NDT in Grouted PT Inspection for Bridges
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1 NDT in Grouted PT Inspection for Bridges PTI Technical Conference & Exhibition Miami, FL May 8, 2007 Hong-gang gang Cao CTLGroup (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 1 of 37
2 The NDT Applications in PT inspection: - Locating embedded tendons - Evaluation of void in grouted tendons - Locating break and crack along tendon strand / wire near anchorage - Inspection of cable condition through videoscope - Corrosion inspection (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 2 of 37
3 Currently available techniques: Impact Echo method Impulse Radar or Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Videoscope examination Others, e.g. X-Ray, X magnetic flux leakage, etc. (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 3 of 37
4 Void Detection Using Impact Echo Method (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 4 of 37
5 Project 1 Bridge Girder A 11-span bridge supported by 9 parallel precast post-tensioned tensioned girders in each span 20 years old 99 nos. of beams in total Single post-tensioning tensioning tendon in each beam (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 5 of 37
6 Web - Plate structure Single Tendon (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 6 of 37
7 P-Wave Speed: T = 0.19 m f T = 8.8 khz (Test on solid concrete portion) 50 Vp =2 * T * f T / m/s Frequency (Hz) (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 7 of 37
8 If fully grouted: f T = 8.8 khz (8.3 khz used) f steel = 13.9 khz (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 8 of 37
9 If empty: f T < 8.8 khz (or 8.3 khz) f void = 26.7 khz (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 9 of 37
10 Results: 2200 points were tested in 99 beams Two completely ungrouted tendon as well as more than 20% partially grouted ducts were noted Boroscope examination was performed to verify the findings Overall success rate 80% (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 10 of 37
11 IE Experience: Good for plate type structure: slab, wall. Single tendon (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 11 of 37
12 Void Detection Using GPR (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 12 of 37
13 Project 2 External Tendon Two similar mile-long long bridges 237 external cables or 5,180 m (17,000 ft) in length PE pipe diameter 4.5 in. (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 13 of 37
14 Traditional way: Visual inspection + mechanical sounding CTL approach: Impulse Radar + visual inspection + mechanical sounding (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 14 of 37
15 T m = C / (4f ε) ε = 5 to 12 f = 1.5 x 10 9 Hz 22mm MIN. POLYETHYLENE PIPE POST-TENSIONED STRANDS GROUT T m = 22 mm Or 13% section area (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 15 of 37
16 Radar Testing Along External Ducts (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 16 of 37
17 Empty duct Grouted (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 17 of 37
18 Partially grouted (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 18 of 37
19 Results: Approximately 2% of total cable length was empty or partially grouted Majority of the voids found by sounding method was not seen by Radar. Boroscope examination proved only thin void or delamination between PE duct and grout. (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 19 of 37
20 Experience: Pros Radar finding important or significant void Save by using a cost-effective repair approach Cons Relatively expensive (time consuming) in inspection Won t t work on galvanized steel sheathing or other metallic base material (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 20 of 37
21 Strand / Wire Break Inspection - Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Method (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 21 of 37
22 Typical Results (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 22 of 37
23 Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo High frequency transducer capable of locating fine crack Typically effective over 4 to 5 ft at end of Strand (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 23 of 37
24 Intrusive Inspection Seeing is Believing! (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 24 of 37
25 Project 3 Video Scope Inspection 500 ft long ramp More than 100 tendons Boroscope inspection through each joint (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 25 of 37
26 Tendon Layout plan Half of the Bridge deck 1000 drill holes along segmental joints, 7/8 in. in diameter (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 26 of 37
27 Drilling process: Drilling holes using a template based on construction drawing Unsuccessful near anchor zone GPR does the work (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 27 of 37
28 Tendon Ducts GPR Survey (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 28 of 37
29 Use of Videoscope: 6mm diameter flexible tube, 10 ft long Two-men crew completed survey in two weeks Video recording function (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 29 of 37
30 (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 30 of 37
31 (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 31 of 37
32 (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 32 of 37
33 (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 33 of 37
34 (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 34 of 37
35 (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 35 of 37
36 Summary: NDT techniques available in PT Inspection They do the job if used properly Experience matters Realistic expectation (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 36 of 37
37 Thank You (C) COPYRIGHT POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Page 37 of 37
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