Potential Crop Zoning

Transcription

1 7.1 Introduction Potential Crop Zoning V. Ramamurthy, S. Chattaraj, N.G. Patil, P.S. Butte and S.K. Singh Potential crop zoning refers to the specific regions/areas of crops and cropping sequences which are bio-physically suitable and also have high productivity (Relative Yield Index RYI) and high spread (Relative Spread Index, RSI). Potential crop zones have similar geographic setting in terms of soils, landforms, rainfall, temperature, length of growing period, irrigation potentials. These are suitable for a specific crops and cropping sequences and have the potentiality to response similarly for similar kind of management practices. Potential crop zoning involves Land Management Units (LMUs), bio-physical suitability evaluation and linking of bio-physical suitable maps to the relative spread (RSI) and productivity of reference crops and cropping sequences (RYI). 7.2 Conceptual Model The conceptual model for delineating potential crop zone is presented in fig For the better and lucid presentation, potential area with high RSI and high RYI for high potential area, potential area with moderate RSI and moderate RYI for moderate potential area and potential area either with high RYI and low RSY or with low RYI and high RSI for marginal potential area are used interchangeably in the text. The steps involved in potential crop zoning consists of delineation of land management units (LMUs), bio-physical suitability evaluation and development of RSI and RYI maps. Finally RSI and RYI maps are superimposed on bio-physical suitability map for delineating the potential crop zones. Fig Conception Model for identification of potential areas e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 1

2 7.2.1 Step1: Delineation of Land Management Units (LMUs) It is a grouping of soils/lands with the similar management needs using soil resource information on 1:1 million scale, recently developed agro-ecological region map, length of growing period, rainfall and irrigation potentials. Developing LMUs begins with the grouping of soil map units of 1:1 million scale maps into the dominant soil regions, namely alluvial, black, red, lateritic, hill and forest, sandy, coastal and cold desert region soils. The soil regions are regrouped based on the physiography/landforms. The resultant soil/land units are further classified using region specific soil and site characteristics attracting management interventions like soil texture (sandy, coarse loamy, fine loamy and fine), salinity (moderate and strong), sodicity (moderate and strong) and flooding (moderate and strong) in the alluvial soil region; depth, salinity and sodicity in black soil region; depth, gravels, erosion, texture and ph in the red and lateritic soil region; salinity, acidity and risk of flooding together with soil texture in coastal region; soil moisture and temperature regime in the cold desert region. In the process 1649 soil map units delineated on 1:1 million scales are regrouped into 610 land management units, which are linked with AER and land use / land cover map. Thus the land management unit maps refer to the group of soil map units which have similar geographic setting in terms of soils, rainfall, AER, LGP and irrigation. Based on the outlined methodology Land Management Units for India and for the states of India are developed. Fig. 7.2 details the Land Management units (LMUs) in the country whereas, Fig. 7.3 elucidates LMUs for the state of Maharashtra and the legend of fig. 7.3 is described in table 7.1. Fig.7.2. Land management Unit map of India e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 2

3 Fig. 7.3.Land management Unit map of Maharashtra state Table 7.1. Description of land management units (LMUs), Maharashtra state LMUs Description Area (ha) 1 Fine, moderately deep, moderately sloping, moderately eroded soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 2 Fine, shallow, moderately sloping, moderately eroded soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 3 Fine, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 4 Loamy, shallow, gently sloping, moderately eroded soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 5 Loamy, shallow, moderately sloping, severely eroded soils, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 6 Loamy, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 7 Loamy skeletal, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soil, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 8 Loamy, moderately deep, steeply sloping with severely eroded soils, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 9 Coarse loamy, deep, very gently sloping, moderately eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 180 to 210 days and mm rainfall 10 Fine, moderately deep, moderately sloping, moderately eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 11 Fine, shallow, gently sloping, severely eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 12 Loamy, shallow, gently sloping, severely eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 13 Loamy, shallow, moderately sloping, severely eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 14 Loamy, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall Rainfed Irrigated Total e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 3

4 LMUs Description Area (ha) 15 Loamy skeletal, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 16 Fine, deep, steeply sloping, moderately eroded soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 17 Fine, shallow, gently sloping, severely eroded soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 18 Fine, shallow, moderately sloping, moderately eroded soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 19 Fine, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 20 Loamy, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 21 Loamy skeletal, shallow, steeply sloping, severely eroded soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 22 Loamy, deep alluvial soils, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 23 Loamy, deep, slightly saline alluvial soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 24 Coarse loamy, alluvial soils, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 25 Loamy, deep, alluvial soils, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 26 Loamy, deep, slight saline alluvial soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 27 Fine, deep, alluvial soils, West coastal plain with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 28 Fine, deep, slightly saline alluvial soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 29 Fine, deep, strong saline alluvial soils, West coastal plain with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 30 Fine loamy, deep, alluvial soils, West coastal plain with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 31 Loamy, deep, alluvial soils, West coast plain with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 32 Loamy, deep, slightly saline alluvial soils, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 33 Fine, deep black soils, Western Ghats with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 34 Fine, deep, moderate saline with slightly sodic black soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 35 Fine, deep, slightly saline black soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 36 Fine, moderately deep, slightly saline black soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 37 Fine, shallow black soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 38 Fine, shallow, slightly saline black soils, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 39 Fine, deep black soils, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 40 Fine, deep, moderate saline black soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 41 Fine, deep, slight saline black soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall Rainfed Irrigated Total e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 4

5 LMUs Description Area (ha) 42 Fine, deep, slightly saline and sodic black soils, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 43 Fine, moderately deep black soils, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 44 Fine, moderately deep, slightly saline black soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 45 Fine, shallow black soils, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 46 Fine, shallow, slightly saline black soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 47 Fine, shallow, slightly saline and sodic black soils, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 48 Fine, deep black soils, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 49 Fine, moderately deep black soils, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 50 Fine, deep, moderately saline with slightly sodic black soils, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 51 Fine, moderately deep, slight saline black soils, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 52 Fine, moderately deep, strong saline black soils, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 53 Loamy skeletal, shallow, red soils, gently sloping, Western Ghats with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 54 Fine, deep, red soils, steeply sloping, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 55 Loamy skeletal, deep, red soils, gently sloping, Western Ghats with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 56 Loamy, shallow, red soils, gently sloping, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 57 Loamy, shallow, red soils, moderately sloping, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 58 Fine, deep, red soils, gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 59 Fine, deep, red soils, moderately sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 60 Loamy, deep red soils, gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 61 Loamy, deep, red soils, moderately sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 62 Loamy, deep, red soils, very gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 63 Loamy skeletal, deep, red soils, gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 90 to 150 days and 600 to 1000 mm rainfall 64 Fine, moderately deep, red soils, gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 150 to 180 days and 1000 to 1200 mm rainfall 65 Loamy, moderately deep, red soils, moderately sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 66 Loamy, shallow, red soils, gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 67 Loamy, shallow, red soils, moderately sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 68 Loamy skeletal, shallow, red soils, moderately sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall Rainfed Irrigated Total e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 5

6 LMUs Description Area (ha) 69 Coarse loamy, shallow, red soils, gently sloping, South Deccan Plateau with LGP days and 1000 to 1500 mm rainfall 70 Loamy, moderately deep, red soils, very gently sloping, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 180 to 210 days and mm rainfall 71 Coarse loamy, moderately deep, red soils, moderately sloping, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 180 to 210 days and mm rainfall 72 Loamy skeletal, shallow, red soils, gently sloping, North Deccan Plateau with LGP 120 to 150 days and 600 to 1200 mm rainfall 73 Loamy, moderately deep, red soils, moderately sloping, Dandakaranya with LGP 180 to 210 days and mm rainfall 74 Fine, deep, red soils, gently sloping, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 75 Fine, deep, red soils, steeply sloping, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 76 Coarse loamy, deep, red soils, gently sloping, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 77 Coarse loamy, moderately deep, red soils, very gently sloping, West coast plains with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 78 Loamy, shallow, red soils, moderately sloping, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 79 Coarse loamy, shallow, red soils, moderately sloping, West coast with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall 80 Fine, moderately deep, laterite soils, moderately sloping, Western Ghats with LGP days and 2000 to 3000 mm rainfall Step 2: Bio-physical suitability evaluation Rainfed Irrigated Total The bio-physical suitability of each LMU is assessed for major crops of the country considering the problems and the potentialities of each of them. The bio-physical suitability of cotton for India and for the state of Maharashtra is given here as an examples (Fig. 7.4 and 7.5). e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 6

7 Fig.7.4. Bio-physical suitability of cotton in India Fig.7.5. Bio-physical suitability of cotton in Maharashtra state Step 3: Developing Relative yield Index (RYI) and Relative Spread Index (RSI) Relative yield index (ratio of district productivity to national productivity for reference crop) and relative spread yield index (ratio of district area to national area of the reference crop) are calculated. For calculating RYI and RSI for the states, area and productivity of the specific state are considered. RYI and RSI are graded in terms of high spread- high e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 7

8 productivity, low spread-high productivity, high spread low productivity and low spread-low productivity. The relative spread and productivity of cotton for the country and for the state of Maharashtra is shown as examples (Fig. 7.6 and7.7). Fig.7.6. Spread and productivity of cotton in Maharashtra state Fig.7.7.Spread and productivity of cotton in Maharashtra state Finally Spread and productivity map are superimposed on bio-physically suitable map for defining efficient crop zone in GIS. Thus the efficient crop zone represents the areas/regions which are bio-physically suitable and also have high productivity and high spread. e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 8

9 7.3 Up scaling the Technology Following the techniques for developing crop zoning, the potential crop zone for sixteen crops are defined in the country. In the present text the efficient zone for the wheat crop in India (Fig. 7.8) and the states is presented (Figs. 7.9 to 7.20).For the paucity of space, potential zones for the states are described region wise Wheat Wheat is the most important food-grain and known as staple food of millions of Indians, particularly in the northern and north-western parts of the country. It is grown on 30.7 mha area in India and the estimated potential area is 40.3mha (Fig.7.9).Potential area with high RSI and high RYI is defined on 16.4 mha area, 98.8 % area of which belonged to the states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Bihar. The potential area with moderate RSI and moderate RYI occupies 20.1mha area, 85% of which finds place in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal. The potential area either with high RSI and low RYI or with low RSI and low RYI covers 3.8 million hectare area and is dominantly distributed in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. Region wise extent and distribution of potential and actual area of wheat is described in the succeeding paragraphs. Fig.7.8. Potential areas for wheat in India e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 9

10 Southern region Wheat is cultivated on 0.17 mha in southern region and the estimated potential area is 7.73 mha. The potential area includes fine loamy moderately deep to deep, red lateritic soils and moderately deep to deep black soils with days LGP and mm rainfall. Only 5% of the potential is utilized in Karnataka otherwise wheat is grown occasionally in other parts of the region (Fig. 7.9). The potential area with high RSI and RYI is extensive in parts of Adilabad and Nizamabad districts of Telangana; Kalaburagi, Vijyapura, Belagavi and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka. Such type of area is highest in Karnataka on 1.83 mha and the lowest in Andhra Pradesh. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in high potential area is estimated on 0.64 and 0.24 mha area in Telangana and 1.32 and 0.51 mha in Karnataka. The potential area with moderate RSI and RYI in southern region, spreads over in parts of Cuddapah districts of Andhra Pradesh; Mahabubhanagar district of Telangana; Chitradurga, Chikkamagalur and Bidar districts of Karnataka. These are highest in Karnataka on 1.0 mha and lowest in Andhra Pradesh on 0.33 mha.the rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the moderate potential area are grown on 0.29 and 0.03 mha in Andhra Pradesh; 0.68 and 0.07 mha in Telangana; and 0.67 and 0.32 mha in Karnataka. The potential area either with high RSI and low RYI or with low RSI and low RYI extensively covers the parts of Ananthapur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh; Medak, Ranga Reddy districts of Telangana; Gadag and Dharwad districts of Karnataka. These are highest in Andhra Pradesh on 1.68 mha area and lowest in Karnataka on 0.50 mha. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the marginal potential area cover 1.55 and 0.13 mha in Andhra Pradesh; 0.53 and 0.22 mha in Telangana; 0.37 and 0.13 mha in Karnataka (Fig. 7.10). Fig.7.9. Utilization of potential area of wheat in southern region e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 10

11 Fig Potential areas for wheat in southern region. Northern region Wheat in the northern region is grown on 16.3 mha and the estimated potential area is 11.4 mha. The potential area is described on moderately deep to deep, fine loamy and coarse loamy, alluvial soils with days LGP and mm rainfall. The percent utilization of potential area is 124 in Uttar Pradesh, 130 in Uttarakhand, 179 in Haryana, 202 in Punjab and 853 in Himachal Pradesh (Fig. 7.11). The potential area with high RSI and high RYI of wheat in northern region is extensive in parts of Jammu, Kathua, Udampur and Punch districts of Jammu and Kashmir; Una district of Himachal Pradesh; Sangrur, Firozpur and Faridkot districts of Punjab; Sirsa, Fatehabad, Karnal, Kaithal, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Sonipet districts of Haryana; Udham Singh Nagar, Nainital and Dehradun in Uttarakhand; Mahamayanagar, Hardoi, Siddharthnagar, Aligarh, Maharajganj, Shahjanpur, Mathura, Badaun, Fatehpur and Rampur districts of Uttar Pradesh. These are highest on 2.69 mha in Uttar Pradesh and lowest on 0.01mha in Himachal Pradesh. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively are cultivated in 0.05 and 0.11 mha in Jammu and Kashmir; and mha in Himachal Pradesh, 0.01 and 0.34 mha in Punjab; 0.10 and 1.00 mha in Haryana; and 0.19 mha in Uttarakhand; and 0.7 and 2.0 mha in Uttar Pradesh. e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 11

12 The potential area with moderate RSI and moderate RYI of wheat in northern region is widely distributed in parts of Shimla and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh, Sangur, Ludhiana, Patiala, Muktsar, Moga and Amritsar districts of Punjab; Hisar and Rewari districts of Haryana; Haridwar district in Uttarakhand; Sharanpur, Muzafernagar, Pilhibhit, Kheri, Bulandshar, Barabanki and Agra districts of Uttar Pradesh. Moderate potential area of wheat is highest on 2.18 mha area in Uttar Pradesh and lowest on mha area in Himachal Pradesh. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively are grown on and 0.002mha in Himachal Pradesh, 0.05 and 1.12 mha in Punjab; and 0.08 mha in Haryana; and 0.06 mha in Uttarakhand; 0.5 and 1.7 mha in Uttar Pradesh. The potential area either with high RSI and Low RYI or with low RSI and low RYI is dominant in parts of Raisi district of Jammu and Kashmir, Kangra and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh; Gurdaspur district of Punjab; Ambala, Jhajjar, Mewat and Rohtak districts of Haryana; Hamirpur, Gorakhpur, Basti, Allahabad, Deoria, Faizabad and Unnao districts of Uttar Pradesh. Marginal potential area of wheat is highest on 2.92 mha area in Uttar Pradesh and lowest in Himachal Pradesh. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in marginal potential area are cultivated on 0.21 and mha in Jammu and Kashmir, 0.02 and 0.01 mha in Himachal Pradesh, 0.03 and 0.17 mha in Punjab; 0.06 and 0.12 mha in Haryana; and 0.81 and 2.1 mha in Uttar Pradesh (Fig. 7.12). Fig Utilization of potential area of wheat in northern region e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 12

13 Fig Potential areas for wheat in northern region Eastern region Wheat is grown on 2.49 mha in the eastern region and the estimated potential area is 8.68 mha. The potential area is ascribed on moderately deep to deep, coarse and fine loamy soils of Bihar and West Bengal and on fine loamy red lateritic soils of Jharkhand and Odisha with LGP days and mm rainfall. In the region, Bihar is the only state, where 98% of potential area of wheat is utilized. In the state of West Bengal, 14% of the potential area could be harnessed and the percent utilization is even less than 2% in Jharkhand and Odisha (Fig. 7.13). The Potential area with high RSI and high RYI is well distributed in parts of Rohtas, Bhojpur, Saran, Gopalganj and Lakhisarai districts of Bihar; Dumka, Gooda, Hazaribagh and Devgarh districts of Jharkhand; Musidabad, Birbhum, Nadia and Uttar Dinaipur districts of West Bengal; Sundargarh, Kendujhar, and Subamapur districts of Odisha. The high potential area in the region is highest on 1.08 mha area in West Bengal and lowest on 0.62 mha area in Jharkhand. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in high potential area are practiced on 0.24 and 0.44 mha in Bihar; 0.52 and 0.01 mha in Jharkhand; 0.41 and 0.66 mha in West Bengal; 0.55 and 0.12 mha in Odisha. The potential area with moderate RSI and moderate RYI in the region is extensive in parts of Patna, Jahanabad, Arariva, Vaishali and Samastipur districts of Bihar; Ranchi, Gumla, Bokaro and Ramgarh districts of Jharkhand; Bardman, East Medinipur, Hugli and North 24 Praganas districts of West Bengal; Balangir, Koraput, Jajapur, Dhenkanal, Cuttack and Anugul districts of Odisha. The extent of moderate potential area is highest on 1.26 mha in e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 13

14 West Bengal and lowest on 0.62 mha area in Bihar. The rainfed and irrigated wheat in the moderate potential area is grown on 0.20 and 0.42 mha in Bihar; 0.67 and 0.05 mha in Jharkhand; 0.39 and 0.89 mha in West Bengal; 0.61 and 0.22 mha in Odisha. The potential area either with high RSI and low RYI or low RSI and low RYI of wheat is widely distributed in parts of Aurangabad, Bhabua, Nawada and Nalanda districts of Bihar; Giridih, Palamu, Garhwa, Chatra and Kodarma districts of Jharkhand; Kochbihar district of West Bengal; Mayurbhanj, Bhadark and Jharsuguda districts of Odisha. The marginal potential area is the highest on 0.84 mha areas in Bihar and the lowest on mha areas in West Bengal. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the marginal potential area is cultivated on 0.24 and 0.60 mha in Bihar; 0.69 and 0.10 mha in Jharkhand; 300 and 500 ha in West Bengal; 0.44 and 0.12 mha in Odisha (Fig. 7.14). Fig Utilization of potential area of wheat in eastern region e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 14

15 Fig Potential areas for wheat in eastern region. Western Region Wheat in the western region is cultivated on 4.45 mha and the estimated potential area is 7.47 mha in the region, extensively occurring on moderately deep to deep, fine, slightly to moderately saline black soils; coarse loamy and fine loamy alluvial soils with days LGP and mm rainfall. 110% of the potential is utilized in Rajasthan, whereas only 29% of the potential area could be explored in the state of Gujarat (Fig. 7.15). The potential area with high RSI and RYI is widely distributed in Jamnagar, Mehasana and Gandhinagar districts of Gujarat; Jhalawar, Baran, Jaipur, Kota, Dausa and Bundi districts of Rajasthan. Its spread is highest on 2.1 mha area in Rajasthan and lowest on 1.04 mha area in Gujarat. The irrigated and rainfed wheat respectively in the high potential area cover 0.28 and 0.76 mha in Gujarat; and 1.23 and 0.87 mha in Rajasthan. The potential area with moderate RSI and RYI of wheat in the region is dominanantly covers the part of Rajkot, Bhavanagar and Jamnagar districts of Gujarat; Jhalawar and Pratapgarh districts of Rajasthan. The moderate potential area for wheat in the region is estimated on 2.2 mha area in Gujarat and on mha area in Rajasthan. The irrigated and rainfed wheat, respectively in moderate potential area is grown on 1.0 and 1.2 mha in Gujarat; and 4000 and 2300 ha in Rajasthan. The potential area either with high RSI and low RYI or with low RSI and low RYI is widely distributed in Ahmadabad, SabarKantha, Khera and Anand districts of Gujarat; Banswara, e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 15

16 Bhilwara, Pratapgarh, Rajsmand, Dungarpur and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan. The marginal potential area in the western region covers 1.39 mha area in Gujarat and 0.72 mha in Rajasthan. Irrigated and rainfed wheat, respectively in the marginal potential area are practiced on 0.55 and 0.85 mha in Gujarat; and 0.49 and 0.23 mha in Rajasthan (Fig. 7.16). Fig Utilization of potential area of wheat in western region Fig Potential areas for wheat in western region. e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 16

17 Central Region In the central region, wheat is grown on 7.17 mha whereas the potential area for the crop is estimated on mha. Potential area of wheat includes moderately deep to deep, fine loamy red lateritic soils; and moderately deep to deep fine, black soils with days LGP and mm rainfall. Only 3.2, 34 and 14.7% the potential area could be utilized in Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, leaving a large proportion of potential is yet to be realized (Fig.7.17). The potential area with high RSI and high RYI dominantly occurs in Raisen, Shivpuri, Hoshangabad, Bhind, Morena, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior and Harda districts of Madhya Pradesh; Raigarh and Jashpur districts in Chhattisgarh; Amaravati, Ahmadnagar, Buldhana, Jalgaon, Akola, and Nasik districts of Maharashtra. High potential area is the highest on 3.66 mha in Maharashtra and the lowest in Chhattisgarh. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the high potential area is grown on 0.91 and 0.72 mha in Madhya Pradesh; 800 and 200 ha in Chhattisgarh; and 2.4 and 1.3 mha in Maharashtra. The potential area with moderate RSI and moderate RYI occurs dominantly in Ujjain, Shajapur, Ratlam, Mandsur, Dhar, Dewas and Chindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh; Rajnangaon, Raigarh, Mahasamund, Jashpur and Janjgir Champa districts of Chhattisgarh; Washim, Sangali, Pune, Jalna and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra. The moderate potential area is the highest on 8.99 mha area in Madhya Pradesh and the lowest on 1.54 mha in Maharashtra. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the moderate potential area is cultivated on 6.5 and 2.4 mha in Madhya Pradesh; 1.3 and 0.3 mha in Chhattisgarh; 0.99 and 0.55 mha in Maharashtra. The potential area either with high RSI and low RYI or with low RSI and low RYI of wheat dominantly covers the part of Videsha, Chhatrpur, Ashoknagar, Sehore, Rewa, Tikamgarh and Satna districts of Madhya Pradesh; Durg, Bilaspur, Surguja, Kowardha and Korea districts of Chhattisgarh; Solapur, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Bid and Wardha districts of Maharashtra. The marginal potential area in the central region is the highest on 7.01 mha areas in Madhya Pradesh and the lowest on 1.67 mha areas in Chhattisgarh. The rainfed and irrigated wheat in marginal potential area cover 5.3 and 1.7 mha in Madhya Pradesh; 1.0 and 0.6 mha in Chhattisgarh; and 1.25 and 0.81 mha in Maharashtra (Fig.7.18). e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 17

18 Fig Utilization of potential area of wheat in central region North-Eastern Region Fig Potential areas for wheat in central region. In the north-eastern region, wheat is grown on 0.02 mha. The region has 0.67mha potential area, which is defined on deep, coarse loamy and fine loamy, alluvial soils with LGP >210 e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 18

19 days and >2000 mm rainfall. In the north eastern region, only 45.1% of potential area in Nagaland and 3.3% in Assam could be realized into cultivation (Fig. 7.19). The potential area with high RSI and RYI in the region is well distributed in Kamrup rural, Kokrajhar, Chirang, Golaghat and Goalpara districts of Assam, Kohima and Tuensang, and Peren districts of Nagaland. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the high potential area are grown on 0.05 and 0.15 mha in Assam; and mha in Nagaland (Fig. 7.20). The potential area with moderate RSI and RYI is dominantly occur in East Siang, Papum- Pare and Changlang in Arunachal Pradesh; Baska, Cachar and Karbi Anglog districts of Assam. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the moderate potential area cover and 0.02 mha in Arunachal Pradesh;0.09 and 0.26 mha in Assam. The potential area either with high RSI and low RYI or with low RSI and low RYI of wheat in the north eastern region is well distributed in Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh, Udalguri, Dhubri, Morigaon and Barpeta districts of Assam, Mon and Mokokchung districts of Nagaland. The rainfed and irrigated wheat, respectively in the marginal potential area are classified on and mha in Arunachal Pradesh, 0.06 and 0.11 mha in Assam; and mha in Nagaland. Fig Utilization of potential area of wheat in north eastern region e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 19

20 Fig Potential areas for wheat in north eastern region. 7.4 Summary In the southern region, the limited potentiality has been explored and utilization of the potential area is limited to the state of Karnataka. In the northern region, excess area over and above of the potential area is alllocated in Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and in Uttar Pradesh for this crop. Similarly excess area over the potentials are being used in Rajasthan of the western region. In the eastern region, 98% of the potential area is being utilized in Bihar, wheras the potentiality is yet to be converted into utilization in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. In the central region, maximum 34% of the potential area is utilized only in Madhya Pradesh.In Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra the potential area is utilized only on limited scale. The study reveals that there is strong need of land use policy for regularization of area under different land use depending upon the problems and the potentiality for controlling the price and quality of produce.the policy regulating the area is also essentially needed to prevent degrdation of marginal land brought under the cultivation of wheat particularly in the northern region. e-publication : ICAR-NBSS&LUP Technologies 20