Implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Code
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1 Implementation of the AASHTO LRFD Code in the NDOR Practice Di Driven Piles Andrzej S. Nowak, Marek Kozikowski, Tomasz Lutomirski, Piotr Paczkowski University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Omar Qudus and Jordan Larsen Nebraska Department of Roads, NDOR
2 Objectives Review and compare the available methods for pile capacity analysis Review the available test t data (NDOR and national) Develop an efficient method for the pile capacity analysis for NDOR practice Determine the corresponding resistance factors φ for Determine the corresponding resistance factors, φ, for NDOR practice
3 Load Components for Piles Used in the Analysis Axial load [kips] Load Symbol D=70%, D=50%, D=30%, L=30% L=50% L=70% dead load DC dead load DW live load LL LRFD live load LL HS
4 Calculation of φ factors Ultimate t capacity according to Standard Spec: Rn = 2 (DC + DW + LL HS25 ) Ultimate capacity according to LRFD: φrn = 1.25DC + 1.5DW LL LRFD Calculation of φ φ = 1.25DC+ 1.5DW+ 1.75LL 2(DC + DW+ LLHS25) HS25 LRFD
5 Calculation of φ factors Dead load Live load φ D=70%, L=30%, D=50%, L=50%, D=30%, L=70%, 0.78
6 φ Factor for piles - According to ASSHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 4 th Edition 2007, Table , φ -factor for nominal resistance of a single pile in axial compression, φ = Proposed φ -factor = 0.70
7 Current Methods to Predict Pile Capacity Modified ENR formula (NDOR) FHWA Gates formula Wave Equation CAPWAP Static test (most accurate)
8 Modified ENR Formula (NDOR) Dynamic Formulas according to Standard Specifications for Highway Constructions NDOR, P = - steel - concrete 3.0E W 7.0E W P = S W + M S W + M where: P is safe load, in tons W is the mass of the ram M is the mass of pile and driving cap S is the average penetration of the pile per blow for the last 10 blows for steam or diesel hammers (in/blow) E is the energy per blow in foot-tons
9 Gates Formula Gates Formula: R n = 1.75 E log10(10n) 100 where: R is nominal resistance measured during the pile driving (kips) E is developed hammer energy N is number of hammer blows for 1 in of pile permanent set (blows/in) Safety factor for Gates formula = 3.5 (AASHTO 1992)
10 Correlation between CAPWAP and static load test results Static Load Tes st (kips) H Piles in Fine Grain Soil H Piles on Rock Pipe Piles in Fine Grain Soil 200 Pipe Piles in Sand Concrete in Sand CAPWAP, TEPWAP (kips)
11 Ratios of CAPWAP Capacity and other methods for Steel H piles in fine grain soil Variate Standar rd Normal CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/Gates CAPWAP/wave equation -1.5 CAPWAP/Method
12 Ratios of CAPWAP Capacity and other methods for Steel H piles on rock Variate Standard d Normal CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/GATES CAPWAP/wave equation -1.5 CAPWAP/Method
13 Ratios of CAPWAP Capacity and other methods for Pipe piles in granual Variate Standard d Normal CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR -1.5 CAPWAP/Method CAPWAP/GATES CAPWAP/wave equation
14 Ratios of CAPWAP Capacity and other methods for Pipe piles in fine grain soil Variate Standard d Normal CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR -1.5 CAPWAP/Method CAPWAP/Gates CAPWAP/wave equation
15 Ratios of CAPWAP Capacity and other methods for Concrete piles in granual soil Standa ard Norma al Variate CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/GATES CAPWAP/wave equation CAPWAP/Method
16 Proposed Modified Nebraska ENR Formula Proposed formula P For all piles: = 6 E S+ where: P is safe load, in kips S is the average penetration of the pile per blow for the last 10 blows for steam or diesel hammers E is the energy per blow in foot-kips
17 1.5 Steel H piles in fine grain soil. 1 Variable Standard d Normal CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/Proposed -1.5 CAPWAP/Method
18 2 Steel H piles on rock. 1.5 Variable Standard d Normal CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/Proposed CAPWAP/Method
19 1.5 Steel pipe piles in sand. 1 Standard d normal variable CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/Proposed -1.5 CAPWAP/Method
20 1.5 Steel pipe piles in fine grain soil. 1 normal va ariable Standard CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/Proposed -1.5 CAPWAP/Method
21 1 l Variable Standar rd Norma CAPWAP/Nebraska-ENR CAPWAP/Proposed -1.5 CAPWAP/Method
22 Conclusions φ factor for driven piles can be 0.70 Pile capacity can be calculated using P 6 E = S+
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