Prentice Hall Biology: Exploring Life 2006 Correlated to: New York Core Curriculum for Science - The Living Environment (High School)

Transcription

1 STANDARD 1 - Students will use mathematical analysis, scientific inquiry, and engineering design, as appropriate, to pose questions, seek answers, and develop solutions Key Idea 1: The central purpose of scientific inquiry is to develop explanations of natural phenomena in a continuing and creative process. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Elaborate on basic scientific and personal explanations of natural phenomena, and develop extended visual models and mathematical formulations to represent ones thinking. 1.1a Scientific explanations are built by combining evidence that can be observed with what people already know about the world. SE/TE: 19, ; Laboratory Manual: lab 1A, 2 1.1b Learning about the historical development of scientific concepts or about individuals who have contributed to scientific knowledge provides a better understanding of scientific inquiry and the relationship between science and society. TECH: Online Activity: 2.1 SE/TE: 26, 74, 161, , , , 257, , 384, 425, 507, 567, 656, , 4.2, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 12.2, 12.3, 14.1, 17.2; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: 2.3, 10.1, 14.1; History of Science: History of Evolutionary Theory 1.1c Science provides knowledge, but values are also essential to making effective and ethical decisions about the application of scientific knowledge. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: none 1

2 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Hone ideas through reasoning, library research, and discussion with others, including experts. 1.2a Inquiry involves asking questions and locating, interpreting, and processing information from a variety of sources. SE/TE: 19, , 2.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 1A TECH: Online Activity: b Inquiry involves making judgments about the reliability of the source and relevance of information. SE/TE: 19, , 2.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 1A TECH: Online Activity: 2.1 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Work toward reconciling competing explanations; clarify points of agreement and disagreement. 1.3a Scientific explanations are accepted when they are consistent with experimental and observational evidence and when they lead to accurate predictions. SE/TE: , 2.3; Laboratory Manual: lab 1A, 2 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2, 2.3; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter 1.3b All scientific explanations are tentative and subject to change or improvement. Each new bit of evidence can create more questions than it answers. This leads to increasingly better understanding of how things work in the living world. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.3; Science, Technology, & Society: Scientific Collaboration on the Internet 2

3 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Coordinate explanations at different levels of scale, points of focus, and degrees of complexity and specificity, and recognize the need for such alternative representations of the natural world. 1.4a Well-accepted theories are ones that are supported by different kinds of scientific investigations often involving the contributions of individuals from different disciplines. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 1A, 2, 2A TECH: Online Activity: none Key Idea 2: Beyond the use of reasoning and consensus, scientific inquiry involves the testing of proposed explanations involving the use of conventional techniques and procedures and usually requiring considerable ingenuity. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Devise ways of making observations to test proposed explanations. SE/TE: 25, 28, a Development of a research plan involves researching background information and understanding the major concepts in the area being investigated. Recommendations for methodologies, use of technologies, proper equipment, and safety precautions should also be included. 2.1, 3.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 1A, 2 TECH: Online Activity: 2.1 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Refine research ideas through library investigations, including electronic information retrieval and reviews of the literature, and through peer feedback obtained from review and discussion. SE/TE: 45, 67, 89, 133, 223, 287, 415, 473, 489, 521, 633, 673 (Design an Experiment) none; Laboratory Manual: lab 2 TECH: Online Activity: none 3

4 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Develop and present proposals including formal hypotheses to test explanations; i.e., predict what should be observed under specific conditions if the explanation is true. 2.3a Hypotheses are predictions based upon both research and observation. SE/TE: 30-35, 38, 39, 45, 107, 203, 344, 303, 304, 351, 415, 439, 539, 607, 633, 785, , 2.3; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter 2.3b Hypotheses are widely used in science for determining what data to collect and as a guide for interpreting the data. SE/TE: 30-35, 38, 39, 45, 107, 203, 344, 303, 304, 351, 415, 439, 539, 607, 633, 785, c Development of a research plan for testing a hypothesis requires planning to avoid bias (e.g., repeated trials, large sample size, and objective data-collection techniques). PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Carry out a research plan for testing explanations, including selecting and developing techniques, acquiring and building apparatus, and recording observations as necessary. 2.2, 2.3; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter SE/TE: 45, 67, 89, 133, 223, 287, 415, 473, 489, 521, 633, 673 (Design an Experiment) 2.2, 2.3; Laboratory Manual: lab 2 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter SE/TE: 45, 67, 89, 133, 223, 287, 415, 473, 489, 521, 633, 673 (Design an Experiment) 2.2, 2.3; Laboratory Manual: lab 2 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter 4

5 Key Idea 3: The observations made while testing proposed explanations, when analyzed using conventional and invented methods, provide new insights into natural phenomena. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Use various methods of representing and organizing observations (e.g., diagrams, tables, charts, graphs, equations, matrices) and insightfully interpret the organized data. 3.1a Interpretation of data leads to development of additional hypotheses, the formulation of generalizations, or explanations of natural phenomena. SE/TE: 24-29, , 2.2; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.1 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Apply statistical analysis techniques when appropriate to test if chance alone explains the results. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 10 TECH: Online Activity: 10.2; Science, Technology, & Society: Environmental Effects on Phenotypes; Lab 10 Online Companion: Family Reunion in a Dish PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Assess SE/TE: 35, 50 correspondence between the predicted result contained in the hypothesis and actual result, and reach a conclusion as to whether the explanation on which the prediction was based is supported. 2.2, 3.1; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Based on the results of the test and through public discussion, revise the explanation and contemplate additional research. 3.4a Hypotheses are valuable, even if they turn out not to be true, because they may lead to further investigation. SE/TE: 30-35, 38, 39, 45, 107, 203, 344, 303, 304, 351, 415, 439, 539, 607, 633, 785, 811 5

6 3.4b Claims should be questioned if the data are based on samples that are very small, biased, or inadequately controlled or if the conclusions are based on the faulty, incomplete, or misleading use of numbers. 3.4c Claims should be questioned if fact and opinion are intermingled, if adequate evidence is not cited, or if the conclusions do not follow logically from the evidence given. 2.2, 2.3; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2; Lab 2 Online Companion: Making a Rip-o-meter SE/TE: 33, 34, ; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2 SE/TE: 33, 34, a One assumption of science is that other individuals could arrive at the same explanation if they had access to similar evidence. Scientists make the results of their investigations public; they should describe the investigations in ways that enable others to repeat the investigations. 2.2; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.2 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Develop a written report for public scrutiny that describes the proposed explanation, including a literature review, the research carried out, its result, and suggestions for further research. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.3; Science, Technology, & Society: Scientific Collaboration on the Internet 6

7 3.5b Scientists use peer review to evaluate the results of scientific investigations and the explanations proposed by other scientists. They analyze the experimental procedures, examine the evidence, identify faulty reasoning, point out statements that go beyond the evidence, and suggest alternative explanations for the same observations. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: all labs 1-36 TECH: Online Activity: 2.3; Science, Technology, & Society: Scientific Collaboration on the Internet STANDARD 4 - Students will understand and apply scientific concepts, principles, and theories pertaining to the physical setting and living environment and recognize the historical development of ideas in science. Key Idea 1: Living things are both similar to and different from each other and from nonliving things. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how diversity of populations within ecosystems relates to the stability of ecosystems. 1.1a Populations can be categorized by the function they serve. Food webs identify the relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers carrying out either autotropic or heterotropic nutrition. SE/TE: b An ecosystem is shaped by the nonliving SE/TE: environment as well as its interacting species. The world contains a wide diversity of physical conditions, which creates a variety of environments. TR: Guided Reading and StudyWorkbook:36.1, 36.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 35 TECH: Online Activity: 36.1, 36.2 TR: Guided Reading and Study Workbook:34.1, 34.2, 34.3, 34.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 34A, 36 7

8 1.1c In all environments, organisms compete for vital resources. The linked and changing interactions of populations and the environment compose the total ecosystem. TECH: Online Activity: 34.1, 34.2, 34.3, 34.4; Lab 34 Online Companion: Life as a Pond Organism; Closer Look: Circulation Cells; Careers: Meet an Ecologist; Webquest: ChesapeakeBayQuest SE/TE: d The interdependence of organisms in an established ecosystem often results in approximate stability over hundreds and thousands of years. For example, as one population increases, it is held in check by one or more environmental factors or another species. chapter 35.2, 35.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 35 TECH: Online Activity: 35.4 SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 35 TECH: Online Activity: e Ecosystems, like many other complex systems, tend to show cyclic changes around a state of approximate equilibrium. SE/TE: , 36.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 36 TECH: Online Activity: 36.3, 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? 1.1f Every population is linked, directly or SE/TE: indirectly, with many others in an ecosystem. Disruptions in the numbers and types of species and environmental changes can upset ecosystem stability. 35.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A 8

9 TECH: Online Activity: 35.5; Science, Technology, & Society: The Alaskan Wilderness PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Describe and explain the structures and functions of the human body at different organizational levels (e.g., systems, tissues, cells, organelles). 1.2a Important levels of organization for structure and function include organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and whole organisms. 1.2b Humans are complex organisms. They require multiple systems for digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, coordination, and immunity. The systems interact to perform the life functions. SE/TE: 5, 6, 12, ; Laboratory Manual: lab 1, 27A TECH: Online Activity: 1.3, 27.1 SE/TE: (and all chapters 27-33) 27.1; (also chapters 27-33); Laboratory Manual: labs (also A versions) TECH: Online Activity: 27.1 (chapters 27-33) 1.2c The components of the human body, from organ systems to cell organelles, interact to maintain a balanced internal environment. To successfully accomplish this, organisms possess a diversity of control mechanisms that detect deviations and make corrective actions. SE/TE: , , , 27.3, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 6, 27A, 32, 32A TECH: Online Activity: 6.3, 27.3, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Lab 6 Online Companion: Design a Cell; Lab 32 Online Companion: You are a Medical Technologist; Science, Technology, & Society: Thermoregulation; Webquest: SleepQuest 9

10 1.2d If there is a disruption in any human system, there may be a corresponding imbalance in homeostasis. SE/TE: , 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 32, 32A TECH: Online Activity: 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, e The organs and systems of the body help to provide all the cells with their basic needs. The cells of the body are of different kinds and are grouped in ways that enhance how they function together. SE/TE: (chapters 27-33) 27.1 (chapters 27-33); Laboratory Manual: all labs TECH: Online Activity: 27.1 (chapters 27-33) 1.2f Cells have particular structures that perform specific jobs. These structures perform the actual work of the cell. Just as systems are coordinated and work together, cell parts must also be coordinated and work together. SE/TE: g Each cell is covered by a membrane that SE/TE: performs a number of important functions for the cell. These include: separation from its outside environment, controlling which molecules enter and leave the cell, and recognition of chemical signals. The processes of diffusion and active transport are important in the movement of materials in and out of cells. 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6; Laboratory Manual: lab 6, 6A TECH: Online Activity: 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6; Lab 6 Online Companion: Design a Cell; History of Science: Discovery of Cells; Webquest: Cellquest 10

11 1.2h Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells. Once nutrients enter a cell, the cell will use them as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life. 6.2, 6.3; Laboratory Manual: Lab 6 TECH: Online Activity: 6.2, 6.3; Lab 6 Online Companion: Design a Cell SE/TE: 121, 122, , 29.1, 29.2, 29.3; Laboratory Manual: Lab 6, 29 TECH: Online Activity: 6.3, 29.1, 29.2, ; Lab 6 Online Companion: Design a Cell; Lab 29 Online Companion: Breaking Down Fat Digestion; Webquest: StomachQuest 1.2i Inside the cell a variety of specialized structures, formed from many different molecules, carry out the transport of materials (cytoplasm), extraction of energy from nutrients (mitochondria), protein building (ribosomes), waste disposal (cell membrane), storage (vacuole), and information storage (nucleus). SE/TE: 112, 113, , 6.4, 6.5, 6.6; Laboratory Manual: Lab 6A TECH: Online Activity: 6.1, 6.4, 6.5,

12 1.2j Receptor molecules play an important role in the interactions between cells. Two primary agents of cellular communication are hormones and chemicals produced by nerve cells. If nerve or hormone signals are blocked, cellular communication is disrupted and the organism s stability is affected. SE/TE: , , , , , 28.2, 32.1, 32.4, 33.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 27A, 28A TECH: Online Activity: 27.3, 28.2, 32.1, 32.4, 33.2; Closer Look: Action Potentials; Science, Technology, & Society: Thermoregulation PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how a one-celled organism is able to function despite lacking the levels of organization present in more complex organisms. 1.3a The structures present in some singlecelled organisms act in a manner similar to the tissues and systems found in multicellular organisms, thus enabling them to perform all of the life processes needed to maintain homeostasis. SE/TE: 114, ; Laboratory Manual: lab13, 16, 16A TECH: Online Activity: 16.2 Key Idea 2: Organisms inherit genetic information in a variety of ways that result in continuity of structure and function between parents and offspring. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how the structure and replication of genetic material result in offspring that resemble their parents. 2.1a Genes are inherited, but their expression can be modified by interactions with the environment. SE/TE: 6, 13, 182, , 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 10, 10A 12

13 2.1b Every organism requires a set of coded instructions for specifying its traits. For offspring to resemble their parents, there must be a reliable way to transfer information from one generation to the next. Heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. TECH: Online Activity: 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; Lab 10 Online Companion: Family Reunion in a Dish; Science, Technology, & Society: Environmental Effects on Phenotypes; Closer Look: Linked Genes; Webquest: ProbabilityQuest SE/TE: , 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6; Laboratory Manual: lab 11, 11A TECH: Online Activity: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6; Lab 11 Online Companion: Berry Full of DNA; History of Science: Discovery of DNA; WebQuest: CodeQuest 2.1c Hereditary information is contained in SE/TE: 6, 13, 182, genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell. An inherited trait of an individual can be determined by one or by many genes, and a single gene can influence more than one trait. A human cell contains many thousands of different genes in its nucleus. 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 10, 10A 2.1d In asexually reproducing organisms, all the genes come from a single parent. Asexually produced offspring are normally genetically identical to the parent. TECH: Online Activity: 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; Lab 10 Online Companion: Family Reunion in a Dish; Science, Technology, & Society: Environmental Effects on Phenotypes; Closer Look: Linked Genes; Webquest: ProbabilityQuest SE/TE: 181, 374, 382, 446, 498, 499, 13

14 9.1, 17.2, 20.1; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: e In sexually reproducing organisms, the new individual receives half of the genetic information from its mother (via the egg) and half from its father (via the sperm). Sexually produced offspring often resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents. SE/TE: 181, , 9.5; Laboratory Manual: Lab 9, 9A TECH: Online Activity: 9.1, f In all organisms, the coded instructions SE/TE: for specifying the characteristics of the organism are carried in DNA, a large molecule formed from subunits arranged in a sequence with bases of four kinds (represented by A, G, C, and T). The chemical and structural properties of DNA are the basis for how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes (as a string of molecular bases) and replicated by means of a template. 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, ; Laboratory Manual: lab g Cells store and use coded information. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to direct the synthesis of the thousands of proteins that each cell requires. TECH: Online Activity: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3; Lab 11 Online Companion: Berry Full of DNA SE/TE: , 11.5, 11.6; Laboratory Manual: 11A 14

15 2.1h Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a mutation. Usually, an altered gene will be passed on to every cell that develops from it. TECH: Online Activity: 11.4, 11.5, 11.6; History of Science: Discovery of DNA; WebQuest: CodeQuest SE/TE: , , 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 11A, i The work of the cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles, mostly proteins. Protein molecules are long, usually folded chains made from 20 different kinds of amino acids in a specific sequence. This sequence influences the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein, in turn, determines its function. 2.1j Offspring resemble their parents because they inherit similar genes that code for the production of proteins that form similar structures and perform similar functions. TECH: Online Activity: 11.6, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4; Lab 12 Online Companion: You are a Cytogeneticist; Careers: Meet a Genetic Counselor SE/TE: , 5.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 5, 5A TECH: Online Activity: 5.4, 5.5; Lab 5 Online Companion: Way to Go, Indigo!; Closer Look: Protein Structure SE/TE: 6, 13, 182, , 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 10, 10A 15

16 2.1k The many body cells in an individual can be very different from one another, even though they are all descended from a single cell and thus have essentially identical genetic instructions. This is because different parts of these instructions are used in different types of cells, and are influenced by the cell s environment and past history. TECH: Online Activity: 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5; Lab 10 Online Companion: Family Reunion in a Dish; Science, Technology, & Society: Environmental Effects on Phenotypes; Closer Look: Linked Genes; Webquest: ProbabilityQuest SE/TE: a For thousands of years new varieties of cultivated plants and domestic animals have resulted from selective breeding for particular traits. TR: Guided Reading and Study Workbook:13.5; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: 13.5 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how the technology of genetic engineering allows humans to alter genetic makeup of organisms. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: none 2.2b In recent years new varieties of farm plants and animals have been engineered by manipulating their genetic instructions to produce new characteristics. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: 13.3; Science, Technology, & Society: Genetically Modified Foods 16

17 2.2c Different enzymes can be used to cut, copy, and move segments of DNA. Characteristics produced by the segments of DNA may be expressed when these segments are inserted into new organisms, such as bacteria. SE/TE: , 13.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 13 TECH: Online Activity: 13.1, 13.2; Lab 13 Online Companion: A Glowing Transformation 2.2d Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA segments can alter genes. An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it. SE/TE: , 13.2, 13.3, 13.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 13, 13A TECH: Online Activity: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4; Lab 13 Online Companion: A Glowing Transformation; Science, Technology, & Society: Genetically Modified Foods; WebQuest: ForensicQuest 2.2e Knowledge of genetics is making possible new fields of health care; for example, finding genes which may have mutations that can cause disease will aid in the development of preventive measures to fight disease. Substances, such as hormones and enzymes, from genetically engineered organisms may reduce the cost and side effects of replacing missing body chemicals. SE/TE: 249, , , , 12.3, 12.4, 13.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 12, 13 TECH: Online Activity: 12.1, 12.4, 13.1; Careers: Meet a Genetic Counselor 17

18 Key Idea 3: Individual organisms and species change over time. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain the mechanisms and patterns of evolution. 3.1a The basic theory of biological evolution states that the Earth s present-day species developed from earlier, distinctly different species. SE/TE: , 14.2, 14.3, 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 14, 14A, 15A TECH: Online Activity: 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4; History of Science: History of Evolutionary Theory; Lab 14 Online Companion: Birds on an Island; Closer Look: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; Webquest: ArchaeopteryxQuest 3.1b New inheritable characteristics can result from new combinations of existing genes or from mutations of genes in reproductive cells. SE/TE: , TR: Guided Reading and Study Workbook:11.6, 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 11A, 14, 14A TECH: Online Activity: 11.6, 14.4; Closer Look: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 3.1c Mutation and the sorting and recombining of genes during meiosis and fertilization result in a great variety of possible gene combinations. SE/TE: , , , TR: Guided Reading and Study Workbook:9.6, 10.4, 11.6, 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 11A, 14, 14A TECH: Online Activity: 9.6, 10.4, 11.6, 14.4; Closer Look: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; History of Science: Discovery of Chromosomes; Closer Look: Linked Genes 18

19 3.1d Mutations occur as random chance events. Gene mutations can also be caused by such agents as radiation and chemicals. When they occur in sex cells, the mutations can be passed on to offspring; if they occur in other cells, they can be passed on to other body cells only. 3.1e Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for the fossil record of ancient life-forms, as well as for the molecular and structural similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms. 3.1f Species evolve over time. Evolution is SE/TE: the consequence of the interactions of (1) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, (2) the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes, (3) a finite supply of the resources required for life, and (4) the ensuing selection by the environment of those offspring better able to survive and leave offspring. SE/TE: , TR: Guided Reading and Study Workbook:11.6, 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 11A, 14, 14A TECH: Online Activity: 11.6, 14.4; Closer Look: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium SE/TE: 17, 64, 198, 290, 298, 302, , 311, 313, , 330, , 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 14 TECH: Online Activity: 14.3, 14.4; Lab 14 Online Companion: Birds on an Island 15.1, 15.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 14, 14A TECH: Online Activity:

20 3.1g Some characteristics give individuals an advantage over others in surviving and reproducing, and the advantaged offspring, in turn, are more likely than others to survive and reproduce. The proportion of individuals that have advantageous characteristics will increase. SE/TE: 17, 64, 198, 290, 298, 302, , 311, 313, , 330, , 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 14 TECH: Online Activity: 14.3, 14.4; Lab 14 Online Companion: Birds on an Island 3.1h The variation of organisms within a species increases the likelihood that at least some members of the species will survive under changed environmental conditions. SE/TE: , 15.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 14, 14A TECH: Online Activity: i Behaviors have evolved through natural selection. The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by organisms are those that have resulted in greater reproductive success. SE/TE: 17, 64, 198, 290, 298, 302, , 311, 313, , 330, , 14.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 14 TECH: Online Activity: 14.3, 14.4; Lab 14 Online Companion: Birds on an Island 3.1j Billions of years ago, life on Earth is thought by many scientists to have begun as simple, single-celled organisms. About a billion years ago, increasingly complex multicellular organisms began to evolve. SE/TE: , , 15.3, 16.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 15A TECH: Online Activity: 15.3, 16.1; Science, Technology, & Society: New Data on Dinosaur Evolution 20

21 3.1k Evolution does not necessitate long-term progress in some set direction. Evolutionary changes appear to be like the growth of a bush: Some branches survive from the beginning with little or no change, many die out altogether, and others branch repeatedly, sometimes giving rise to more complex organisms. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: l Extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and the adaptive characteristics of a species are insufficient to allow its survival. Fossils indicate that many organisms that lived long ago are extinct. Extinction of species is common; most of the species that have lived on Earth no longer exist. SE/TE: 300, 336, 340, 562, 806, a Reproduction and development are necessary for the continuation of any species. 15.3; Laboratory Manual: lab 15A TECH: Online Activity: 15.3; Science, Technology, & Society: New Data on Dinosaur Evolution Key Idea 4: The continuity of life is sustained through reproduction and development. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how organisms, including humans, reproduce their own kind. TR: Guided Reading and Study Workbook; Laboratory Manual 4.1b Some organisms reproduce asexually with all the genetic information coming from one parent. Other organisms reproduce sexually with half the genetic information typically contributed by each parent. Cloning is the production of identical genetic copies. SE/TE: 181, 268, 270, 271, 276, 382,

22 9.1, 13.2, 13.3, 17.2, 20.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 20A TECH: Online Activity: 9.1, 13.2, 13.3, 17.2, c The processes of meiosis and fertilization are key to sexual reproduction in a wide variety of organisms. The process of meiosis results in the production of eggs and sperm which each contain half of the genetic information. During fertilization, gametes unite to form a zygote, which contains the complete genetic information for the offspring. SE/TE: , , 9.6, 10.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 9A TECH: Online Activity: 9.5, 9.6, 10.4; History of Science: Discovery of Chromosomes; Closer Look: Linked Genes 4.1d The zygote may divide by mitosis and differentiate to form the specialized cells, tissues, and organs of multicellular organisms. SE/TE: , , 27.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 9 TECH: Online Activity:9.3; Lab 9 Online Companion: You are a 19 th -Century Cell Biologist 4.1e Human reproduction and development are influenced by factors such as gene expression, hormones, and the environment. The reproductive cycle in both males and females is regulated by hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: None TECH: Online Activity:

23 4.1f The structures and functions of the human female reproductive system, as in almost all other mammals, are designed to produce gametes in ovaries, allow for internal fertilization, support the internal development of the embryo and fetus in the uterus, and provide essential materials through the placenta, and nutrition through milk for the newborn. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 33 TECH: Online Activity: 33.1; Lab 33 Online Companion: Name That Tube 4.1g The structures and functions of the human male reproductive system, as in other mammals, are designed to produce gametes in testes and make possible the delivery of these gametes for fertilization. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 33 TECH: Online Activity: 33.1; Lab 33 Online Companion: Name That Tube 4.1h In humans, the embryonic development of essential organs occurs in early stages of pregnancy. The embryo may encounter risks from faults in its genes and from its mother's exposure to environmental factors such as inadequate diet, use of alcohol/drugs/tobacco, other toxins, or infections throughout her pregnancy. SE/TE: , 33.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 33A TECH: Online Activity: 33.3, 33.4; Science, Technology, & Society: Fetal Surgery 23

24 Key Idea 5: Organisms maintain a dynamic equilibrium that sustains life. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain the basic biochemical processes in living organisms and their importance in maintaining dynamic equilibrium. 5.1a The energy for life comes primarily from the Sun. Photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the Sun and the energy needs of living systems. SE/TE: 14, 15, 113, 128, 136, 137, , 365, 390, , 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 8, 8A TECH: Online Activity: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; Closer Look: Light Reactions; Lab 8 Online Companion: Photo Finish; Science, Technology, & Society: Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide Levels; WebQuest: ChocolateQuest 5.1b Plant cells and some one-celled organisms contain chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis uses solar energy to combine the inorganic molecules carbon dioxide and water into energy-rich organic compounds (e.g., glucose) and release oxygen to the environment. SE/TE: 14, 15, 113, 128, 136, 137, , 365, 390, , 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 8, 8A TECH: Online Activity: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4; Closer Look: Light Reactions; Lab 8 Online Companion: Photo Finish; Science, Technology, & Society: Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide Levels; WebQuest: ChocolateQuest 24

25 5.1c In all organisms, organic compounds can be used to assemble other molecules such as proteins, DNA, starch, and fats. The chemical energy stored in bonds can be used as a source of energy for life processes. SE/TE: , 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5; Laboratory Manual: 5, 5A TECH: Online Activity: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5; Lab 5 Online Companion: Way to Go, Indigo!; Closer Look: Protein Structure; Careers: Meet Two Biochemists; WebQuest: PizzaQuest 5.1d In all organisms, the energy stored in organic molecules may be released during cellular respiration. This energy is temporarily stored in ATP molecules. In many organisms, the process of cellular respiration is concluded in mitochondria, in which ATP is produced more efficiently, oxygen is used, and carbon dioxide and water are released as wastes. SE/TE: 129, , 161, , 644, , 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6; Laboratory Manual: lab 7, 7A TECH: Online Activity: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6; Lab 7 Online Companion: Food as Fuel; Closer Look: Respiration Stages, Fermentation in Muscle and Yeast; Science, Technology, & Society: Aerobic Performance; WebQuest: CalorieQuest 5.1e The energy from ATP is used by the organism to obtain, transform, and transport materials, and to eliminate wastes. SE/TE: 129, 131, 137, 140, , 146, , 162, 165, , 169, 170, 603, 613, , 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 8.1, 8.2; Laboratory Manual: 25

26 5.1f Biochemical processes, both breakdown and synthesis, are made possible by a large set of biological catalysts called enzymes. Enzymes can affect the rates of chemical change. The rate at which enzymes work can be influenced by internal environmental factors such as ph and temperature. TECH: Online Activity: 7.3, 7.5, 8.2; Closer Look: Respiration Stages, Light Reactions; Science, Technology, & Society: Aerobic Performance SE/TE: , 117, 141, 5.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 5, 5A TECH: Online Activity: 5.5; Lab 5 Online Companion: Way to go, Indigo! 5.1g Enzymes and other molecules, such as hormones, receptor molecules, and antibodies, have specific shapes that influence both how they function and how they interact with other molecules. SE/TE: , 117, 141, 682, 683, 690, 699, 709, a Homeostasis in an organism is constantly threatened. Failure to respond effectively can result in disease or death. 5.5, 31.3, 32.1, 32.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 5, 5A TECH: Online Activity: 5.5, 32.4; Lab 5 Online Companion: Way to go, Indigo!; Lab 31 Online Companion: Detecting Disease PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain disease as a failure of homeostasis. SE/TE: , , 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 32, 32A 26

27 5.2b Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other parasites may infect plants and animals and interfere with normal life functions. TECH: Online Activity: 27.3, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Lab 32 Online Companion: You are a Medical Technologist; Science, Technology, & Society: Thermoregulation; WebQuest: SleepQuest SE/TE: , , 403, 471, 692, 708, 737, , 16.5, 18.1, 21.3, 31.5, 32.3, 33.6, 35.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 16, 16A, 31 TECH: Online Activity: 16.4, 16.5; Closer Look: Bacterial Pathogens; Lab 16 Online Companion: Sari Solution 5.2c The immune system protects against antigens associated with pathogenic organisms or foreign substances and some cancer cells. SE/TE: 370, 589, , 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 31, 31A 5.2d Some white blood cells engulf invaders. Others produce antibodies that attack them or mark them for killing. Some specialized white blood cells will remain, able to fight off subsequent invaders of the same kind. TECH: Online Activity: 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4, 31.5; Lab 31 Online Companion: Detecting Disease; Science, Technology, & Society: Living Organ Donors; WebQuest: ImmuneQuest SE/TE: 130, 131, 664, 674, , 30.3, 31.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 31A TECH: Online Activity:

28 5.2e Vaccinations use weakened microbes (or parts of them) to stimulate the immune system to react. This reaction prepares the body to fight subsequent invasions by the same microbes. SE/TE: 272, 375, , 16.5, 31.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 31 TECH: Online Activity: f Some viral diseases, such as AIDS, damage the immune system, leaving the body unable to deal with multiple infectious agents and cancerous cells. SE/TE: , 535, 692, 708, , 24.4, 31.5, 32.3; Laboratory Manual: lab 16, 16A TECH: Online Activity: g Some allergic reactions are caused by the body s immune responses to usually harmless environmental substances. Sometimes the immune system may attack some of the body s own cells or transplanted organs. SE/TE: 690, ; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: 31.5; Science, Technology, & Society: Living Organ Donors 5.2h Disease may also be caused by inheritance, toxic substances, poor nutrition, organ malfunction, and some personal behavior. Some effects show up right away; others may not show up for many years. SE/TE: , , , , , 691, 705, 708, , 12.4, 30.4, 30.6, 31.1, 31.5, 32.2, 32.3, 33.6; Laboratory Manual: lab 30, 31, 32A 28

29 5.2i Gene mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division, called cancer. Exposure of cells to certain chemicals and radiation increases mutations and thus increases the chance of cancer. 5.2j Biological research generates knowledge used to design ways of diagnosing, preventing, treating, controlling, or curing diseases of plants and animals. TECH: Online Activity: 9.4, 12.4, 30.4, 30.6, 31.1, 31.5, 32.3 SE/TE: , , 670, 685, 736, , 12.4, 30.6, 31.3, 33.6; Laboratory Manual: lab 11A TECH: Online Activity: 9.4, 12.4 SE/TE: , 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 13, 13A TECH: Online Activity: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5; Lab 13 Online Companion: A Glowing Transformation; Science, Technology, & Society: Genetically Modified Foods PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Relate processes at the system level to the cellular level in order to explain dynamic equilibrium in multicelled organisms. 5.3a Dynamic equilibrium results from detection of and response to stimuli. Organisms detect and respond to change in a variety of ways both at the cellular level and at the organismal level. SE/TE: 466, 467, , 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 32, 32A 29

30 5.3b Feedback mechanisms have evolved that maintain homeostasis. Examples include the changes in heart rate or respiratory rate in response to increased activity in muscle cells, the maintenance of blood sugar levels by insulin from the pancreas, and the changes in openings in the leaves of plants by guard cells to regulate water loss and gas exchange. TECH: Online Activity: 21.2, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Lab 32 Online Companion: You are a Medical Technologist; Science, Technology, & Society: Thermoregulation; WebQuest: SleepQuest SE/TE: 466, 467, , 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 32, 32A 6.1a Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, typically from the Sun, through photosynthetic organisms including green plants and algae, to herbivores to carnivores and decomposers. TECH: Online Activity: 21.2, 32.1, 32.2, 32.3, 32.4; Lab 32 Online Companion: You are a Medical Technologist; Science, Technology, & Society: Thermoregulation; WebQuest: SleepQuest Key Idea 6: Plants and animals depend on each other and their physical environment. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain factors that limit growth of individuals and populations. SE/TE: , 36.2, 36.3, 36.4, 36.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.1, 36.2, 36.3, 36.4, 36.5; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain?; Science, Technology, & Society: Releasing Genetically Modified Salmon; WebQuest: FloridaLakeQuest 30

31 6.1b The atoms and molecules on the Earth cycle among the living and nonliving components of the biosphere. For example, carbon dioxide and water molecules used in photosynthesis to form energy-rich organic compounds are returned to the environment when the energy in these compounds is eventually released by cells. Continual input of energy from sunlight keeps the process going. This concept may be illustrated with an energy pyramid. SE/TE: , , 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 36.2, 36.3; Laboratory Manual: lab 8, 8A, 36 TECH: Online Activity: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 36.2, 36.3; Lab 8 Online Companion: Photo Finish; Science, Technology, & Society: Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide Levels; Closer Look: Light Reactions; WebQuest: ChocolateQuest 6.1c The chemical elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, that make up the molecules of living things pass through food webs and are combined and recombined in different ways. At each link in a food web, some energy is stored in newly made structures but much is dissipated into the environment as heat. SE/TE: , 36.2, 36.3, 36.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.1, 36.2, 36.3, 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain?; WebQuest: FloridaLakeQuest 6.1d The number of organisms any habitat can support (carrying capacity) is limited by the available energy, water, oxygen, and minerals, and by the ability of ecosystems to recycle the residue of dead organisms through the activities of bacteria and fungi. SE/TE: 771,

32 6.1e In any particular environment, the growth and survival of organisms depend on the physical conditions including light intensity, temperature range, mineral availability, soil/rock type, and relative acidity (ph). 6.1f Living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of unlimited size, but environments and resources are finite. This has profound effects on the interactions among organisms. 35.2; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 35A TECH: Online Activity: 35.2 SE/TE: , 34.2, 34.3, 34.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 34A TECH: Online Activity: 34.1, 34.2, 34.3, 34.4; Lab 34 Online Companion: Life as a Pond Organism; Closer Look: Circulation Cells; Careers: Meet an Ecologist; WebQuest: ChesapeakeBayQuest SE/TE: 771, ; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 35A TECH: Online Activity: g Relationships between organisms may be negative, neutral, or positive. Some organisms may interact with one another in several ways. They may be in a producer/consumer, predator/prey, or parasite/host relationship; or one organism may cause disease in, scavenge, or decompose another. SE/TE: , , 36.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 35, 35A TECH: Online Activity: 35.4,

33 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain the importance of preserving diversity of species and habitats. 6.2a As a result of evolutionary processes, there is a diversity of organisms and roles in ecosystems. This diversity of species increases the chance that at least some will survive in the face of large environmental changes. Biodiversity increases the stability of the ecosystem. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36 TECH: Online Activity: b Biodiversity also ensures the availability of a rich variety of genetic material that may lead to future agricultural or medical discoveries with significant value to humankind. As diversity is lost, potential sources of these materials may be lost with it. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36 TECH: Online Activity: 36.5 PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how the living and nonliving environments change over time and respond to disturbances. 6.3a The interrelationships and interdependencies of organisms affect the development of stable ecosystems. SE/TE: , , 36.1; Laboratory Manual: lab 34, 35, 36 TECH: Online Activity: 35.4,

34 6.3b Through ecological succession, all ecosystems progress through a sequence of changes during which one ecological community modifies the environment, making it more suitable for another community. These long-term gradual changes result in the community reaching a point of stability that can last for hundreds or thousands of years. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: none TECH: Online Activity: 35.5; Science, Technology, & Society: The Alaskan Wilderness 6.3c A stable ecosystem can be altered, either rapidly or slowly, through the activities of organisms (including humans), or through climatic changes or natural disasters. The altered ecosystem can usually recover through gradual changes back to a point of long-term stability. SE/TE: , , 34.2, 35.5; Laboratory Manual: lab 34 TECH: Online Activity: 34.1, 34.2, 35.5; Lab 34 Online Companion: Life As a Pond Organism; Closer Look: Circulation Cells; Careers: Meet an Ecologist; WebQuest: ChesapeakeBayQuest; Science, Technology, & Society: The Alaskan Wilderness 34

35 Key Idea 7: Human decisions and activities have had a profound impact on the physical and living environment. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Describe the range of interrelationships of humans with the living and nonliving environment. 7.1a The Earth has finite resources; increasing human consumption of resources places stress on the natural processes that renew some resources and deplete those resources that cannot be renewed. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? 7.1b Natural ecosystems provide an array of basic processes that affect humans. Those processes include but are not limited to: maintenance of the quality of the atmosphere, generation of soils, control of the water cycle, removal of wastes, energy flow, and recycling of nutrients. Humans are changing many of these basic processes and the changes may be detrimental. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? 35

36 7.1c Human beings are part of the Earth s SE/TE: ecosystems. Human activities can, deliberately or inadvertently, alter the equilibrium in ecosystems. Humans modify ecosystems as a result of population growth, consumption, and technology. Human destruction of habitats through direct harvesting, pollution, atmospheric changes, and other factors is threatening current global stability, and if not addressed, ecosystems may be irreversibly affected. 7.2a Human activities that degrade ecosystems result in a loss of diversity of the living and nonliving environment. For example, the influence of humans on other organisms occurs through land use and pollution. Land use decreases the space and resources available to other species, and pollution changes the chemical composition of air, soil, and water. 36.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain the impact of technological development and growth in the human population on the living and nonliving environment. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? 7.2b When humans alter ecosystems either by adding or removing specific organisms, serious consequences may result. For example, planting large expanses of one crop reduces the biodiversity of the area. SE/TE:

37 7.2c Industrialization brings an increased demand for and use of energy and other resources including fossil and nuclear fuels. This usage can have positive and negative effects on humans and ecosystems. 36.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? SE/TE: a Societies must decide on proposals which involve the introduction of new technologies. Individuals need to make decisions which will assess risks, costs, benefits, and trade-offs. 36.4; Laboratory Manual: lab 36, 36A TECH: Online Activity: none; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? PERFORMANCE INDICATOR Explain how individual choices and societal actions can contribute to improving the environment. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36A TECH: Online Activity: b The decisions of one generation both provide and limit the range of possibilities open to the next generation. SE/TE: ; Laboratory Manual: lab 36 TECH: Online Activity: 36.4; Lab 36 Online Companion: Can Lake Life Remain Despite Acid Rain? 37