trial Trunk Growth % increase TCSA Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa Mustard Rye Clover mow Clover herb
24 WVC Mulch Trial Leaf Greenness SPAD units Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa Mustard Rye Clover mow Julian days Clover herb
25 WVC Mulch Trial Managing clover for N release Effect of clover mow or spray on soil nitrate (0-6") 5 Soil nitrate (ppm) 0-6" Control Alfalfa Clover - mow Clover - herb Days after mow/spray
26 WVC Mulch Trial Fruit Yield Fruit yield (kg/tree) Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa Mustard Rye Clover mow Clover herb
27 WVC Mulch Trial Fruit Weight Fruit wt. (g/fruit) Control Wood chip Paper Alfalfa Mustard Rye Clover mow Clover herb Series1
28 Enviroscan Mulch Trial An automated system that continuously measures soil moisture content.
29 WVC Enviroscan Results Mulch No mulch Wood chip mulch led to 20-25% less moisture depletion between irrigations.
30 Effect of Mulch on Soil Moisture - Hydrosense meter Red Delicious/M26 -- Pogue sandy loam WVC Auvil Orchard, E. Wenatchee, WA Summer % Volumetric Water Content (0-20 cm) Control Wood Chip Clover Paper Rye Irrigation Days Clover living mulch consistently had the highest soil moisture.
31 Single-tree lysimeters were used to monitor mulch effects on soil moisture at Summerland, BC.
32 Summerland, BC - Cumulative Water Use L H 2 O used (15/06 to 23/08) Mulch No mulch Trunk Diameter (mm)
33 Effect of Mulches on Nematodes in Orchard Soil - Summerland, BC Nematodes / 100ml soil Bactiv. (x10) Omni/Pred Pratylenchus Check VBio PM VBio+PM KBio+PM AlfM Geotex (Hogue et al., 1998) Mulching unexpectedly suppressed plant-damaging nematodes.
34 WVC Mulch Trials Current Status Wood chip most promising; low maintenance Paper best weed control Alfalfa poor weed control; excellent N source Clover good weed control; low maintenance; minimal N contribution Further evaluation of water conservation, soil biology, N relations, insect habitat
35 Conclusions - Summerland, BC 1. Shredded paper, alfalfa hay, wood chip and geotextile mulches provided good to excellent weed control. 2. Organic mulch was an effective barrier to soil surface moisture loss. 3. Mulches, except geotextile, generally increased yields. 4. Geotextile affected soil quality adversely. 5. Organic amendments improved soil quality but did not increase yields. 6. Cover crops able to outcompete weeds also reduced crop vigour. 7. Sprayed-on mulch, an effective barrier to weed growth and soil surface water loss, offers ease of application.
36 Parting Thoughts Weed control in organic orchards a problem in other countries More research and development focusing on it Zillah, WA study mow grassy weeds; low soil nitrate, but comparable yields Switzerland sandwich system Need integrated control multiple tactics, may change with orchard age
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