Plant Nutrition for a Healthy Planet

Transcription

1 Plant for a y Planet Michael A. Grusak USDA-ARS ARS Children s s Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine

2 Opening Address Why are we here? What should our focus be during the meeting? What connections should we be making amongst each other and amongst our sub-disciplines?

3 Opening Address Why is plant nutrition relevant and important to a healthy planet? Where should we be heading in the future with new approaches and new technologies?

4 Targets for Plant Farmer Issues Yield Profits Consumer Issues Food Security Nutritious Food & Feed Ecosystem Issues Agricultural Communities Small land-owner cooperatives Farming support systems Human Communities National Status Macro-Economic Issues

5 Levels of Organization in Biology Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Individual Organ Tissue Cell Molecule

6 Colloquium Themes (A) Nutrient Acquisition, Homeostasis and Source-Sink Relations (B) Nutrient Management for Optimal Productivity and Sustainability (C) Functions, Interactions and Diagnosis of Plant Nutrient Status (D) Impact of Environmental Stresses on Plant (E) Plant for Human (F) Environmental Plant Trees, Roots, and Climate (G) Element Toxicity and Remediation (H) Nutrient Management and the Sustainability of Agriculture in the Developing World

7 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Plant Human Plant Aquatic

8 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

9 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

10 Human Essential Minerals (17 Total) Macronutrient minerals: K, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl Micronutrient minerals: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, F, I, Se, Mo, Cr Elements in RED: Plant essential minerals

11 Human Essential Minerals (17 Total) Other essential minerals: N, S (acquired via protein) Non-essential but potentially beneficial minerals: B, Ni, Si, V, As Elements in RED: Plant essential minerals

12 Dietary Recommendations for Humans

13 Human Target levels for nutrient enhancement (biofortification) must consider both the nutrient concentrations in a food and the general patterns of consumption seen for that food.

14 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

15 Community Improvements in the health of farming communities will have an impact in both developed and developing countries.

16 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

17 Atmospheric Carbon capture on both farmland and wood lots can help to mitigate continued increases in atmospheric CO 2. Barley field and surrounding forest in Gloucestershire, Britain.

18 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

19 Plant Iron Deficiency in Soybean Iron Deficiency in Rice

20 Plant Zinc Deficiency & Limited Water in Wheat Konya, Turkey Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis Moller et al. (2009) Plant Cell

21 Plant Drought in Africa showing vegetation anomaly Image acquired June 1-30, 2009 NASA Earth Observatory (2009)

22 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

23 Science Society of America (2008)

24 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

25 Aquatic Thames River Plume in the North Sea Image acquired March 26, 2007 Nutrient management, nutrient use by crop plants, and soil characteristics establish the input-output dynamics of nutrient movement from field to waterways. NASA Earth Observatory (2007)

26 Why are we here? What should our focus be during the meeting? What connections should we be making amongst each other and amongst our sub-disciplines?

27 Colloquium Themes (A) Nutrient Acquisition, Homeostasis and Source-Sink Relations (B) Nutrient Management for Optimal Productivity and Sustainability (C) Functions, Interactions and Diagnosis of Plant Nutrient Status (D) Impact of Environmental Stresses on Plant (E) Plant for Human (F) Environmental Plant Trees, Roots, and Climate (G) Element Toxicity and Remediation (H) Nutrient Management and the Sustainability of Agriculture in the Developing World

28 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

29 Is plant nutrition relevant and important for the health of our planet?

30 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

31 Where should plant nutrition be heading in the future? What new approaches and technologies should we be using and taking advantage of?

32 Levels of Organization in Biology Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Individual Organ Tissue Cell Molecule

33 Nutrient Delivery/Management d,l-racemic mixture Meso isomer Continued development of new metal chelates and a better understanding of metal-chelate binding/release is needed. Nano-particles and nanostructures for fertilizer delivery (high surfarce area and/or slowrelease applications).

34 Biochar Czimczik and Masiello (2007) Global Biogeochemical Cycles Laird (2008) Agronomy Journal

35 Biochar Use Biochar production (via fast or slow pyrolysis) and incorporation into soils is being promoted as a method for long-term sequestering of carbon. How will it impact nutrient and microbial interactions in soil? Lehman (2007) Frontiers Ecol Environ

36 Biochar Use Warnock et al. (2007) Plant

37 Biochar Use All biochar is not the same. Production at different temperatures, with different feedstocks, with differing oxygen tensions will create different products. How will this potential source of variation impact nutrient interactions and biochar use? Laird (2008) Agronomy Journal

38 Mineral of Symbionts Wild-type Medicago truncatula root nodules infected with Sinorhizobium meliloti. Haynes et al. (2004) New Phytologist Altered root nodule development in the raz (requires additional zinc) mutant.

39 Rhizosphere Ecology Human gut epithelium Exciting new research in human nutrition is focusing on gut microbial ecology and the role of gut microbes in disease resistance, nutrient metabolism, and nutrient supply to the host.

40 Rhizosphere Ecology Metablomics Proteomics Genomics Genetic Diversity

41 Mineral Transporters A CYTOPLASM B CYTOPLASM R St Sh Pd Em Ol Fl Yl OsOPT1 OsOPT2 OsOPT3 OsOPT4 OsOPT5 OsOPT6 OsOPT7 OsOPT8 OsOPT9 Tubulin Vasconcelos et al. (2008) Plant Genome Spatial expression varies amongst the rice PT-OPTs

42 Mineral Transporters: Gene Regulation What is the role of micro RNAs in the regulation of mineral-related genes in plants? Jones-Rhoades et al. (2006) Ann Rev Plant Biol

43 Whole-Plant Nutrient Partitioning How does the plant regulate its mineral content over time and space, especially with respect to mineral delivery to edible tissues? Waters and Grusak (2008) New Phytologist

44 . Whole-Plant Nutrient Partitioning Lotus japonicus Seed Mineral QTLs all markers & qtls Calcium Copper Iron Potassium Magnesium Manganese Nickel Phosphorous Sulfur Zinc seed wt TM0088 TM0027 TM0372 TM0193 TM0178 TM0386 TM0101 TM1635 TM0051 TM1168 TM0113 TM0805 TM0222 Ca-3 Ca-4 Ca-5 Ca-6 Cu-5 [Cu]-1 [Cu]-2 [Fe]-1 Fe-4 [Fe]-2 [K]-1 Mg-4 Mg-5 [Mn]-1 [S]-1 [S]-2 S-7 S-8 [S]-3 [S]-4 Zn-3 [Zn]-1 LG1 TM0122 TM0105 TM0134 TM0074 TM0383 TM0053 TM0660 BM1626 [Ca]-1 [Ca]-2 Cu-6 K-3 K-4 K-5 [K]-2 Mg-6 Mg-7 Mg-8 [Mn]-2 [Ni]-1 [Ni]-2 [P]-1 S-9 S-10 Zn-4 LG2 Klein and Grusak (2009) Genome

45 Effect of Elevated CO 2 on Mineral Concentrations Change in mean concentration (%) Element N P K Ca S Mg Fe Zn Mn Foliar data Wheat grain data Cu Changes (%) in the mean concentration of elements in plants grown in twice-ambient CO 2, relative to those grown at ambient levels. The figure is based on 25 studies with woody (11) and herbaceous (19) species or wheat cultivars (5). Loladze (2002) Trends in Ecology & Evolution

46 Effect of Elevated CO 2 on Mineral Concentrations Effects of CO 2 enrichment on concentrations of macroelements, micro-elements, and trace elements (% DW) in wheat grain. Values are average relative changes (+ S.D.) due to elevated CO 2 for each of five replicates per treatment for the years Högy et al. (2009) Plant Biology

47 Essential vs. Beneficial Elements Pilon-Smits et al. (2009) Current Opinion in Plant Biology

48 Where should our focus be as we proceed through these meetings? What connections should we be making amongst our sub-disciplines?

49 Community & Socio-Economic Atmospheric Agric. System Fiber Productivity Food & Feed CO 2 Fixation Crop Yield Animal Biotic Stress Mitigation Plant Crop Quality Human Human Plant Abiotic Stress Mitigation Organisms Chemistry Nutrient Requirements Nutrient Use Carbon Biochar Metal/Mineral Ligands Aquatic

50 Plant for a y Planet