Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta in Bangladesh: Meeting the challenges

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2 Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta in Bangladesh: Meeting the challenges Dr. M. Shahadath Hossain Senior Scientific Officer Entomology Section Horticulture Research Center, BARI Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

3 Highlights of presentation Bangladesh Profile Importance of Vegetables Status of Vegetables in Bangladesh Importance of Tomato Area and production of tomato in Bangladesh Insect pests of Tomato in Bangladesh Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, at a glance Monitoring of Tuta in Bangladesh Why Tuta is Threats in Bangladesh Meeting the challenges

4 Bangladesh Profile North-eastern part of South Asia Stretches between & N latitude and between & E longitudes Diverse ecosystems like, plains, hills, coastal and wet lands. The climate is tropical and sub-tropical. Temp. Min. of 7 0 C-13 0 C to max. of 24 0 C to 31 0 C. The max. temperature in summer months is 37 0 C Rainfall varies from 1429mm to 4338mm Rabi (cool and dry months: October- March) and kharif (hot and humid months: April-September) 197% cropping intensity

5 Importance of Vegetables Provide nutrition Provide food and financial security of the people & Generate scope of employment

6 Area Status of Vegetables in Bangladesh million ha Production Present consumption Recommendation Requirement (as per recommendation) Production to be increased (as per recommendation) 2.93 million MT 55 g/day/person(bbs, 2015) 125 g/day/person (FAO Stat., 2012) 166 g/day/person (HIES, 2010) 220g/day/person million MT 8.31million MT to be increased No. of cultivated vegetable crops Around 90

7 Importance of Tomato Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) one of the most important and popular vegetables in Bangladesh. It is mainly consumed as curry, salad and sauce. It is a good source of Vitamin A and C, and it provides antioxidant elements such as lycopen which prevents cancer (Bhutani and Kallo, 1983). Regular consumption of tomatoes can prevent short sightedness, night blindness, and other eye diseases. Tomato is also helpful in preventing joint pain problems and the respiratory disorder as well.

8 Economic benefits from Tomato cultivation Tomato cultivation is gaining popularity in Bangladesh, particularly in the vast tract of Barind area and expected to earn at least Taka 35 crore from the production in one season. According to Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) sources the cultivated area increased by five times during the last 15 to 20 years and the production has gone up at the same pace with the promotion of high yielding varieties and modern technologies at the farmers level. Tomato, which is now considered as the second best cash crop of the region, plays an important role in the economy. Source: The Daily Sun, Feb 24, 2016

9 Economic benefits from Tomato cultivation At least two lakh families derive direct financial benefit from either cultivating tomato or its trading. Hundreds of educated and uneducated youths are now engaged in tomato cultivation. They earn between Tk 20 and 25 thousand Taka ($320) by cultivating tomato on each bigha of land in a season. Tomato cultivation has also created job opportunities for hundreds of people, including poor women. Source: The Daily Sun, Feb 24, 2016

10 Employment opportunity for hundreds of men and poor women

11 Area and production of tomato in Bangladesh Area Covered: 7%, ha Prodn: MT Production (MT) Area (ha) ,14,000 Brinjal % Cucurbit % Radish ,% 6.47% 6.27% Tomato 7.68% 4.95% 4.85% Taro Tomato Beans Cauliflower Others , Area under different vegetable crops Source: BBS, 2015 Trend of Tomato Production

12 Tomato growing areas In Bangladesh, tomato is cultivated all over the country due to its adaptability to wide range of soil and climate (Ahmed, 1995). Tomato is produced commercially at Rajshahi, Jessore, Comilla, Dinajpur, Panchagarh, Satkhira and Netrokona etc Due to its palatability and vitamin content, its demand is increasing day by day throughout the year, while its production is far below from the requirements especially in summer season.

13 Insect pests of Tomato in Bangladesh SL # Common Name of tomato insect pest Scientific name Status 1 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Major 2 Tomato fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Major 3 Common cutworm Spodoptera litura Major 4 Leaf miner Liriomyza sativae Major 5 Leaf miner Tuta absoluta? 6 Potato Flea beetle Epitrix spp Minor 7 Tomato Semi-looper Chrysodeixis sp. Minor 8 Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon Minor 9 Thrips Thrips palmi Minor 10 Aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Minor

14 IPM package for tomato pest management 1. Setting up of sex pheromone traps for fruit borer and c. cutworm. 2. Setting up of yellow sticky traps for aphids and Liriomyza leafminer. 3. Protecting seedlings with nylon netting to prevent whitefly infestation and virus disease infection 4. Release of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma spp and larval parasitoid Bracon hebetor 5. Use of neem based formulations. 6. Adoption of conservation of biological control agents in fields. 7. Use of bio-pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and nucleo-polyhedrosis virus.

15 Virus infected tomato plant Use of 60 mesh nylon net in nursery

16 Fruit borer damaged tomato Installation of sex pheromone trap

17 Leaf miner, Liriomyza sativae Liriomyza infestation Installation of yellow sticky trap Leafminer (Liriomyza sativae) is a polyphagous pest of vegetables and flower crops (Spencer 1973, 1990). Bhuiya et al. (2011), Dept. of Zoology, Chittagong University, Bangladesh found it on 45 vegetable and spice crops including tomato during Identified leafminer as Liriomyza sativae by morphological characters and the identification was confirmed by DNA barcoding method

18 TOMATO LEAF MINER OR TOMATO PINWORM, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Native to South America One of the most serious pest of Tomato and a minor pest of other solanaceous crops such as potato, eggplant, tobacco etc.

19 Other hosts Eggplant Pepper Solanaceous weed Tobacco Potato

20 Nature of Damage The female moth deposits eggs usually on the underside of the leaves, stems and to a lesser extent on fruits. After hatching, young larvae mine into leaves or bore into stems, flowers and fruits, often rendering fruits unmarketable. On leaves, larvae feed on mesophyll and cause large galleries/ blotchy symptoms. Altering plant growth structure by boring into the stem, apical buds or flower buds Infestation can be at any developmental stage, from seedling to mature stage.

21 Tuta infested leaf Tuta damaged fruit

22 Biology of Tuta absoluta Egg Eggs Small, cylindrical, creamy white to yellow 0.35 mm long. It takes 4-6 days. Larva Cream colour with characteristic dark head. Four larval instars, damaging stage. Larval period completed within days. Adult Pupa Larva Life cycle of Tuta absoluta Pupa Takes place in soil, on leaf surface or within mines. Period is 8-10 days. Adults Adults are 5-7mm long and with a wingspan of 8-10mm. Filiform antennae, Color is grey silverfish like scales and characteristic black spots present in anterior wing. Male life span: days and female, 7-10 days. Total life cycle:24-35 days

23 Differences between Liriomyza and Tuta leaf miner SL# Liriomyza sativae Tuta absoluta 1 Taxonomically this is a fly under order Diptera and family Agromyzidae Gelechiidae 2 Larvae : Yellowish to light green, head modified to two hooks; three instars 3 Pupation: Generally takes place in soil 4 Adult: Yellow and brilliant black in colour 5 Nature of damage: causes zigzag serpentine mines on leaves Taxonomically this is a moth under orderlepidoptera and family Larvae: Dark green, head distinct with chewing mouth parts; a black band on prothorax; four instars Pupation: Takes place in soil, dead dry leaf or in infested parts Adult: Silver or brownish in colour Nature of Damage: Infests both leaf and fruit; Making mines with blotchy symptom on leaf and also bores into fruits

24 Geographical distribution of Tuta Native to South America In 2006, found in Spain In the last 10 years, it has spread all over Europe, Mediterranean region, Middle East, Africa and in some countries of Central and South Asia In 2014, it was first recorded in India In 2016, in Nepal and Bangladesh

25 Spread of Tuta absoluta in the last 10 years.

26 Why did we monitor Tuta in Bangladesh When Tuta absoluta was first detected in India in 2014, then it was suspected that, it is matter of time to enter Tuta in Bangladesh In 2015, two seminars were organized by DAI and IPM IL, Virginia Tech, USA on Tuta absoluta in Bangladesh to create awareness In 2016, IPM IL, Virginia Tech, USA offered a project for monitoring of Tuta absoluta in Bangladesh

27 Monitoring of Tuta in Bangladesh In May 2016, Sex Pheromone traps were set up at Jessore in the West, Comilla in the East, and Panchagarh in the North of Bangladesh T. absoluta was spotted in the tomato fields and trapped in the Chaklarhat village (26 19 N to E) under Tunirhat union of Panchagarh sadar upazila, Panchagarh district in the Northern part of Bangladesh No T. absoluta moths were recorded in the traps set up at Jessore and Comilla

28 RESULTS Table1: Weekly captured tomato leafminer male moth at different regions of Bangladesh during May to June, 2016 Site no. District name Name of place Number of T. absoluta male moths captured per week/trap 1 Jessore Bagharpara Nil 2 Comilla Chouddagram Nil 3 Panchagarh Chaklarhat (average) *Average of six week s data

29 19-May 21-May 23-May 25-May 27-May 29-May 31-May 2-Jun 4-Jun 6-Jun 8-Jun 10-Jun 12-Jun 14-Jun 16-Jun 18-Jun 20-Jun Catch per week Catch/trap Date of observation Figure: Trend of weekly catch of Tuta absoluta adult male moth in pheromone traps

30 Identification of Tuta absoluta We collected trapped insects from Panchagarh We took photographs under sterio-microscope at BARI and communicated to IPM IL Management Entity For Confirmation, we sent dead and dry adult specimens to USA Photography under stereomicroscope Dr. Sangme Lee, Arizona State University, USA confirmed the specimen as Tuta absoluta

31 Monitoring site at Panchagarh Trapped Tuta in Delta pheromone trap

32 Co-ordinator, IPM IL, Bangladesh site watching trapped Tuta absoluta Close view of trapped Tuta absoluta

33 Publications Scientific article Booklet (Bengali)

34 Why Threats??? High fecundity i.e, It can reproduce (10-12 generations each year) It can disperse rapidly It can establish rapidly in a new environment Quick adaptation against chemical insecticides. Develops resistance to chemical insecticides (Organophosphate and Pyrethroids) At high densities, damage could be serious resulting in loss of up to %

35 Why Threats??? In India (2014) up to 87% tomato plants were found infested by Tuta Sridhar et al.,2015 In 2016 in Nigeria, it wiped out 80% of the tomato crop- IPM Voice News Letter, July, 2016) Tuta has the potential to effectively eliminate tomato from the agricultural cycle - Richard Hopkins, Head of pest behaviour, University of Greenwitch s Natural Resources Institute, London.

36 Meeting the Challenges From the reports of the Tuta affected countries, we suspect that tomato production of Bangladesh may be seriously affected if no control measure is taken immediately. Therefore, necessary steps should be taken to manage this pest. Recommendations Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) is needed and this pest should be included in the Quarantine Regulation Identification of NE: Identification of it s natural enemies in affected areas

37 Meeting the Challenges (contd.) Recommendations Follow up Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) - Resistant variety - Practice Intercultural operation timely - Control of alternate hosts - Crop rotation - Use of healthy seedlings - Use of pest exclusion nets for seedlings raising -Hand picking of affected parts and destruction by burning

38 Meeting the Challenges (contd.) Recommendations Use of biopesticides: - Use of Neem based pesticides; such crude neem formulation, Bioneem plus etc. - Use of Bt, Metarrhizium anisopliae or Beauveria bassiana - Installation of sex pheromone trap Release of biological control agents in tomato fields Integrated Pest Management - Development of new IPM package integrating with existing tomato IPM package

39 Meeting the Challenges (contd.) Recommendations Strengthening of research on Tuta absoluta - Nationally - Regionally - Internationally Seminar/workshop/Training

40 Acknowledgement

41 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!