PROSPECT OF PARTIAL UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE PAPER SLUDGE ASH IN CONCRETE

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 6, Issue 9, Sep 2015, pp Article ID: IJCIET_06_09_015 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication PROSPECT OF PARTIAL UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS POWDER AND WASTE PAPER SLUDGE ASH IN CONCRETE Mohammad Iqbal Mirza Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IUST, Awantipora Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir, Umar Chowdhary Civil Engineering Graduate Student, IUST, Awantipora ABSTRACT This research examines the possibility of using waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates and waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete. The fine aggregates were replaced partially up to 40 by weight using waste glass powder and cement was replaced partially up to 20 by weight using waste paper sludge. The normal concrete of M 25 design mix was used as a reference standard. The cube specimens of size 150 mm for all mixture compositions were tested for compressive strength, light weight character, water absorption (durability) and cylinder specimens of size 300mm length and 150 mm diameter were tested for splitting tensile strength. The light weight tests and water absorption tests were carried out at 28 days of age. The compressive strength and splitting cylinder tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 60 days of age. Key words: Waste Glass, Waste Paper Sludge Ash, Compressive Strength, Durability, Light Weight. Cite this Article: Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash in Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(9), 2015, pp INTRODUCTION The sustainability of concrete industry is under threat due to continuous consumption of natural resources. Natural resources necessary for making concrete or ingredients of concrete are limited in quantity. If they are used at the current pace in concrete industry, the time is near when we will have to discard concrete as a construction material which will create havoc. In order to make efficient use of natural resources in editor@iaeme.com

2 Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete consideration to concrete industry, we have an option of shifting to use of waste materials as constituents of concrete. This will not only ensure sustainability of concrete industry, but will reduce production cost of concrete and finally be environment friendly. Waste material generation is accompanied with disposal problem and hazardous effects on environment. Moreover, most of the waste materials have no use. Some wastes are non biodegradable thus occupying permanent land area in today s world when land is so much insufficient that people are planning to reside on moon. If such waste materials are utilized in concrete industry as ingredient of concrete after accessing their performance, it will be extremely beneficial in making concrete industry sustainable, utilizing idle waste materials and rendering concrete production economical. An enormous quantity of waste glass is generated all around the world. In India, 0.7 of total urban waste generated comprises of glass [1]. UK produces over three million tons of waste glass annually [2] Waste glass is crushed into specified sizes for use as aggregate in various applications such as water filtration, grit plastering, sand cover for sport turf and sand replacement in concrete [3]. The use of river sand as fine aggregate leads to exploitation of natural resources, lowering of water table, sinking of bridge piers and erosion of river bed. If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by specific percentage and in specific size range, it will decrease fine aggregate content and thereby reducing the ill effects of river dredging and thus making concrete manufacturing industry sustainable. The amount of waste glass produced has gradually increased over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass products. Most waste glass has and is being dumped into landfill sites. The land filling of waste glass is undesirable because waste glass is non biodegradable which makes them environmentally less friendly. Utilization of this waste is the need of the hour. There is huge potential for using waste glass in the concrete construction sector. When waste glasses are reused in making concrete products, the production cost of concrete will go down [4]. In this research, waste glass was crushed using los Angeles abrasion machine and then sieved through 1.18 mm Indian Standard sieve and then used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. In addition, waste glass seemed to positively contribute to the mortar micro-structural properties resulting in an evident improvement of its mechanical performance [5]. Hence the size of waste glass used was in the range mm so as to perform new research so as to determine change in mechanical performance of concrete and of the fact that it was later used in combination with waste paper sludge ash which would be a new research area in future. Another waste material brought into focus in this research is waste paper sludge ash, a byproduct of paper recycling industry. Paper fibers can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality paper. It means that the broken, low- quality paper fibers are separated out to become waste sludge. Paper mill sludge can be used as an alternative material applied as partial replacement of fine aggregates in manufacturing fresh concrete intended to be used for low cost housing projects [6]. About 300 kg of sludge is produced for each ton of recycled paper. This is a relatively large volume of sludge produced each day that makes making landfill uneconomical as paper mill sludge is bulky. In 1995, the U.S. pulp and paper industry generated about 5.3 million metric tons of mill wastewater-treatment residuals (on oven-dry basis), which is equivalent to about 15 million metric tons of dewatered (moist) residuals. About half of this was disposed in landfills/lagoons, a quarter was burned, one-eighth was applied on farmland/forest, one sixteenth was reused/recycled in mills, and the rest, one sixteenth, was used in editor@iaeme.com

3 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary other ways [7]. Pulp and paper mill residual solids (also called sludge) are composed mainly of cellulose fibers, moisture, and papermaking fillers (mostly kaolinitic clay and/or calcium carbonate) [8]. The material is viscous, sticky and hard to dry and can vary in viscosity and lumpiness. It has an energy content that makes it a useful candidate as an alternative fuel for the manufacture of Portland cement. Paper sludge is currently in use as an alternative fuel. It is classified as Class 2 (liquid alternative fuels) in the Cembureau classification of alternative fuels. After incinerating paper sludge at approximately 800 0C, the resultant fly ash may contain reactive silica and alumina (in the form of metakaolin) as well as lime (CaO) which contributes chemically to the Portland cement ingredients. As wastepaper sludge ash contains higher percentage of silicon dioxide SiO2, it may provide extra strength to concrete. This project will try to study the design parameters of concrete on inclusion of waste paper as partial replacement of cement both individually and in combination with waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates. 2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE Sustainability of concrete industry is currently a grave concern and in addition efficient waste material management is gruesome problem. The focus of this study is to assess the potential of using waste glass partially in place of fine aggregates and waste paper sludge ash partially in place of cement both individually and in combination in concrete. The resulting concrete is expected to promote sustainability of concrete industry through simultaneous enhancements of material greenness and infrastructure durability and above all utilization of environmentally unfriendly wastes in concrete. In a shorter term this research is about green concrete. 3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Materials Used The constituent materials used in this study are as follows: Cement: Khyber ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade confining to IS 8112 [9] was used throughout the work. Aggregates: Fine aggregates used throughout the work comprised of clean river sand with maximum size of 4.75mm conforming to zone II as per IS [10] with specific gravity of 2.6. Coarse aggregates used consisted of machine crushed stone angular in shape passing through 20mm (0.787") IS sieve and retained on 4.75mm (0.187") IS sieve with specific gravity of 2.7. Waste glass powder: Waste glass was collected from Trilok Glass House, Srinagar, J&K, consisting of waste window glass (Soda Lime glass). It was pulverized in Los Angeles abrasion apparatus and then sieved through 1.18mm (0.046") IS sieve. The specific gravity of waste glass was found to be Chemical composition of glass is presented in TABLE 1. Fig.1 shows sieved glass powder. Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA): Waste paper sludge was obtained from JML waste paper corporation, Pathankot, Punjab, India. It was then sun dried and incinerated so as to convert it into ash. The ash was sieved through 90 micron (0.0035") Indian Standard sieve. The specific gravity of waste paper sludge ash was found to be 2.6. Chemical composition of paper sludge ash is presented in TABLE 2. Fig.2 shows waste paper sludge ash placed on cement to present contrast editor@iaeme.com

4 Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete Specimen Preparation The concrete mix design was proposed by using IS [11]. The grade of concrete used was M-25 with water to cement ratio of Normal M 25 concrete specimens were casted so as to act as standard for test results when comparing with concrete specimens containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash. Concrete containing waste glass Waste glass was used as partial replacement of fine aggregates. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 3. Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash Waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of cement. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 4. Concrete containing both waste glass and waste paper sludge ash Waste glass and waste paper sludge ash was simultaneously used in concrete in varying composition. The mixture proportions used in laboratory for experimentation are shown in TABLE 5. PLAN OF EXPERIMENTS Tests on fresh concrete Slump Test: The workability of all concrete mixtures was determined through slump test utilizing a metallic slump mould. The difference in level between the height of mould and that of highest point of the subsided concrete was measured and reported as slump. The slump tests were performed according to IS [12]. Tests on hardened concrete From each concrete mixture, cubes of size 150mm (5.90") and 300mm (11.81") length and 150mm (5.90") diameter cylinders have been casted for the determination of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively. The concrete specimens were cured under normal conditions as per IS [13] and were tested at 7 days, 28days and 60 days for determining compressive strength as per IS and splitting tensile strength as per IS [14]. Water absorption test The average dry weight of cube specimens after removing from moulds was measured and the average weight of cube specimens after submerging in water for curing was measured at 28 days of age. The percentage of water absorption was measured for each concrete specimen and it gave indirect measure of durability. Light weight character The average dry weight of concrete cube specimens for all combinations of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash was compared with average dry weight of normal M-25 concrete cube specimens and the percentage decrease in dry weight was measured editor@iaeme.com

5 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary 4. RESSULTS AND DISCUSSION The results are described in view of the experiments conducted as: 4.1. Fresh Concrete Concrete containing waste glass (WG) Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 3. The slump increased with the increase in waste glass content. Waste glass particles absorbed less water as compared to sand and thus improving the workability of concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture containing 40 waste glass in place of fine aggregates. The variation of slump with waste glass content is depicted in Fig Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) Slump test: The slump values of all the mixtures are represented in TABLE 4. The slump decreased with the increase in waste paper sludge ash content. Waste paper sludge ash particles absorbed more water as compared to cement and thus decreasing the workability of concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture containing 5 waste paper sludge ash in place of cement. The variation of slump with waste paper sludge ash content is depicted in Fig Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination (WG + WPSA) Slump test: The slump values for mixtures containing waste glass (WG) and waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) in combination increased continuously and was found to be maximum for mixture containing 5 WPSA and 30 WG. WPSA particles absorb moisture while glass particles do not which enhances the workability of concrete. TABLE 5 and Fig. 5 depict slump values of mixture containing WG and WPSA in combination at varied percentage contents Hardened Concrete Concrete containing waste glass (WG) The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in TABLE 6. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30 replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass and there after decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 25 more than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing 20 waste glass in place of fine aggregates. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 40 waste glass content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength decreased with increasing waste glass content. Fig. 6 present compressive strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 7 present splitting tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in TABLES 7. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed at editor@iaeme.com

6 Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete replacement of cement by waste paper sludge ash and there after decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 15 more than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to normal M 25concrete mix. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 10, 15 and 20 waste paper sludge ash content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength was found to be more than that for reference mix at 5 cement replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased with increasing waste paper sludge ash content. Fig. 8 present compressive strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 9 present splitting tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination (WG + WPSA) The compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests are presented in TABLE 8. Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried out at 7, 28 and 60 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30 replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5 replacement of cement by WPSA and thereafter decreasing. The maximum compressive strength measured was 28 more than that of reference mix at 28 and 60 days corresponding to concrete mix containing 20 replacement of fine aggregates by WG and 5 replacement of cement by WPSA. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 10 WPSA and 30 WG content was found to be less than that of reference mix. Splitting tensile strength decreased with increasing WG and WPSA content. Fig. 10 present compressive strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively. Fig. 11 present splitting tensile strength of all mixtures at 7, 28 and 60 days respectively Water Absorption Water absorption test was carried out for all mixtures and percentage water absorption was measured as: Concrete containing waste glass (WG) The percentage water absorption decreased with increase in waste glass content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 40 waste glass content. TABLE 9 depicts the percentage water absorption for all mixtures Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) The percentage water absorption increased with increase in waste paper sludge ash content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5 waste paper sludge ash content. TABLE 10 depicts the percentage water absorption for all mixtures Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination (WG + WPSA) The percentage water absorption increased with increase in WPSA content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 5 WPSA and 30 WG content. TABLE 11 depicts the percentage water absorption for all mixtures editor@iaeme.com

7 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary 4.4. Light weight character Average dry weight of cube specimens of each mixture as compared to reference mix was studied as: Concrete containing waste glass (WG) It was observed that density decreased with increase in waste glass content. The results showed 5 reduction in dry weight of concrete cube specimens for concrete mix with 40 waste glass content as compared to reference mix. Thus, waste glass concrete is light weight in nature. TABLE 12 depicts the value of dry density and percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference mix Concrete containing waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) The weight density of WPSA concrete decreased with increase in waste paper sludge ash content. The results showed 4.58 reduction in dry weight of concrete cube specimens for concrete mix with 20 waste paper sludge ash content as compared to reference mix. This reduction in density can be attributed to lesser specific gravity of waste paper sludge ash as compared to cement. Thus, waste paper sludge ash concrete is light weight in nature. TABLE 13 depicts the value of dry density and percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference mix Concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination (WG + WPSA) The density of concrete containing WPSA and WG decreased with increase in WPSA and/or WG content. The results depicted 4.61 reduction in dry weight of concrete with 10 WPSA and 30 WG content as compared to reference mix. The reduction in density is the resultant of less denser WPSA and WG. Thus, concrete containing WG and WPSA becomes light weight which is a positive result. TABLE 14 depicts the value of dry density and percentage change in dry weight with respect to reference mix. 5. TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Chemical composition of waste glass Oxides Percentage content SiO Al 2 O Fe 2 O MgO 10.3 Na 2 O 14.0 K 2 O 0.4 Table 2 Chemical composition of waste paper sludge ash Element Percentage Content O Ca Si Al 2.06 Mg 3.59 S 1.07 K 0.16 Fe editor@iaeme.com

8 Paper Sludge Ash Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete Table 3 Mixture Proportion for concrete containing waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates. Waste Glass w/c ratio Water Cement Fine Aggregate Waste Glass Coarse Aggregate Paper Sludge Ash Slump (mm) Table 4 Mixture proportion for concrete containing waste paper sludge ash as partial replacement of cement w/c ratio Water Cement Fine Aggregate Paper Sludge Ash Coarse Aggregate Slump (mm) Table 5 Mixture proportions for concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination. Waste Glass w/c ratio Water Cement Fine Aggregate Paper Sludge Ash Waste Glass Coarse Aggregate Table 6 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste glass. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm 2 = psi) Waste Cube compressive Strength (N/mm 2 Cylinder splitting tensile strength ) (N/mm 2 ) Glass in 7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days Slump (mm) editor@iaeme.com

9 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary Table 7 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete with waste paper sludge ash. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm 2 = psi). Waste Paper sludge ash in Cube compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) Cylinder splitting tensile strength (N/mm 2 ) 7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days Table 8 Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength test results of concrete waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination. For U.S. customary unit conversion (1 N/mm 2 = psi). Waste Paper sludge ash in Waste Glass Cube compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) Cylinder splitting tensile strength (N/mm 2 ) 7 days 28 days 60 days 7 days 28 days 60 days S. No. Waste glass content Table 9 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass. Average dry weight before curing (g) Average wet weight after 28 days curing (g) Water Absorbed (g) Percentage Water Absorption () Table 10 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste paper sludge ash. Paper Sludge Ash Dry weight of cube (gm) Wet weight of cube (gm) Water absorbed (gm) Percentage water absorption editor@iaeme.com

10 S. No. Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete Table 11 Water absorption test results for concrete with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination. Paper Sludge Ash Waste Glass Dry weight of cube (gm) Wet weight of cube (gm) Water absorbed (gm) Percentage water absorption Table 12 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass. Waste glass Content Average dry weight of cubes (g) Dry density (KN/m 3 ) Percentage change in weight with respect to reference M25 cubes Table 13 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste paper sludge ash. Paper Sludge Ash Avg. Dry weight of cube (gm) Avg. dry density of cube (KN/m 3 ) Percentage change in weight as compared to reference () Table 14 Light weight test results for concrete cube specimens with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination. Paper Sludge Ash Waste Glass Avg. Dry weight of cube (gm) Avg. dry density of cube (KN/m 3 ) Percentage change in weight as compared to reference () editor@iaeme.com

11 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary Figure 1 Sieved waste glass powder ready for usage. Figure 2 Sieved waste paper sludge ash dark grey. Figure 3 Variation of slump with waste glass content editor@iaeme.com

12 Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete Figure 4 Variation of slump with waste paper sludge ash content. Figure 5 Variation of slump with waste glass and waste paper sludge ash content in combination. Figure 6 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of age editor@iaeme.com

13 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary Figure 7 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass at 7, 28 and 60 days of age. Figure 8 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and 60 days of age. Figure 9 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste paper sludge ash at 7, 28 and 60 days of age editor@iaeme.com

14 Prospect of Partial Utilization of Waste Glass Powder and Waste Paper Sludge Ash In Concrete Figure 10 Compressive strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age. Figure 11 Splitting tensile strength of concrete containing waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in combination at 7, 28 and 60 days of age. CONCLUSION On the basis of results obtained, following conclusions can be drawn: replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15 increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 25 increase in compressive strength at 28 and 60 days. 2. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30 by weight showing 9.8 increase in compressive strength at 28 and 60 days. 3. With increase in waste glass content, percentage water absorption decreases and average weight decreases by 5 for mixture with 40 waste glass content thus making waste glass concrete light weight. 4. Workability of concrete mix increases with increase in waste glass content. Splitting tensile strength decreases with increase in waste glass content. 5. Cement in concrete can be replaced by waste paper sludge ash up to 5 by weight showing 15 increase in compressive strength and 5 increase in splitting tensile strength at 28 and 60 days. 6. With increase in waste paper sludge ash content, percentage water absorption increases, workability decreases and average weight decreases by 4.58 for mixture with 20 waste paper sludge ash content thus making waste paper sludge ash concrete light weight editor@iaeme.com

15 Mohammad Iqbal Mirza, Mohammad Iqbal Malik, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Muzafar Bashir and Umar Chowdhary 7. Simultaneous utilization of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash showed 28.7 maximum increase in compressive strength for 20 waste glass and 5 waste paper sludge ash combination. 8. Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will eradicate the disposal problem of waste glass and prove to be environment friendly thus paving way for greener concrete. 9. Use of waste glass and waste paper sludge ash in concrete will preserve natural resources particularly river sand and thus make concrete construction industry sustainable. REFERENCES [1] Asoka Pappu, Mohini Saxena, and Shyan R. Asolekar. Solid Waste Generation in India and Their Recycling Potential in Building Materials, Regional Research Institute (CSIR) and IIT Bombay, India. [2] P Turgut and E.S. Yahlizade, Research into Concrete Blocks with Waste Glass, International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1: [3] Carpenter, A. J. and Cramer, C.M, Mitigation of ASR in pavement patch concrete that incorporates highly reactive fine aggregate, Transportation Research Record 1668, Paper No ,pp ,1999. [4] I. B. Topcu and M. Canbaz, Properties of Concrete containing waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research, 34, Feb. 2004, pp [5] V. Corinaldesi, G. Gnappi, G. Moriconi, and A. Montenero, Reuse of ground waste glass as aggregate for mortars, Waste Management, 2, pp , Jan [6] R.S. Gallardo, Mary Ann Q Adajar, Structural performance of concrete with paper sludge as fine aggregates partial replacement enhanced with admixtures, Symposium on Infrastructure Development and the Environment, University of the Philippines, December [7] T.R. Naik, Concrete with paper industry fibrous residuals: mixture proportioning, ACI Materials Journal, 102(4), July 2005, [8] Y. Chun, T.R. Naik, and R.N. Kraus, Durable concrete through use of pulp and paper mill residuals, composites in construction 2005 third international conference, Hamelin et al (eds) 2005 ISBN, Lyon, France, July 11 13, [9] 43 Grade Ordinary Portland cement Specification. IS 8112:1989, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [10] Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete. IS: , Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [11] Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design. IS: , Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [12] Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete. IS: , Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [13] Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete. IS: , Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [14] Vijaya Sarathy.R, Jose Ravindraraj.B, Geetha. and Vijayakumar. Experimental Investigation on Effect of Shear Connector in Light Weight Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(5), 2015, pp [15] Methods of Test for for Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete. IS 5816:1999, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi editor@iaeme.com