Glossary. BoM Bill of material. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management. CCB Change Control Board

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1 Glossary Note: All the project management standards following DIN :2009 follow the project management glossary from the Projekt Magazin (Angermeier, Georg; URL: Balanced Scorecard Concept to measure, document, and control the activities of a company or organization related to its vision and strategy. It usually covers a financial, customer, process, and potential perspective. Bar Chart Synonym: bar diagram. Diagram to show the time schedule of a project. The duration of a work package is visualized by the length of a bar in the timeline. The bars can show both target data and actual data. Events correspond to points in time. Best Practice Within a benchmark process, the theoretical or technical best possibility is not sought. Instead the products or services are compared that are offered on the market, with respect to common quality criteria. The winner is called Best Practice. BoM Bill of material CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management CCB Change Control Board Closure Phase The last project phase brings the final project activities together. Coaching Coaching is an umbrella term for different consulting methods. Related to project management, a coach functions as an accompanying consultant who supports the project manager by sharing his experiences. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2016 M.D. Alam, U.F. Gühl, Project-Management in Practice, DOI /

2 160 Glossary COCOMO Constructive cost model Algorithmic cost model to estimate costs and efforts in the software development. Communication The exchange of information to share experiences or to find problem solutions, among those involved in the project, especially within the project team. Communication Plan A communication plan describes the communication paths, escalation paths, and information paths within the project. It is the basis for the regulated and structured information exchange within the project. Controlling Controlling covers the processes and rules that within the project management ensure the achievement of the project goals. Cost-Benefit Analysis It is a nonmonetary valuation method from the domain of cost accounting. The aim is the comparison of nonmonetary subgoals to be able to decide between several alternatives. Cost Schedule The cost schedule is the depiction of the expected arising expenses for the project. It is part of the project plan. Creativity Techniques Methods to stimulate creativity for new solution approaches. Crisis A crisis is an unplanned difficult decision situation. Critical Path Within the network technique, the critical path describes the longest duration of a sequence of operations. If an operation on the critical path is delayed, the total duration of the project is delayed as well. Effort Estimation Estimation of the required effort to execute a work package (assuming 100 % pure project work ). GPM GPM Deutsche Gesellschaft für Projektmanagement e. V. ICB IPMA Competence Baseline International project management standard and central reference of the GPM. IPMA International Project Management Association IT Information technology

3 Glossary 161 KISS Principle KISS stands for Keep it short and simple 1 : use the simplest solution possible. KPI Key performance indicator Magical Triangle The magical triangle of project management represents three key objectives of a project that interact. These are, first, the quality 2 requested for the project goal; second, the time that might be spent on the project; and third, the costs. If one objective changes, then one or both other objectives will change as well. Method A method is the path to the goal. Method originally means (from Greek) path, that is, in choosing a method one tries to find a way to reach a given objective. Milestone Synonyms: Stop-or-Go point, quality gate,orreview point. A milestone is a significant point or event in the project. MTA Milestone trend analysis NCB National Competence Baseline Network Technique Procedure for calculating the earliest possible starting time and the latest necessary end time of the work packages. Non-goal Non-goals are there to differentiate: they explicitly describe what should not be reached in the project. PCR Project closure report PDCA Plan, Do, Check, Act Performance Specification Synonyms: feature specification, functional specification, specification sheet,ortechnical specification document. It is the plan worked out by the contractor on how to implement the tender specification handed over by the customer. PgMP Program Management Professional 1 There are also other meanings like Keep it simple and smart. 2 In literature sometimes quality is replaced by scope and contents.

4 162 Glossary Planning Phase The planning phase comprises planning activities and the determination of the project organization. This project phase is completed when the project plan is approved and a kickoff has been executed. PMBOK Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK-Guide Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMI Project Management Institute PMO Project Management Office PMP Project Management Professional PRINCE2 Projects in Controlled Environments Process A process has a defined start with an event or an input and a defined end with an output. It describes a flow of activities, optional with intermediate status. Project A project is an intent, characterized by uniqueness of conditions in their totality. Project Closure The project closure is the administrative and technical end of a project. It means the termination of all activities related to the project. Project Controlling The project controlling covers the data collection, the analysis and evaluation of deviations of the plan, the preparation and planning of corrective measures, as well as the management and implementation of these measures. Project Culture The totality of the behavior of the people involved in a project, affected by knowledge, experience, and tradition, and also how it is appraised by the project environment. Project Documentation It covers the compilation of selected substantial data concerning configuration, organization, resources, approaches, schedule, and aims achieved of the project. Project Goal Synonyms: project aim or project objective. A project goal is the totality of specific objectives that should be reached by the project. Project Management Project management comprises the coordination of people and the optimal use of resources to reach project goals. Project Manager Synonym: project lead.

5 Glossary 163 The project manager commits to the principal the achievement of the project goals as defined in the project order. Therefore, he plans and controls the project. Project Office Synonym: project management office (PMO). Role in a project that supports the project manager, mainly administratively, for example, in creating and maintaining a project handbook, organization of meetings, etc. Project Order Synonyms: order, project brief, project charter, orproject order definition. A project order is a contractual document. With it a contractor is instructed to deliver services as agreed for a corresponding compensation by a principal. Project Organization The project organization is a totality of the organization entities and the rules for the structural and procedural organization to execute a particular project. Project Phase A project phase is a temporal section in the course of a project that is separated objectively from other sections. Project Plan The project plan is the totality of all existing plans in a project. QM Quality management RACI Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed Realization Phase Synonyms: execution phase or implementation phase. This project phase covers all the activities to achieve the defined project objectives. Requirements Engineering Requirements engineering ensures that all requirements in the project are known and documented as well as that sufficient agreement with the stakeholders concerning these requirements has been reached. Resource Resources execute the project tasks. There are personnel and material resources. Resource Plan The resource plan describes what personnel costs and material costs are required to master the project. It is part of the project plan. Risk Management It covers the elimination, avoidance, or reduction of project risks. RUP Rational Unified Process

6 164 Glossary Scope Management The scope management ensures that based on the project objectives, the project scope is defined, prepared, and implemented. All related tasks are listed usually in the work breakdown structure. Soft Skills Synonym: social competence. Soft skills are interdisciplinary competences in one s behavior and dealing with others. They complement professional abilities and qualifications. Stakeholder A stakeholder is everyone who could influence a project, is concerned by a project, or is interested in a project. Steering Committee Synonyms: review board or steering board. The steering committee is the supervisory body of a project. Members of the steering committee are the principal, typically as chairman, and the key stakeholders from the internal organization. Strategy Phase The fundamental, initial project phase comprises typically of the analysis and clarification of the problem situation and is completed with a project order. Task List Synonyms are: Action item list or To do list. Typical results of project meetings are information, results, decisions, and tasks. Tasks should be documented in a task list, in which every task has a description of the activities to be done, the actual person responsible, and the deadlines. If regularly updated, the task list always shows the open points at the current time. Tender Specification Synonyms: book of specifications, requirements document, requirements specification,orrequirements specification document. The tender specification describes the totality of the requirements of a customer applying to supplies and services of a contractor within an order (DIN :2009). Time Schedule The time schedule is a graphical representation of the duration of several work packages in a project, for instance, in the form of bar charts or flowcharts. It is part of the project plan. Trend Analysis In the project management area, this is a mathematical technique to predict future results based on historical data. Therefore, variances in the cost and in the operational process are recorded. WBS Work breakdown structure Work Breakdown Structure It is a hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables. It is part of the project plan.

7 Glossary 165 Work Package A work package is the smallest entity of a work breakdown structure that can be located at any project structure level. WP Work package

8 Index 90% trap, 108 Acceptance, 114 Action item list. see Task list Agile project management, 56, 105, 124 Alignment, 100 Analysis of profitability, 65 Audit, 42, 111 Balanced scorecard, 65, 159 Bar chart, 88, 159 Bar diagram. see Bar chart Best practice, 41, 159 Bidirectional communication, 29 Bill of material, 79 Book of specifications. see Tender specification Bottom up, 84 Brainstorming, 46 Brainstorming paradox. see Problem statement reversal Card technique, 47 CCB. see Change Control Board Certification, 123 Change Control Board, 16 Change management, 110 Change request, 12, 15, 72, 108, 110 Checklist, 72, 102, 112, 117 Closure phase, 117 Planning phase, 102 Realization phase, 112 Strategy phase, 72 Circle, 51 Closure phase, 114, 119 Checklist, 117 Coaching, 42, 159 COCOMO. see Constructive cost model Communication, 24, 104, 160 Communication model. see Communication plan Communication plan, 24, 29, 160 Completion stage. see Closure phase Conceptional phase. see Strategy phase Conflict management, 18, 110 Constructive cost model, 91, 160 Content-related progress, 108 Continuous process of improvement, 41 Controlling, 106, 160 Cost estimation, 91 Cost schedule, 74, 90, 160 Cost-benefit analysis, 65, 160 Creativity techniques, 46, 58, 160 Crisis, 43, 160 Critical path, 87, 160 Daily scrum, 107 Decision culture, 19 Deductive procedure, 84 Delphi method, 91 DIN, 6 Dissolving, 116 Documentation, 32 effective, 109 efficient, 109 Effort estimation, 160 Empowerment, 20 Environmental analysis, 58 Escalation, 29, 110 Execution phase. see Realization phase Executive. see Principal Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2016 M.D. Alam, U.F. Gühl, Project-Management in Practice, DOI /

9 168 Index Failure, 22, 110 Feature specification. see Performance specification Final documentation, 116 Finalization stage. see Closure phase Flashlight, 51 function oriented, 79 Functional project organization, 94 Functional specification. see Performance specification Fundamental test process, 42 Milestone plan, 87 Milestone trend analysis, 111 Mind mapping, 48 Minutes, 31 Mistake, 21 Nearshore, 4 Network technique, 88, 161 Critical path, 87, 160 Non-goal, 62, 161 Genba principle, 41 Glossary, 1, 28, 159 ICB, 5, 160 Implementation phase. see Realization phase Inductive procedure, 84 Influence project management. see Functional project organization Influence project organization. see Functional project organization Initial phase. see Strategy phase International projects, 21 IPMA, 5, 123, 160 Kano model, 14 Kickoff, 100 KISS principle, 41, 161 Learning organization, 35, 40 Lessons learned, 41, 116 Liquidation. see Dissolving Magical triangle, 75, 161 Main goals, 63 Matrix project management. see Matrix project organization Matrix project organization, 94 Means of communication, 32 Measurement criteria, 42 Meeting Principal, 29 Project meeting, 31 Steering committee, 29 Mentor principle, 21 Method, 46, 161 Method 635, 49 Milestone, 87, 104, 161 object oriented, 79 Offshore, 4 One pager. see Project profile One point inquiry, 51 Onshore, 4 Optimization, 98 Order. see Project order Pair principle, 18, 26,98 PDCA, 21, 41, 161 Performance specification, 56, 71, 161 Personnel and resource plan. see Resource plan Personnel planning, 90 Plan alignment, 100 Plan optimization, 36, 98 Planning phase, 73, 119, 161 Checklist, 102 Planning Poker, 91 PMBOK, 5 PMI, 123 PRINCE2, 5, 123 Principal, 66, 95 Meeting, 29 Problem statement reversal, 48 Problems, 8, 53, 119 Comprehensive topics, 53, 154 Communication, 53, 154 Documentation, 53, 154 Quality, 53, 154 Risk management, 53, 154 Introduction, 8, 153 Project phases, 119, 120, 155 Planning phase, 120, Realization phase, 120, 158 Strategy phase, 119, 155 Process, 15, 111, 162 Process model, 5 process oriented, 79 Profitability analysis, 65 Project, 2, 162

10 Index 169 Project aim. see Project goal Project boards, 95 Project brief. see Project order Project charter. see Project order Project close down. see Closure phase Project closure, 36, 114, 162 Project communication. see Communication Project completion. see Closure phase Project contract. see Project order Project control activities, 109 Project controller, 107 Project controlling, 106, 162 Trend analysis, 111 Project coordination. see Functional project organization Project culture, 16, 162 Project documentation, 34, 162 Project goal, 12, 19, 62, 77, 102, 161, 162 Project handbook, 37 Project kickoff, 100 Project lead. see Project manager Project management, 2, 162 agile, 56, 105, 124 Certification, 123 Standards, 5 Success factors, 5 Templates, 127 Project Management Institute, 5 Project management office, 96. see Project office Project management standards, 5 Project manager, 18, 26, 67, 94, 95, 162 Project manual. see Project handbook Project meeting, 19, 31 Project monitoring, 107 Project objective. see Project goal Project office, 37, 163 Project order, 12, 56, 57, 66, 163 Project order definition. see Project order Project organization, 67, 76, 94, 163 Functional project organization, 94 Matrix project organization, 94 Project society, 94 Pure functional project organization, 94 Pure project organization, 94 Project phase, 11, 55, 163 Closure phase, 114, 119 Planning phase, 73, 119 Realization phase, 102, 119 Strategy phase, 57, 119 Project plan, 73, 74, 163 Cost schedule, 74, 90 Resource plan, 74, 90 Time schedule, 74, 85, 164 Work breakdown structure, 74, 76 Project preparation phase. see Strategy phase Project profile, 37, 68 Project progress, 108 Project roles, 95 Project society, 94 Project team, 95 Pure functional project organization, 94 Pure project management. see Pure project organization Pure project organization, 94 Quality, 39 Quality gate. see Milestone Quality guideline, 41 Quality management, 39, 40 Quality processes, 41 RACI, 61, 96 Rational Unified Process, 6 Realization phase, 102, 119, 163 Checklist, 112 Requirements, 11 Change, 15 Identification, 12 Management, 15 Requirements change, 76 Requirements definition, 12 Requirements document. see Tender specification Requirements engineering, 12, 163 Requirements management, 12 Requirements specification. see Tender specification Requirements specification document. see Tender specification Resource, 73, 75, 76, 90, 115, 163 Resource plan, 74, 90, 163 Return on investment, 65 Review board. see Steering committee Review point. see Milestone Reviews, 41 Risk management, 43, 110, 163 RUP, 6 Scope management, 63, 67, 102, 163 Scrum, 7, 107 Secondary goals, 63 Situation analysis, 57 SMART, 63 Social competence. see Soft skills

11 170 Index Social mixture, 97 Soft skills, 16, 164 Solutions, 153 Comprehensive topics, 154 Communication, 154 Documentation, 154 Quality, 154 Risk management, 154 Introduction, 153 Project phases, 155 Planning phase, Realization phase, 158 Strategy phase, 155 Specification sheet. see Performance specification Sponsor. see Principal Stakeholder, 15, 29, 58, 60, 164 Stakeholder analysis. see Environmental analysis Standards, 5 Steering board. see Steering committee Steering committee, 94, 96, 164 Meeting, 29 Stop-or-Go point. see Milestone Strategy phase, 57, 119, 164 Checklist, 72 Subgoal, 63 Success factors, 5 Tailoring, 7 Target-actual comparison, 107 Task force. see Pure project organization Task list, 32, 164 Technical specification document. see Performance specification Templates, 127 Tender specification, 56, 68, 164 Time schedule, 74, 85, 164 To do list. see Task list Top down, 84 Traffic light logic, 109 Transparency, 42 Trend analysis, 111, 164 V Model, 6 V Model XT, 6 Water fall model, 6 Work breakdown structure, 74, 76, 164 function oriented, 79 object oriented, 79 process oriented, 79 Work package, 77, 78, 127, 165 Wow effect, 14