Fate of nitrogen and controls of nitrogen loss under intensifying African maize cultivation
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1 Fate of nitrogen and controls of nitrogen loss under intensifying African maize cultivation Kate Tully, Jonathan Hickman, Tess Russo, Chris Neill, Cheryl Palm
2 Yield stagnation in Africa 2 I. AFRICAN GREEN REVOLUTION Hazell and Wood PNAS
3 Initial goal of African Green Revolution <8 kg N/ha 50 kg N/ha 3
4 Agriculture is intensifying across Africa How do we improve yields and avoid environmental harm? 4
5 5 Soil gas and water fluxes from sub-saharan Africa terra incognita
6 1.6 tons/ha 1.3 tons/ha Maize production share of SSA
7 Average maize yields in East Africa are 1.45 ton per hectare 23 bushels per acre Average maize yields in USA & MD are 11 tons per hectare 170 bushels per acre 7
8 Yala, Kenya 35% clay 1816 mm 2 rainy seasons Tumbi, Tanzania 85% sand 928 mm 1 rainy season 8
9 9 Fertilizer Trt (kg/ha) Org
10 10
11 What is the fate of nitrogen? Into the maize crop, soil, loss? Can we maximize yields and minimize environmental harm? 11
12 What is the fate of nitrogen? Maize yields 12
13 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya crop uses a lot of fertilizer Mean maize yield in Kenya 13 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
14 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania crop does not use a lot of fertilizer Mean maize yield in Tanzania 14 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
15 What is the nitrogen uptake efficiency? Uptake efficiency is highest at low N rates Kenya Tanzania Uptake efficiency = 15 (Harvest N trt - Harvest N unfert ) Fertilizer N trt x 100 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
16 Where does the fertilizer go? Kenya high fertilizer recovery, low losses High yields high N recovery 15 N tracer method 70% of N recovered in biomass 46% in the grain 14% in the leaves 10% in cobs, stems, etc. N uptake efficiency 78% of N recovered in biomass 16
17 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania low fertilizer recovery, high losses Low yields low N recovery No 15 N tracer N uptake efficiency ranged from 12-25% recovery 17
18 What is the fate of nitrogen? Inputs and outputs 18
19 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya N goes into the crop Growing season rainfall = 1162 mm Growing season rainfall = 760 mm 19 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
20 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya N goes into the crop Growing season rainfall = 1162 mm Growing season rainfall = 760 mm 20 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
21 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania N does not make it into crop Growing season rainfall = 715 mm Growing season rainfall = 739 mm 21 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
22 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania N does not make it into crop Growing season rainfall = 715 mm Growing season rainfall = 739 mm 22 Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
23 What is the fate of nitrogen? Soils 23
24 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya - clayey soils maintain equilibrium (A) 2012 (B) kg N = Δ37 24 Tully et al Ecol Appl
25 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania - sandy soils accumulate N (A) 2012 (B) kg N = Δ Tully et al Ecol Appl
26 Can we maximize yields and minimize environmental harm in East Africa? Clayey High productivity overall Loss is offset by high biomass production N tightly cycled Can balance food and environ. Sandy Lower productivity overall Large storage in soils, but exchange sites will saturate N prone to loss Other limiting nutrients P, S Current methods don t balance food and environ. 26
27 Acknowledgements Co-authors Jonathan Hickman Cheryl Palm Chris Neill Tess Russo Technical support Madeline McKenna Aja Ould Maya Almaraz Stephen Wood Todd Rosenstock Field support Wilson Ondiala Samuel Jato Stephen Ogendo Ismail Rashid Gilbert Temba Peter Matata Kassim Masibuka 27
28 28 Extra slides
29 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya N tightly cycled 2-Yr N Balance (kg/ha) Fertilizer Harvest Gas -1.4 Leach Balance Inputs outputs 29
30 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya N tightly cycled 2-Yr N Balance (kg/ha) Fertilizer Harvest Gas -1.4 Leach Balance Residual soil N - after long rains +139 Inputs outputs Soil measurement 30
31 What is the fate of nitrogen? Kenya N tightly cycled 2-Yr N Balance (kg/ha) Fertilizer Harvest Gas -1.4 Leach Balance Residual soil N - after long rains +139 Residual soil N - after short rains +37 Inputs outputs Soil measurement Soil measurement In 200 kg N treatment Short rain crop may draw down soil N by about 100 kg 31
32 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania N stored in soil as NO 3 + NH 4 2-Yr N Balance (kg/ha) Fertilizer Harvest Gas -5.7 Leach Balance Inputs outputs 32
33 What is the fate of nitrogen? Tanzania N stored in soil as NO 3 + NH 4 2-Yr N Balance (kg/ha) Fertilizer Harvest Gas -5.7 Leach Balance Residual soil after rainy season Inputs outputs Soil measurement In 200 kg N treatment Soil is storing about ~300 kg of N 33
34 What is the fate of nitrogen after two years? Kenya 2 Year Balance (kg N/ha) Fert Harvest Gas Leach Soil Balance Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
35 What is the fate of nitrogen after two years? Tanzania 2 Year Balance (kg N/ha) GLIR 200 Fert Harvest Gas Leach Soil Balance Tully, Hickman, Palm, Neill in prep.
36 36 Downward NO3-N flux in Kenya
37 Average cumulative downward flux of NO3- N at two depths in Kenya soils 2012 Growing Season 2013 Growing Season Sep 2012-Mar 2013 Fertilizer Application Rate 120 cm 200 cm 120 cm 200 cm 120 cm 200 cm (kg-n ha -1 ) Precip (mm)
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