Biotechnology : Unlocking the Mysterious of Life Seungwook Kim Chem. & Bio. Eng.

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1 Biotechnology : Unlocking the Mysterious of Life 2004 Seungwook Kim Chem. & Bio. Eng. Biotechnology in movies

2 Biotechnology is An area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms. - Bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, plant cell, mammalian cell Historical Development Scientific study of microbial cultivation 1830 s 1850 s 1869 Cagniard de Latour, Kutzing and Schwann : Wine fermentation the growth of yeasts Pasteur : Characterization of the bacteria and yeast physiologically introduction of aseptic methods and minimal media definition of the requirements for nutrients and oxygen Raulin : Develop the completely defined medium for the growth of Aspergillus qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of the growth yield (major and minor elements, energy source)

3 1870 s s 1940 s & 1950 s Koch : Introduction of pure culture technique (containing only known species) Wildiers : Need for complex organic substrates (growth factor) Ex) Discovery of vitamin B (or bios factors) for growth of yeast Kluyver & Perquin : Introduction of the shake-flask technique for the culture growth provides for aerated submerged culture for the first time (previously, the culture was performed on the surface of a solid or liquid medium) Stimulation of engineering Development of thew stirred fermenter with automatic controls of the culture environment Culture kinetics Slator : Concepts of interrelations of culture parameters Hinshelwood : Useful models of the kinetics of living cell reactions Monod : Bacterial growth growth yield, specific growth rate concentration of growth-limiting substrate Monod; Novick & Szilard : Theory of the chemostat type of continuous-flow cultures (chemostat culture) relationship between an organism and its environment

4 Unrecognized microorganisms Escherichia coli Lamproderma (Fruiting body)

5 Muco sp. Saccharmyces cerevisiae Polio virus T4 Bacteriophage

6 Cyanobacteria Size of various microorganisms 6

Protein 3D-Structure For successful application Scientific discipline + Technologies Microbiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular biology, Chemistry &

7 Protein 3D-Structure For successful application Scientific discipline + Technologies Microbiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular biology, Chemistry & Chemical and process engineering (Biochemical Engineering) Industrial processing Preservation of biological material The operation of biochemical reactor

8 Application-oriented oriented integration of Biodisciplines and Engineering Molecular Biology Cell Biology Pharmaceutical Industry Medical Diagnostics Molecular Genetics Scientific Disciplines Bio chemistry Environmental & Energy Application Areas Chemical Industry Process Engineering Micro biology Food & Feed Industry Fermentation Industry Biotechnology Genetic Engineering Strong effect on protein and enzyme technology. (Recombinant DNA technique produce an enzyme or protein not normally synthesized by a microorganism)

9 Biotechnological Processes Involves the production of cells or biomass, and desired chemical transformations. Formation of a desired end product (e.g. enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, steroids) Decomposition of a given starting material (e.g. sewage disposal, destruction of industrial wastes or oil spillages) Schematic overview of a Biotechnological process Organism selection Applied genetics (Mutation, recombination, gene manipulation) Air Energy Raw materials (selection, preparation, Pretreatment) Sterilization Bioreactor (Microbial, animal or plant cells or enzymes) Downstream processing (product separation) Heat Process control Product isolation Formulation

10 Typical Bioprocess flow chart The reactions of Biotechnological processes Catabolic reaction Complex compounds are broken down to simpler ones (glucose to ethanol) Anabolic reaction Simple molecules are built up into more complex ones (antibiotics synthesis)

11 Nature of Microbial Culture Microbe and tissue cell culture Concerns the growth and functions of living matter (animals, plants, protists) Microbe Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa Tissue cell culture Animal, plants Escherichia coli Growth Curve

12 Manufacturing Processes for Biotechnological products Basic Sciences Cell Technology Biochemical Technology Gene Cloning Cell Fusion Protein Engineering Process & Engineering Cell Culture Separation & Purification Scale-up Process Optimization Process & Plant Design Scale Up for Pilot Plant & Commercial Production

13 Process flow diagram Air Nutrients Growth Seed Centrifugation Filtration Waste Waste Product Waste To filling Chromatography columns Final product A generalized schematic representation of a typical fermentation process Inoculum Development Production fermenter Biomass Culture fluid Cell Separation Stock culture Shake flask Seed fermenter Medium sterilization Product Extraction Cell-free supernatent Medium Formulation Medium Raw materials Product Packaging Product Purification Effluent Treatment

In spite of the process made in biochemical engineering, higher

14 Bio product as a high added value Concentrations are generally low especially in processes for high-cost products. In spite of the process made in biochemical engineering, higher product concentrations and better production rates are important goals for the future. Clean Bench

15 BioReactor Continuous Production of Packedbed reactor

16 Shaking Incubator

2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE

2.4 TYPES OF MICROBIAL CULTURE Microbial culture processes can be carried out in different ways. There are three models of fermentation used in industrial applications: batch, continuous and fed batch