The Gene Revolution: GM Crops and Unequal Development. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr. The New School Selected tables and graphs

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1 The Gene Revolution: GM Crops and Unequal Development Sakiko Fukuda-Parr The New School Selected tables and graphs

2 Table 2.1 Commercial production of GM Crops worldwide, : Total areas by country (million ha) Country % of Total USA (soy, maize, cotton, canola, squash, papaya) % Argentina (soy, maize, cotton) < % Brazil (soy) % Canada (canola, maize, soy) % China (cotton) % Paraguay (soy) % India (cotton) < % South Africa (maize, soy, cotton) % Uruguay (soy, maize) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < % Australia (cotton) % Mexico (cotton, soy) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < % Romania (soy) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < % Philippines (maize) < % Spain (maize) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 < % * Total *Less than 50,000 ha grown in Colombia, Iran, Honduras, Portugal, Germany, France and Czech Republic in 2005, and in Bulgaria, Indonesia, Romania, Mexico and Ukraine in earlier years. Source: James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops, 2005 and earlier years. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA), Manila, Philippines 2

3 . Table 2.2 Commercial production of GM crops worldwide, 1996, 2005: main crops Total areas (million ha) GM varieties as % of total for crop % total Soy % < % <1 14 Cotton % 2 28 Canola % <1 18 Source: James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops, 2005 and earlier years. ISAAA, Philippines. 3

4 Table 2.3 Commercial production of GM crops worldwide, : main traits Traits Crops Area under cultivation (million ha) Proportion of total area under cultivation (%) Soy, maize, canola, 63 70% tolerance cotton Cotton, maize 18 20% Stacked Cotton, maize 9 10% Source: James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops, 2005 and earlier years. ISAAA, Philippines 4

5 Table 2.4 Top producing countries of GM and conventional soy, maize, cotton and canola, 2005 (country and million tons produced) Soy Cotton* Canola Global production China U.S. (82.8) U.S. (280) China (50.9) (11.3) 2 Brazil (50.2) China (131) U.S. (36.4) Canada (8.4) 3 Argentina (38.3) Brazil (34.9) India (26.4) India (6.2) 4 China (16.9) Mexico (20.5) Pakistan (18.9) Germany (4.7)b 5 Argentina Uzbekistan India (6) (19.5) (10.3) France (4.4) 6 India(14.5) Turkey (9.5) U.K. (1.9) 7 France (13.2) Brazil (8.0) Poland (1.4) 8 Indonesia (12.0) Australia (5.9) Australia (1.1) 9 South Africa (12) Greece (3.4) Austria (0.9) 10 Czech Italy (10.6) Egypt (2.8) Republic (0.8) 11 Romania (10) Syria (2.50) U.S. (0.7) 12 Hungary (9) Mali (2.2) 13 Turkmenistan Canada (8.3) (2.0) 14 Ukraine (7.2) Côte d Ivoire (1.7) 15 Egypt (6.8) Benin (1.5) 16 Serbia and Montenegro (6.3) Burkina Faso (1.5) 17 Philippines (5.2) 18 Nigeria (4.8) 19 Thailand (4.2) 20 Spain (4.0) 21 Germany (3.8) 22 Russian Federation (3.7) Tajikistan (1.2) 5

6 23 Viet Nam (3.5) % of total world production 93% in 5 countries 90% in 23 countries 91% in 17 countries 92% in 11 countries *data for 2003 Source: FAOSTAT Agricultural Production tables ( Cotton data from Bulletin of International Cotton Advisory Committee ( 6

7 Table 12.1 Importance of global maize, cotton and soy markets for Argentina, Brazil, China and India (exports of crop as % of agricultural exports and total exports, average ) Cotton Soy % ag exports % total exports % ag exports % total exports % ag exports % total exports Argentina Brazil China India South <0.1 Africa* U.S.A *South Africa average

8 Table Comparing crop yields, 2004 (Tons per ha) Country yield Soy yield Canola yield Cotton yield Argentina Benin NA 0.4 Brazil China France NA Germany NA Greece NA 1.0 India Mali 1.1 NA NA 0.4 South Africa NA 0.4 U.S.A Source: FAOSTAT ( and Bulletin of the International Cotton Advisory Committee 8

9 Box 2.2 Institutional approaches to development of GM crop varieties U.S. model Possible alternatives Investing in GM varieties R & D upstream biotechnology research: finance Public sector Private corporate sector Venture capital Public Private corporate Venture capital Global public or non profit R & D GM crop variety development: biotechnology step R & D GM crop variety development: plant breeding step Commercialization approval process, IPRs Financing R & D for commercial product development IPRs Public sector Private corporate sector Biotech start ups Large multinationals Large multinationals Patent protection and collection of technology fee Strong IPR protection on genetic resources license required for use in research and for product development. Costs of licensing reflected in higher costs of seeds. (development aid)?* Public NARs? Private multinational? Biotech startups Global public or non profit (CGIAR)? Public private partnerships? Joint venture multinational/local National private seed companies Public NARs? Public/private partnerships? Joint venture PPPs National private seed companies? National NARs Govt. budget allocation for national priority International budget allocation for global public good? Breeders rights No IPR on genes and plant varieties Regulated seed market for GM varieties Seed - Biosafety approval Permissive Range of choice from permissive to precautionary Enforcement of biosafety approval No active monitoring by government. But all farmers buy in commercial seed market. Government monitoring of farms Civil society watch dogs Incentives for informal seed 9

10 Seed supplier licensed Enforcement Collecting the technology fee Large seed companies (seed companies merged with agro-chemical companies). No active monitoring by government. Farmers contract not to save seeds. Legal suits by IP owner in case of infringement. In price of seed supplies to go through process Multinationals in partnership with local seed company. Informal sector suppliers: farmer saved, farmer to farmer, small private entrepreneurs, small state enterprises. Monitoring by government Farmers contract not to save seeds? Civil society watch dogs In price of seed At sale of crop? At export of crop? No collection? *Italicized approaches are not currently implemented and may not be feasible or justifiable. 10

11 Table 12.3 Comparing policy approaches USA Argentina Brazil China India South Africa Gov t. support to biotechnology R & D (budget allocations ) Locus of R & D: i) upstream biotechnology; Strong (increase) i) Public and private (universities, research institutes, multinational, biotech start ups) Weak (decline) i) Public national Medium (stable) i) Public national Strong (increase) i) Public Medium (increase) i) Public Medium (stable i Public te ii)biotech step of commercial product devt ii)multination als (with some exceptions) ii) Private multinat ii) Public, private, partnerships ii) Public ii) Public ii) Public, private iii)plant breeding step of commercial product devt Biosafety legislation precautionary or permissive i Biosafety legislation predictable implementation Patents UPOV signatory recognizing farmers right to save seeds Patents genes and plants Patents enforcement Multinationals Nonprecautionary, iii) Private multinationa l/local seed companies Nonprecautionar y iii) Private, public, partnerships Precautionary iii) Public, private multinat and local Nonprecautionar y iii) Private multinat and local seed companies Precautionar y iii) Private Nonprecautiona ry Strong Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong No Farmers rights Farmers rights Farmers rights Farmers rights Yes No No Yes No No Farmers rights Strong Weak Weak Weak Weak Strong 11

12 Table 11.2 Performance advantage of cotton over conventional varieties (%) Argentina China India Mexico South Africa Yield Revenue Pesticide costs Seed costs Profit Source: Raney (2006) Economic impact of transgenic crops in developing countries Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2006, 17 pp

13 Table 11.3 Varieties approved for commercialization and associated transformation event. Country Crop Year approved for commercialization Event Trait Seed Company Argentina Soy tolerance T25 tolerance Cotton 1998 MON MON 810 Cotton 2001 MON 1445 tolerance NK 603 tolerance 2005 TC 1507 Stacked: insect, tolerance 2005 GA21 tolerance Nidera S. A. (?) Ciba-Geigy (Syngenta) AgrEvo S. A. (Bayer, Aventis) Argentina S.A.I.C. Argentina S.A.I.C. Argentina S.A.I.C. Novartis Agrosem S.A. (Syngenta) Argentina S.A.I.C. Dow Agrosciences Argentina S.A Pioneer Argentina S.A. Syngenta Brazil Soy 1996* "40-3-2" tolerance Cotton 2005 "MON 531" *Subsequently, legal decisions imposed restriction on growing of all GM varieties until 2005 China Cotton 1997 (two joint venture seed companies - with Jidai and Andai ) 13

14 Cotton varieties CAAS Cotton* 1998 to present *numerous Mostly CAAS Tomato, sweet pepper and petunia* 1998 to present *numerous Mostly CAAS *China approved 40 events of cotton for cotton commercialization and about 10 or more events for tomato, sweet pepper and petunia in In 2004, there were about 130 events approved (in that one year), most cotton, and most from CAAS and a few from. Total number of varieties approved for commercialization reached about 50 by India Cotton 2002 Cotton 2004 Cotton 2005 Cotton 2005 MON 531 MON 531 MON 531 MON 531 Mahyco Biotech Raasi Seeds ( jv?) Rasi Seeds ( jt v? Mahyco Biotech Cotton 2005 MON 531 Ankur Seeds Cotton 2005 MON 531 Nuziveedu Seeds MON 531 Mahyco Cotton 2005 Biotech Cotton 2005 MON 531 Nuziveedu Seeds Cotton 2006 MON 531 Ganga Kaveri Cotton 2006 Cotton 2006 MON 531 MON Ajeet Seeds Ajeet Seeds Cotton 2006 MON 531 Rasi Seeds Cotton 2006 MON 531 Emergent Seeds Cotton 2006 MON 531 Nuziveedu Seeds Cotton 2006 MON 531 Pravardhan Seeds 14

15 Cotton 2006 Cotton 2006 Cotton 2006 Cotton 2006 Cotton 2006 Cotton 2006 MON 531 MON 531 MON MON (Cry 1 Ab + Cry Ac) GFM Event 1 (cry 1 AC) and RR Prabhat Seeds Krishidhan Seeds Krishidhan Seeds Mahyco Biotech Nath Seeds JK Seeds Cotton 2006 Numerous* *June 2006, 59 hybrids were approved of which 52 use genes under license; others use genes from China and India. South Africa Cotton 1997 MON 531/757/ MON 810 (white and yellow) Soy 2001 "40-3-2" tolerance Cotton 2001 MON 1445 tolerance Cotton 2002 Line 531 (Delta & Pineland) (Delta & Pineland) Delta & Pineland Commercial release for seed multiplication (but not general commercial release) so maybe it should not be in table 15

16 Novartis Agrosem S.A. (Syngenta) 2003 NK 603 tolerance 2002 TC 1507 Stacked: insect, tolerance Cotton 2005, RR stacked Pioneer Commodity clearance (imports/exports) but not for commercial production yet, so maybe should not be in table (Delta & PineLand) EU Canola 1997 MS1, RF2 Stacked: & pollination control 1998 T25 tolerance 1998 MON DAS1507 Stacked; insect resistant & Ciba-Geigy (Syngenta) Aventis AgrEvo Syngenta Mycogen (Dow, Pioneer) 16

17 U.S.A. Tomato 1992 Fruit ripening FLAVR SAVR altered Calgene Squash 1992 ZW-20 Virus resistant Upjohn Cotton 1993 BXN Calgene Soybean Canola 1994 pcgn3828- Oil profile 212/86-18 & altered 23 Calgene Tomato 1994 Line N73 Fruit ripening altered Calgene Tomato Tomato Potato Tomato Cotton Tomato Cotton Tomato Tomato additional FLAVRSAVR lines 1994 BT6, BT10, BT12, BT16, BT17, BT18, BT B, Da, F Fruit ripening altered Fruit ripening altered resistant Fruit ripening altered 531, 757, 1076 resistant Event 176 resistant T14, T additional FLAVRSAVR lines , MON B additional FLAVRSAVR lines Fruit ripening altered Fruit ripening altered resistant Fruit ripening altered DNA Plant Tech Calgene Zeneca & Petoseed Ciba Seeds AgrEvo Calgene DeKalb Calgene resistant Northrup King 1995 MS3 Male sterile Plant Genetic 17

18 Cotton Tomato Potato a 35 1 N 1995 SBT02-5 & -7, ATBT04-6 &- 27, -30, -31, - 36 Fruit ripening altered insect resistant Systems Du Pont Agritope Squash 1995 CZW-3 virus resistant Asgrow 1996 MON809 & MON810 resistant Papaya , 63-1 Virus resistant Cornell U 1996 W62, W98, Soybean A , A , AgrEvo A Tomato Soybean Cotton Cichorium intybus Potato Canola additional FLAVRSAVR line 1996 DBT MON G94-1, G94-19, G Events & GA RM3-3, RM3-4, RM RBMT & RBMT T CBH-351 Fruit ripening altered resistant Stacked: & insect resistant Oil profile altered Stacked & insect resistant Male sterile Stacked: insect and virus resistant Stacked: & insect resistant Calgene DeKalb Du Pont Calgene Bejo AgrEvo AgrEvo Tomato

19 Beet Potato Soybean Beet Canola Soybean Canola Rice Flax Potato Cotton Tobacco T RBMT15-101, SEMT15-02, SEMT , 678, 680 A GTSB77 RT73 GU262 MS8 & RF LLRICE06, LLRICE CDC Triffid MS6 RBMT22-82 NK603 Line Cotton Event Vector resistant AgrEvo Stacked: insect resistant, virus resistant Stacked: Male sterile & Pioneer AgrEvo Novartis Seeds & AgrEvo Stacked: & AgrEvo Pollination control AgrEvo Tolerant to soil residues U. of of sulfonyl Saskatchewan urea Staked: AgrEvo and Male sterile Stacked: virus and insect resistant Stacked; insect resistant & resistant Reduced nicotine Mycogen c/o Dow & Pioneer Vector 19

20 Canola Canola Canola Cotton Cotton Cotton Cotton Sugar Beet Cotton Alfalfa MON 863 MS1 & RF1/RF2 Topas 19/2 RT200 LLCotton COT 102 TC-6275 H MON J101, J163 Resistant Stacked: & pollination control Resistant Resistant Resistant Stacked: Resistant Tolerant Glyphosate Tolerant Rootworm Resistant Tolerant Tolerant Aventis Aventis Aventis Mycogen/Dow Mycogen/Dow Syngenta Dow Dow & Forage Genetics Resistant 2004 LY038 High Lysine 20

21 Table 11.4 Organization of research, development and commercialization Upstream biotechnology research Biotechnology step in GM crop development to event Plant breeding step in GM crop development to GM variety Public/non profit (research institutes, universities) U.S. Argentina Brazil China India South Africa Brazil China India China India Private (Multinational corporations, biotech start ups, local seed companies) U.S. (MNC, BSU) U.S. (MNC) U.S. (MNC) Argentina (Local) China (MNC/JV) Brazil (JV/Local) South Africa Public-Private Partnerships South Africa Brazil Brazil Seed multiplication and marketing China (informal sector) U.S. (MNC) China (Local) Brazil (Local) India (JV/local) 21

22 Figure 2.1 Leading multinationals R & D spending in agricultural biotechnology (Euros millions) Note: Spending on agricultural biotechnology only. Corresponding figures for total R & D spending in 2004, in US $millions were as follows Company R&D 2004 Syngenta $809m Bayer $845m CropScience $509m DuPont $1333m Dow $1,022m Chemical Delta & $18.4m Pineland *DuPont acquired Pioneer. Rhone-Poulenc Agro and AgrEvo merged in 2000 to form Aventis CropScience. Bayer acquired Aventis in 2002, creating Bayer CropScience. Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz merged into Novartis in Novartis Seeds merged with AstraZeneca s agribusiness section in 2000 to form Syngenta. 22

23 acquired Seminis as subsidiary in Seminis had earlier acquired Asgrow, Petoseed, Royal Sluis, Horticeres. 23

24 Figure 2.2. The two step scientific process for producing GMOs Transformation event Regulatory/Biosafety Approval Step 1: Biotechnology Research $$$ IP negotiation Genetic Resources Plant Breeding Adapted Transgenic Variety Seed Industry (Royalty collection) Farmers Step 2. Plant breeding Research $$$ 24

25 Figure 3.4. Number of cotton varieties available in the US, (Number of non-gm not available for 1996,1997) Number of Varieties GM Non-GM Total Year Source: USDA/AMS "Cotton Varieties Planted" 25

26 Figure 6.1 Economic liberalisation and agricultural expansion in the 1990s: Grains and soy production Millions tons Grains Soy / / / / / / / / / / / / / /04 Years Source: Secretariat for Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Food 26

27 Figure 6.2 Economic liberalisation and rapid expansion of soy exports Figure 6.2 Economic liberalisation, GM soy and expansion of exports Millions tons Soybeans Oil Flour Year Source: Data from Secretariat for Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Food, and CIAR 27

28 Figure 11.1 Commercial production of GM crops Million Hectares USA Argentina (soy, maize, cotton) Brazil (soy) China (cotton) India (cotton) South Africa (maize, soy, cotton) Year Source: James,