Yield potential of forage crops in Tasmania
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- Jasper Blankenship
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1 Yield potential of forage crops in Tasmania Keith Pembleton and Richard Rawnsley TIAR Part of the Beyond 212 project funded by Dairy Australia and TIAR
2 Overview Brassica (Rape, Kale and Turnips) Modelling sowing time influence on brassicas Winter Cereal (Oats and Triticale) Modelling the grazing influence on yield Maize Modelling sowing dates effects on frost risk Other crops Fodder Beet Summer forage (Millet and sorghum x sudan)
3 Forage Rape Observed Yields Location Year Sowed Irrigated Yield (kgdm/ha) Mawbanna 21 February No 8,5 Stanley 21 April No 7,7 Cambridge 29 December No 3,3 Stonehouse 29 November No 4, Elliott 1999 November No 3,5 Elliott 1999 November Yes 7, Elliott 2 October No 4,8 Elliott 2 October yes 8,85
4 Forage Kale Observed Yields Location Year Sowed Irrigated Yield (kgdm/ha) Mawbanna 21 February No 11, Redpa 21 March No 5,5 Cambridge 29 December No 2, Stonehouse 29 November No 3, Elliott 1999 November No 2,4 Elliott 1999 November Yes 5,5
5 Turnips Location Year Sowed Irrigated Yield (kgdm/ha) Elliott 25 December Yes 11, Elliott 26 January Yes 12, Mella 26 October No 8,2 Elliott 26 November Yes 11, Ridgley 26 January Yes 8,2 Bushy Park 26 January Yes 8,
6 Brassicas Rape Kale Turnips Sowing time October to April November to March October to January Maturity time 12 to 16 weeks 18 to 26 weeks 8 to 12 weeks Seeding rate 2.5 to 5 kg/ha 3 to 5 kg/ha.5 to 2 kg Yield Potential Cost of production 4 to 8c/kgDM 4.7 to 11.4c/kgDM 6 to 1c/kgDM WUE (t DM/ML) 2t/ML 1.4t/ML 3 to 3.5t/ML Feed quality ME CP NDF Management considerations 11.5 to 12.5 MJ/kgDM 21.9 to 22.4% 31.5 to 31.9% 12.4 MJ/kgDM 22.5% 27.6 to 28.6% All brassicas are susceptible to insect attack 12.6 to 14.1 MJ/kgDM 15.4 to 18.% 23.4 to 26.1%
7 Box and Whiskers Maximum observed value 95 th percentile (5% of observations above this value) th percentile (25% of observations above this value) Mean (average value) Median (5% of observations above this value) 25 th percentile (75% of observations above this value) 5 th percentile (95% of observations above this value) Minimum observed value
8 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Rape Simulated Yields EDITH CREEK Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 16 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 82% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 6 experiments/monitoring studies.
9 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Rape Simulated Yields ELLIOTT Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 16 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 82% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 6 experiments/monitoring studies.
10 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Rape Simulated Yields DELORAINE 14 Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 16 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 82% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 6 experiments/monitoring studies.
11 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Rape Simulated Yields SCOTTSDALE 12 Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 16 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 82% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 6 experiments/monitoring studies.
12 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Rape Simulated Yields CRESSY Irrigated Dryland 4 year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 16 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 82% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 6 experiments/monitoring studies.
13 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Rape Simulated Yields BUSHY PARK Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 16 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 82% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 6 experiments/monitoring studies.
14 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Kale Simulated Yields EDITH CREEK 12 Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage kale crop (grazed 2 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 73% (n=4) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
15 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Kale Simulated Yields ELLIOTT 12 Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage kale crop (grazed 2 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 73% (n=4) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
16 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Kale Simulated Yields DELORAINE 14 Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage kale crop (grazed 2 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 73% (n=4) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
17 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Kale Simulated Yields SCOTTSDALE 12 Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage kale crop (grazed 2 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 73% (n=4) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
18 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Kale Simulated Yields CRESSY Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage kale crop (grazed 2 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 73% (n=4) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
19 Yield (kgdm/ha) Forage Kale Simulated Yields BUSHY PARK Irrigated Dryland year simulations of a single grazing forage rape crop (grazed 2 weeks after planting and received 15kgN/ha) using APSIM (canola module). Model was found to explain 73% (n=4) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
20 Cereals - Observed Yields Oats Location Year Sowed Yield (kgdm/ha) Harvests Irishtown 21 April 11,7 1 grazing; 1 silage cut (Oct) Mawbanna 21 March 12,6 3 grazings; crop terminated in Oct Stanley 21 April 16,4 2 grazings; 1 silage cut (Dec) Triticale Location Year Sowed Yield (kgdm/ha) Harvests Irishtown 21 April 11,7 1 grazing; 1 silage cut (Oct) Mawbanna 29 June 6,7 1 silage cut
21 Cereals Multiple grazing with autumn sowings, single harvest only for winter and spring sowings Good yield potential (> 12t DM/ha) Adequate energy (> 1 MJ/kg DM), and protein (> 14.2% CP) in harvested material Production costs between (4.5 to 7.3c kg/dm)
22 Yield (kgdm/ha) Oats Simulated Yields EDITH CREEK Grazing and Harvest dates: 1-Jun 15jJul 1-Sep Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jun 15-Aug Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jul 4 2 Harvest date: grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield silage yield April sown 3 grazings April sown 2 grazings April sown 1 grazing August sown 4 year simulations of a oat crop (3, 2 or 1 grazing events) sown on April 1 and 4 year simulation of an August sown oat crop (no grazing) using APSIM (oat module). Crops received 1 kgn/ha in two split applications and were harvested for silage on October 25 each year. Model was found to explain 86% (n=25) of variation in observed forage yield from 3 monitoring studies.
23 Yield (kgdm/ha) Oats Simulated Yields ELLIOTT Grazing and Harvest dates: 1-Jun 15j-Jul 1-Sep Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jun 15-Aug Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jul Harvest date: grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield silage yield April sown 3 grazings April sown 2 grazings April sown 1 grazing August sown 4 year simulations of a oat crop (3, 2 or 1 grazing events) sown on April 1 and 4 year simulation of an August sown oat crop (no grazing) using APSIM (oat module). Crops received 1 kgn/ha in two split applications and were harvested for silage on October 25 each year. Model was found to explain 86% (n=25) of variation in observed forage yield from 3 monitoring studies.
24 Yield (kgdm/ha) Oats Simulated Yields DELORAINE Grazing and Harvest dates: 1-Jun 15-Jul 1-Sep Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jun 15-Aug Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jul Harvest date: grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield silage yield April sown 3 grazings April sown 2 grazings April sown 1 grazing August sown 4 year simulations of a oat crop (3, 2 or 1 grazing events) sown on April 1 and 4 year simulation of an August sown oat crop (no grazing) using APSIM (oat module). Crops received 1 kgn/ha in two split applications and were harvested for silage on October 25 each year. Model was found to explain 86% (n=25) of variation in observed forage yield from 3 monitoring studies.
25 Yield (kgdm/ha) Oats Simulated Yields SCOTTSDALE Grazing and Harvest dates: 1-Jun 15-Jul 1-Sep Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jun 15-Aug Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jul Harvest date: grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield silage yield April sown 3 grazings April sown 2 grazings April sown 1 grazing August sown 4 year simulations of a oat crop (3, 2 or 1 grazing events) sown on April 1 and 4 year simulation of an August sown oat crop (no grazing) using APSIM (oat module). Crops received 1 kgn/ha in two split applications and were harvested for silage on October 25 each year. Model was found to explain 86% (n=25) of variation in observed forage yield from 3 monitoring studies.
26 Yield (kgdm/ha) Oats Simulated Yields CRESSY Grazing and Harvest dates: 1-Jun 15-Jul 1-Sep Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jun 15-Aug Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jul Harvest date: grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield silage yield April sown 3 grazings April sown 2 grazings April sown 1 grazing August sown 4 year simulations of a oat crop (3, 2 or 1 grazing events) sown on April 1 and 4 year simulation of an August sown oat crop (no grazing) using APSIM (oat module). Crops received 1 kgn/ha in two split applications and were harvested for silage on October 25 each year. Model was found to explain 86% (n=25) of variation in observed forage yield from 3 monitoring studies.
27 Yield (kgdm/ha) Oats Simulated Yields Bushy Park Grazing and Harvest dates: 1-Jun 15-Jul 1-Sep Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jun 15 -Aug Grazing and Harvest dates: 15-Jul Harvest date: grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield grazed yield silage yield total yield silage yield April sown 3 grazings April sown 2 grazings April sown 1 grazing August sown 4 year simulations of a oat crop (3, 2 or 1 grazing events) sown on April 1 and 4 year simulation of an August sown oat crop (no grazing) using APSIM (oat module). Crops received 1 kgn/ha in two split applications and were harvested for silage on October 25 each year. Model was found to explain 86% (n=25) of variation in observed forage yield from 3 monitoring studies.
28 Maize Observed Yields Location Year Irrigated? Yield (kg DM/ha) Elliott (experimental plots) 25 Yes 26, Elliott (experimental plots) 26 Yes 27, Mella 26 No 15,8 Flowerdale 26 Yes 23,1 Bushy Park 26 Yes 12,5
29 Maize 2wk maturity, Mid to late spring sowing Very high yielding (> 2t DM/ha), high WUE (5t DM/ML) Adequate energy (> 1.5 MJ/kg DM), low protein (< 8% CP) Relatively high production costs (15 to 2c kg/dm) Requires specialist planting & harvesting equipment Sown mid to late spring (soil temps >13 o C)
30 12-Nov 26-Nov 1-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan Yield (kgdm/ha) Maize Simulated Yields Edith Creek Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
31 Risk Maize: Frost Risk Edith Creek o C Threshold -2 o C Threshold.6 Risk.4.2. Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Pioneer (quick Nov maturity) 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies. Planting date
32 12-Nov 26-Nov 1-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan Yield (kgdm/ha) Maize Simulated Yields Elliott Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
33 Maize: Elliott Frost Risk o C threshold -2 o C threshold.6 Risk Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
34 12-Nov 26-Nov 1-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan Yiled (kgdm/ha) Maize Simulated Yields DELORAINE Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting Date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
35 Maize Frost Risk DELORAINE 1..8 Risk o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date -2 o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
36 12-Nov 26-Nov 1-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan Yield (kgdm/ha) Maize Simulated Yields SCOTTSDALE Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
37 Maize Frost Risk SCOTTSDALE Yield (kgdm/ha) Risk o C Threshold -2 o C Threshold. 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
38 12-Nov 26-Nov 1-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan Yield (kgdm/ha) Maize Simulated Yields CRESSY Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
39 Maize Frost Risk CRESSY Yield (kgdm/ha) Risk o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date -2 o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
40 12-Nov 26-Nov 1-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan Yeild (kgdm/ha) Maize Simulated Yields BUSHY PARK 35 3 Bushy Park Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) Planting Date 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
41 Maize Frost Risk BUSHY PARK Yield (kgdm/ha) Risk o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date -2 o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date Pioneer 3153 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3237 (medium maturity) Pioneer 3527 (quick maturity) 4 year simulations of a forage maize crop (harvested at a milk line score of 2.5 and receiving 25kgN/ha) using APSIM (maize module). Model was found to explain 7% (n=7) of variation in observed forage yield from 5 experiments/monitoring studies.
42 Risk Risk Frost risk region comparison 1. Scottsdale Yield (kgdm/ha) o C Threshold -2 o C Threshold Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date Cressy Planting date Yield (kgdm/ha) o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date -2 o C Threshold 5 Nov 19 Nov 3 Dec 17 Dec 31 Dec Planting date
43 Other crops Millett Elliott 25 (irrigated): 7, kgdm/ha (Experimental plots) Elliott 26 (irrigated): 8, kgdm/ha (Experimental plots) Sorghum Elliott 26 (irrigated): 12, kgdm/ha (Experimental plots) Fodder Beets New crop option for winter forage Possibly high yielding (2+t/ha) but we don t know much about it yet (research is being undertaken)
44 Summary Modelling indicates all forage crops have a high yield potential for Tasmanian regions Brassicas (8.5 to12 t/ha) Winter cereals (> 12t/ha) Maize (>2t/ha) Management is critical to achieving this potential at a reasonable cost of production Pick crops based on management objective
45 Acknowledgments Funders of monitoring and experimental projects from which observed data was sourced Dairy Australia DairyTas Funding the modelling work (The Beyond 212 Project) Dairy Australia Support with monitoring and modelling studies Those farmers who made their crops available Jason Lynch from Serve Ag (provided some of the data and supported the monitoring)
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