Climate Change. Where are the gaps in knowledge? Apar Paudyal. 4 April 2016

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1 Climate Change Where are the gaps in knowledge? Apar Paudyal 4 April 2016

2 Outline of the Presentation Context- Policy and Institutional Landscape of Climate Change Knowledge Management in Nepal Extent of Climate Change related knowledge that exits in Nepal Demand and Supply of Climate Change Knowledge at Local Level Demand and Supply of Climate Change knowledge at National Level Who is generating knowledge and its policy linkages? Way Forward: Addressing Gaps

3 Policy and Institutional Landscape of Knowledge Management in Nepal Policy is not a barrier to Climate Change Knowledge Management (CCKM) New institutions mechanism established to promote climate change knowledge management (such as NCCKMC, CCMD, REDD, CCU, etc) CCKM is not yet the priority of majority of Development agencies Climate Change KM is more project based, top down, and resource dependent nature of knowledge generation. Climate change KM is more of a ritual for academic/research institutions of little use for public policy and practice

Extent of Knowledge that Exist: Trend of Knowledge Products (2007-2010) - Martin Chautari published a compendia of climate change resource materials.

4 Extent of Knowledge that Exist: Trend of Knowledge Products ( ) - Martin Chautari published a compendia of climate change resource materials. out of 400 papers listed ( ), more than 40 percent of the articles are published in periodicals or journals. GLOF, Flood 12% Water resources 14% Climate change Impacts 18% Climate change general (adaptation, awareness methodology, governance, gender, policy) 25% Agriculture and Food security 8% Forestry, Biodiversity and REDD 20% Health and sanitation 1% Energy 2% Tourism 0% The trend shows that REDD, GLOF, Water resources and CC impact - Source Ghimire, 2010 assessment dominated majority of the publications in between

5 Number of Publications Extent of Knowledge that Exist: Trends of Knowledge Products ( ) Book and Book chapter Technical Reports Journal Articles (peer reviewed) Open Closed Climate change general (adaptation, awareness methodolo Climate change Impacts, 5 GLOF, Flood, 20 Water resources, 29 Tourism, 4 Agriculture and Food security, 18 Forestry, Biodiversity and REDD, 28 Health and Energy, 6 sanitation, 5 The scanning of documents published in between shows that agriculture, water resources, forestry and REDD is higher. Out of the 124 documents published in 2015, majority of them are related to GLOF, water resources, REDD and Agriculture Nepali Authored (77/124) and Co- Authorship majority from ICIMOD & other int. research Most of the published materials in the book and journal papers are not easily accessible. (source: Google Scholar).

6 Climate Change Knowledge Generation at local Level Very limited climate change knowledge generated at the local level Community level (Rukum and Dang ) District level (Dang and Rukum) What kind of knowledge? How it is generated? Who is involved in knowledge generation? Communities perception of Communities Household and variability in rainfall, experiences and local communities increase in temperature knowledge of and some evidences of variability, impact temperature increase and impacts Vulnerability assessment and planning Piloting and Implementation Transferred from project to the practitioners

7 Climate Change Knowledge Demand at local Level Cause and Impact Agriculture practices and technology Seeds and materials Technologies (water management) Health Communities Demands what is causing such changes and why? Agriculture specific climate related knowledge and technology to address issues of loss of crop productivity, outbreak of pest and diseases in maize, paddy, vegetables, and expansion of weeds Stress tolerant varieties of crops and vegetables, improved management practices to deal with crop loss, invasion of weeds, pest and disease outbreak New varieties or crops that can tolerate prolonged drought, flood submergence Technologies that can minimize the landslide hazards and land degradation issues ; Water management technologies that address too much water during rainy season; clean energy access Causes of appearances of new diseases, outbreak of certain diseases

8 Climate Change Knowledge Demand at local Level Need more practical and applicable knowledge on climate change DADO District Agencies Knowledge demand Information and knowledge on what varieties, seeds or technologies can address the issues of water logging, drought, insect pest outbreak and crop failure DFO DSCO DLSO DHO DDC NGOs More information and knowledge on how climate change impacts the vegetation and species composition and spread of invasive species More information on kind of technologies that can address the current and future risk of climate change related to soil and water management More evidences on how climate change affects the livestock sector and what specific things we can include in our extension system More evidences and knowledge on health implications due to climate change and how to tackle it More information and knowledge on how strategically we can plan, budget and deliver development activities that can also address climate change issues More skill and knowledge transfer in terms of the effective adaptation technologies that can address specific climate change issues observed

9 Knowledge management Landscape: Knowledge Flow - Limited to project supported by development agencies, INGOs and NGOs (Top-down) - There is no systematic knowledge management system demand varies - Exchange of information and knowledge on climate change within district line agencies does not exist - Communities rely more on the knowledge products provided by the project or NGOs - Transfer of climate information and knowledge from centre to district and local level is limited

10 Climate Change Knowledge Generation at National Level Climate change Adaptation And Resilience What kind of knowledge How communities and sector adapted to CC impacts and what can be done to address the climate induced risk and disasters Who is involved in knowledge generation Researchers, Academicians, I/NGOs practitioners, Government (NARC; DHM ) Climate change Mitigation REDD +, Clean energy (bio-gas, solar, micro hydro, improved cooking stove), Climate Smart Practices Climate change impacts Impacts of climate change in agriculture, water, biodiversity, health and across region and gender, economic impact assessment Climate change methodology, tools Vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning, Carbon assessment methodologies Researchers, Government (AEPC) and INGOs practitioners, CFUG I/NGOs practitioners, researchers Development practitioners, Donor projects, I/NGOs Climate change policy, strategies and action plans including UNFCCC submissions National policy, strategies and action plans, First and Second National Communication Government, Consultants, I/NGOs, donors projects

11 Examples of Knowledge generation at national level - Technological innovations: NARC is leading developed stress tolerant varieties (e.g Sukhha Dhaan) direct seeding and management practices - Climate Resilient Practices: INGO, NGOs and regional centres (ICIMOD) have stated to develop and pilot technologies (for e.g. Climate Smart Agriculture Practices, Efficient water management technologies) - Improved forecasting System: Addressing risk and impact (DHM, PA, UNDP) - Methods and Approaches: Tools and Methods on VA, budget code, CPIER, Adaptation Planning, Carbon accounting, Cost Benefit Analysis, Economic analysis

12 Knowledge demand at the national level To have access to evidence, technology and skills Institutions Government NGOs INGOs Academic/research institutions Development agencies Demand More evidence based policy guidance and information on where to prioritize, where to invest and how best to mainstream climate change in development, capacity and skills More practical and applicable information, knowledge and technology on climate change mostly how to implement, transfer of skills and capacity Technological and scientific knowledge on where to prioritize and invest, more skills and capacity Resources access for carrying out research and publication on climate change, more linkages with the outside world and scientific updates More information and knowledge on how climate change is a major threat to development and knowledge on where to invest

13 Knowledge Supply Landscape: Diverse but fragmented

14 How useful is the existing climate change knowledge? 12 National level n= Understanding the impact of climate change in different sectors Raising general awareness of communities Building capacity of practitioners Developing plan and specific activities Decision making on resources investment Assessing the effectiveness of interventions Addressing climate specific risk and impacts Developing proposal and programme Developing policy and strategies Mainstreaming climate change within the programme

15 Positive implication of KM at the national level Policy landscape Institutional Landscape Financial landscape Implementation Climate change Policy Proposed climate change resource centre NAPA NCCKMC establishment LDCF (EBA and GLOF), GLOF, EBA, SPCR, Hariyo Ban, Agriculture (AF), Bilateral Projects CIF (SPCR) LAPA framework MOSTE and MoFALD Bilateral Project (DFID, EU, NCCSP, MSFP Hariyoban, MSFP) LCEDS strategy AEPC climate change cell SREP (CIF) DEECC and respective plan REDD strategy and plan REDD Cell World Bank (CIF) Piloting stage Mainstreaming CC MoF-NDA for GCF Budget Code, CCFF, CPEIR In process Agriculture Development Environment and climate change SPCR AMIS Strategy (draft) division Health Policy NARC policy Stress tolerant variety Upgrading Weather forecasting system (data, station) DHM (South Asia Climate Outlook Forum) SPCR Weather Outlook Climate Data Portal

16 Implications of KM: constraints and challenges at the policy level Categories Policies and strategies Projects and programmes Institutional mechanism Financial mechanism Sectoral focus and plans Implications a) How CC knowledge feeds into the policy making, planning and budgeting; b) Translation of policies into action based on learning (how to do? Execution is important)- Additionality and attribution issues (how climate change is different from development?) Capacity and leadership to drive CC agenda at all levels Attribution issues, mismatches in cc relevance (for e.g. budget code), 80% funding to local level Lack of clarity on what specific things we can do in climate change has implication in sectoral planning and budgeting

17 Addressing Gaps/ Mismatches - Investment on applied research by government, donors and other agencies. Mostly research should focus on addressing local and national demand of knowledge, technology, products.. - Improvement of Quality and content in sources of Knowledge (Basic research): Applicable, Reliable, Useful - Access of practical and useful information and knowledge on climate change: Tailor made knowledge products useful for policy making, planning and budgeting - Knowledge consolidation and packaging: how to consolidate scientific and local knowledge and develop Knowledge Advisory - Knowledge dissemination and communication: Strengthen information management system linking local to the national level planning and execution - Changing our Mindscape and working Culture: How to change our working culture that enables learning and sharing? Appreciating what others have done and how we can contribute? - Mainstreaming climate change KM: A part of our institutional and governance strategy

np The opinions expressed are those of the

18 THANK YOU For More Info: The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department for International Development.

19 Key Questions? What is the extent to which climate change related knowledge exists in Nepal? What type of areas does it cover? Who generates the information? Is it sustainable? Who demands the information, or what is the basis for the development of those specific types of knowledge? How is the knowledge generated moving from academic purposes towards policy-making? In line with (3), who are the main users of the knowledge? What are the gaps in knowledge generation and use?

Monitoring and Reporting Climate Change Adaptation

Monitoring and Reporting Climate Change Adaptation 23-24 th June 2014, Montego Bay, Jamaica NEPAL STRATEGIC PROGRAM FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE (SPCR) & CC PROGRAM (CCP) Er. Govinda Prasad Kharel Under Secretary