Figure 1: Typical Short Span Multi Girder Bridge Details

Transcription

1 Preliminary Bridge Estimating Tool I Girder Bridges Author: Kevin Cowie, Alistair Fussell Affiliation: Steel Construction New Zealand Inc. Date: 7 th February 2011 Ref.: Seminar Notes for Design of Steel Composite Bridges Seminar February 2011 ESTIMATING Key Words Bridge Estimating, Estimating, Bridges Introduction The likely cost of steelwork is an important consideration in feasibility studies for a bridge project as well as in planning and budgeting for the construction. Very little guidance is published on the cost of bridge steelwork because it is difficult to generalise for the wide range of bridge types and configurations. The price a client pays for the steelwork in a new bridge covers the cost of many activities and services as well as the basic cost of materials used and the direct workmanship in fabrication and erection. This article presents a simple method for bridge designers to quickly develop preliminary estimates for bridge superstructure steelwork costs. The bridge estimating method is limited to traditional multigirder (I sections, see figures 1 and 2) and ladder deck bridges (see figure 3). The bridge estimating method is suitable for spreadsheet application and example templates have been included. Rates appropriate at the time of the writing this article are given. These are based on feedback from steel bridge constructors. Elemental rates are given for various steelwork activities. Some rates are bundled to enable ease of preparing preliminary estimates. For the most up-to-date rates refer to the Steel Construction New Zealand website: When preparing final estimates, it is recommended that rates be confirmed with a suitable steel constructor. Figure 1: Typical Short Span Multi Girder Bridge Details Disclaimer: SCNZ and the author(s) of this document make no warrantee, guarantee or representation in connection with this document and shall not be held liable or responsible for any loss or damage resulting from the use of this document Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

2 Figure 2: Typical Long Span Multi Girder Bridge Details Figure 3: Typical Ladder Deck Bridge Details Scope The preliminary bridge estimating method is limited to the bridge superstructure steelwork costs for traditional multigirder (I sections) and ladder deck bridges. Bearings, deck and bridge steelwork erection rates are excluded. Cross brace frames are triangulated with simple end connections. Single element cross frames with moment connections are not specifically covered but the estimating method can be readily adapted to include these frames. It has been assumed field connections are bolted and girders are welded with 8mm fillet welds. Maximum depth of girders is 3.2 metres and maximum weight of girders is 1000 kg/m. Required Inputs The bridge designer is required to have undertaken a preliminary design, including sizing of the girders, cross frames and any other main members. The number and type of girder stiffeners must also be determined. The type of member connections must be known (i.e. bolted moment splice connection) but the connections do not need to have been specifically designed. Preliminary Bridge Steelwork Estimating Method The $/tonne method of measuring and estimating steelwork, based on past project data, cannot be relied on to give a true indication of cost. In fact this method can be misleading because only a small percentage of the overall cost of the steelwork can be related to tonnage. The $/tonne method does not consistently track the value added processes involved in the production of steelwork. The lightest design is usually not the most economical. Since the real factors that contribute to the cost of fabricated steelwork, are hidden by $/tonne approach, truly cost effective steel design options are often not readily recognised and rewarded by lower estimates at preliminary evaluation stage. Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

3 A good measurement system identifies the product s key cost drivers and tracks them with suitable price indicators. Bridge steelwork costs can be readily associated with the following work categories: Material supply and storage Fabrication of girders and connections Surface Coatings Transportation Erection In this article suitable price indicators are selected for the first four of these work categories. These are used to develop the preliminary bridge steelwork estimate. No indicators are given for erection as there are too many factors to consider for bridge construction. The relative costs of bridge steelwork cost (i.e. erection excluded) can be seen in figure 4 which is an example of a multi girder bridge. Each of the work categories and appropriate cost indicators are discussed below. Current rates have been included in the appendix. Figure 4: Example of a Multi Girder Bridge Steelwork Cost (erection excluded) Material Supply Material supply is a major component of bridge steelwork fabrication. For most bridges, costs can be minimised by ordering plates and sections directly from the steel mill. Time has to be allowed in any bridge procurement programme for supply from the mills. Typical lead times are 6 to 8 weeks for plate from New Zealand Steel and 14 to 18 weeks for plate/sections from overseas mills. Australian steel mills hold a limited amount of ex-stock plate/sections. The typical lead times for this are 4-6 weeks. Full design information is not necessary to enable orders for steel to be placed but sufficient detail must be available to define all components in advance of rolling dates to minimise waste and costs. New Zealand Steel can supply plate up to 14 m long by 1.5 m wide. The maximum thickness for G300 plate is 50mm. For G350 plate the maximum thickness is 32mm. G300 and G350 plate can be supplied as L0 and L15 plate. The minimum mill order item quantity for AS/NZS 3678 plate is 6 tonnes. Offshore mills can supply plate up to 18 m long by 3.2 m wide. The maximum thickness for G250/G300 plate is typically 100mm although larger thicknesses are available. The maximum thicknesses for G350 plate in typically 80mm. Weathering steel is also available from offshore mills. The minimum mill order item quantity for plate from offshore mills is typically 10 tonnes, however for weathering steel the minimum mill order item quantity may be greater. Plate availability and lead times may change and for the most up to date information please contact a SCNZ member listed on the web site: For members fabricated from plate, most plate components including flanges, webs and stiffeners, are cut from plates of appropriate size and width to minimise wastage. Hence steel listing for ordering includes a computerised nesting process to achieve best utilisation and minimise waste to no more than a few percent. Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

4 Therefore to reduce wastage, the designer should avoid mixing of grades where possible and rationalise the range of plate thicknesses and section sizes. The designer should consider the standard available plate sizes available. Reducing dimensions may save weight but this could increase the scrap produced, as a result the anticipated cost savings may not be realised. It is worth spending time determining the optimum section size while keeping an eye on the plate waste remembering to allow for 10mm for the cut. Haunched or tapered webs will increase the wastage unless the plate could also be used for connection cleats and this incorporated into the computer nesting process. The designer should involve the steel bridge fabricator in the final selection of plate sizes and grades. Hot rolled sections indented from overseas mills are available as G300/G350 steel. The minimum mill order item quantity is 10 tonnes. For ex-stock long products typically only a limited amount of G300 sections are held at lengths of 6 / 9 / 12 / 15 / 18m. The supply rate for steel sections and plate is typically quoted in $/metre or $/tonne terms. These are reasonable units of measurement reflecting the cost of energy and high capital input per tonne of the commodity smeltered, rolled and shipped. It also allows steel supply quantities to be easily measured and costed. Typical plate supply rates in New Zealand, at time of publication, for indent orders are given in table 1. Hot rolled sections supply rates are given in table 2 and are also provided on the SCNZ website: These rates include an allowance for transport to the fabrication shop, and merchant and fabricator margins. Waste allowance is not included and should be added. Fabrication of Girders and Connections Fabrication is generally more economic if connections are simple, geometry is straight forward, and the amount of welding is minimised. Steel bridges tend to incorporate a limited number of generic connection types such as bolted moment splices, stiffeners, and simple brace connections. The detailed design of the connections is often not undertaken until late in the structural design process. However the structural engineer will usually know what type of connection should be used and the relative level of load that it will be required to transmit. Therefore, to assist the estimator and the structural engineer at the preliminary design evaluation stage, tables of typical connections have been listed for the range of common loading conditions. The fabricated price consists of two main components: workstation processing costs and work piece handling costs. The processing operations include saw and gas flame cutting, drilling, hole punching, cropping by guillotine, weld preparation and welding. The handling component is made up of through shop and workstation handling. The connection prices include allowances for supply of bolts and plate fittings. All rates are inclusive of fabricator margin. An estimate is prepared by summing the total number of connections in a project and multiplying by the relevant price / connection, then adding to the allowances for supply of main sections, surface coatings, and transport. Connections can be classified into end connections, work along a member and compound members. For compound members such as girders from three plate members the cost of fabrication is related to their length and therefore the fabricating of these members is given as a rate per metre. Table 3 provides cost of fabrication of three plate girders. The cost includes stripping of plate, handling, assembly and continuous 8mm fillet weld of web to flanges and non destructive weld testing. Table 4 provides rates for complete penetration butt weld splicing of flange and web plates. Splicing is required where the bridge girder member is greater than the available plate length (typically 18m overseas indent or 12m NZ Steel Ltd) and at location where plate thicknesses change. The rates are for shop welding. Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

5 Table 5 provides costs of girder stiffeners. The fabrication costs include the cutting of plate, handling and welding of stiffener. The stiffener plate is included in the fittings cost and this is added to the fabrication cost to give the total connection cost. Table 6 provides the cost of fully bolted moment girder splice connections suitable for field installation. Table 7 provides the cost of cross frame I section members such as in a ladder deck bridge that are bolted via the member web to girder stiffener. The girder stiffener is not included in the connection cost. The girder stiffener is assumed to be profile cut so that coping of the cross frame member is not required. Table 8 provides cost of cross frame bracing angle connections. These angle members could be connected to the girder stiffener or to gusset plate welded onto other cross frame members. It has been assumed that all field connections will be bolted. For other connections types refer to the SCNZ online estimating guide for indicative costs. Shop Drawings Shop drawings are prepared by fabricators or on their behalf by a specialist draughting company. The time to prepare shop drawings is dependent on the quality of the contract drawings, the complexity of the project and amount of repetition. Bridge design drawings generally contain sufficient information so that shop drawings can be quickly and easily prepared. The cost of shop drawings may be incorporated into the connection costs above or they may be costed separately. The approach taken in this article is to cost shop drawings separately and apply $/tonne cost, see table 9. As shop drawings account for a small percentage of steelwork costs this crude approach is considered appropriate at the preliminary design stage. Transportation The cost of transport is directly related to the number of truck loads of steel, the size of the loads and time taken to load, transport and unload the steel. Hence the cost is related to both the weight and volume of steel and to a lesser extent the distance from the site. Significant increase in transport costs incur for loads greater than 18m in length, greater than 3m in width and heavier than 20 tonnes. Overdimension loads require pilot vehicle(s) and incur additional costs. Refer to the Land Transport Safety Authority website for up-to-date requirements for overdimension loads and piloting requirements. Transportation rates are given in table 10 based on a $/tonne basis. Coatings The following systems in accordance with AS/NZS 2312 are commonly used for protecting bridge steelwork surfaces in New Zealand: Inorganic zinc silicate, 75µm, IZS 2 Inorganic zinc silicate, 125µm, IZS 3 Zinc metal spray, 100µm, TZS100 Zinc metal spray, 200µm, TSZ200 Aluminium metal spray with sealer, TSA150S Rates are given in $/m 2 in table 11 for the above coating systems Erection Erection is one of the more difficult activities to estimate at a preliminary stage as much depends on the location of the bridge and the layout of the site. In addition the level of co-ordination and dependence on the performance and co-operation of other trades is critical in determining the time to erect. A key determinant in the cost of erecting steel bridges is the cost associated with the use of cranes. For the use of large cranes the mobilisation and demobilisation costs form a large component of the total erection costs where there are a small number of members to be lifted into place. Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

6 Rates are not given. A bridge contractor experienced in steel bridges may be willing to assist in estimating erection costs. Worked Examples Two worked examples have been prepared to illustrate the application of the estimating approach presented in this paper. The first example is a multigirder bridge, while the second is a ladder deck configuration. Example 1 Simply Supported Composite I Girder Bridge This bridge example has been taken from (Watson et al, 1996). While this bridge example is for an Australian setting the example is still useful to illustrate the steps to prepare a preliminary estimate. The bridge is shown in appendix 2 and is skewed at 15⁰ to the road alignment. The bridge spans 34.5 metres with a width of 12.6 metres and consists of four composite plate I-beams, each weighing approximately 25 tonnes, at a spacing of 3.5 metres. The surface treatment to be applied is 75µm of inorganic zinc silicate (IZS2). Costing of the bridge Table 12 shows the estimated costs of the supply, fabrication, surface treatment of the girders and cross frames and bracing. Steel Supply The girders weight, number and lengths were calculated and the appropriate rate applied. This was similarly done for cross frame bracing. A 5% wastage factor was allowed for trimming the plates and for the waste involved in profiling the web to provide the specified camber. A 5% wastage factor was also allowed for hot rolled sections. Fabrication The fabrication costs of the girders, cross frame bracing were quickly and simply obtained from the relevant tables. An allowance was made for shop drawings. The amount is not significant. The girders between the piers are greater than 18m in length and so require pilot vehicles and will have increased transport costs. Surface Treatment The surface areas were readily determined and the appropriate rates for inorganic zinc silicate applied Example 2 SH4 Okura Realignment South Bridge This is a 3 span ladder deck bridge 96m long. Details of this bridge can be found in (Gaby, Chan and Romanes, 2008) Costing of the bridge Table 9 shows the estimated costs of the supply, fabrication, surface treatment of the girders and cross frames and bracing. Steel Supply The girder weight, number and lengths were calculated and the appropriate rate applied. This was similarly done for cross frame bracing and horizontal bracing. A 5% wastage factor was allowed for trimming the plates. Pier girder webs are tapered. This could increase wastage component however it is assumed a computer nesting program is used and the girder web plate could also be used for connection cleats. A 5% wastage factor was also allowed for hot rolled sections. Fabrication The fabrication costs of the girders, cross frames and bracing were quickly and simply obtained from the relevant tables. Span girders lengths are greater than 18m and so will exceed maximum available plate lengths. Therefore an allowance is made for complete penetration butt weld of span girder plates. An allowance was made for shop drawings. The amount is not significant. Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

7 As the span girders are greater than 18m in length, pilot vehicles are required and this will increase transport costs. Surface Treatment The surface areas were readily determined and the appropriate rates for inorganic zinc silicate applied. Overall Cost Comparison The steel option was being considered as an alternative to a concrete superstructure. Savings in substructure costs are significant and should be included in any cost comparison. Due to the lighter superstructure weight of a composite steel/concrete option instead of a concrete option, the cost savings in the foundations and columns amounted to a saving of close to $400/m 2 of decking area (El Sarraf, 2009). Conclusion This article presents a simple method for developing preliminary estimates of steel bridge superstructure costs for traditional multi girder (I sections) and ladder deck bridges based on limited design information. This will be of assistance to engineers in evaluating different steel options and also in material selection choice. The rates provided in this article are for estimating purposes only and do not necessarily reflect the current market rates. Steel bridge fabricators and constructors should be consulted to provide input into the design details of the bridge and will be able to provide up to date rates. The steel bridge superstructure fabrication cost is only a portion of the overall cost of a bridge project. The weight savings of a steel-concrete composite bridge may result in significantly reduction in substructure costs. The ease and speed of erection of a steel bridge are also has significant advantages over alternate material options. References AS/NZS 2312:2002/2004, Guide to the Protection of Structural Steel against Atmospheric Corrosion by the Use of Protective Coatings, incorporating Amendment No 1:2004. Standards New Zealand, Wellington El Sarraf, R., Economical Steel Bridge Solutions for New Zealand, SESOC Journal Vol 21 No 2 Vol Gaby, P, Chan, M and Romanes, M; Okura Ladder Deck Bridges, Conference Proceedings of the Metal s Industry Conference, HERA, Manukau City, New Zealand Hayward, A., Sadler, N., Tordoff, D., Steel bridges A Practical Approach to Design for Efficient fabrication and Construction, The British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd, London, 2002 HERA, Steel Bridges for New Zealand A 1 Day Seminar for bridge Design Engineers, Contractors and Specifiers, HERA Report R4-130, New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association, Manukau City, New Zealand, 2004 SCNZ, Online Estimation Guide, accessed on the website Watson, K., B., Dallas, S., van der Kreek, N., Main, T., Costing of steelwork from feasibility through to completion, Steel Construction volume 30 Number 2, Australian Institute of Steel Construction, June 1996 Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

8 Appendix 1: Bridge Preliminary Estimating Rates Supply Rates Table 1: Plate Indent Supply Grade $/kg L L L L ) For weathering steel add $0.4/kg 2) For charpy testing add $0.05/kg Table 2: Section Supply Section Indent $/kg Universal Beams (UB) G Ex-stock $/kg Angles (EA, UA) G Structural Hollow Sections (CHS, RHS, SHS) ) For weathering steel add $0.4/kg 2) For charpy testing add $0.05/kg Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

9 Fabrication Rates General Notes: 1) CFW: Continuous Fillet Weld 2) CPBW: Complete Penetration Butt Weld Table 3: Three Plate Girder Fabrication Rates Section Mass kg/m Cost $/m 315 to to to Note: Stripping, handling, assembly, CFW (8mm) to web/flanges, Non destruction testing of welds Table 4: CPBW Splice Rates for Girder Flanges/Webs Plate thickness mm Cost $/m Table 5: Girder Stiffeners Connection Rates Stiffeners Section Mass kg/m Fitted Stiffener Butt welded ends $ Fitted Stiffener Fillet welded $ 315 to to to 1000 Diagram Curtailed Stiffener Both ends $ Curtailed Stiffener Single end $ Fabricate Fittings Total Fabricate Fittings Total Fabricate Fittings Total Fabricate Fittings Total Comments Cut & weld Flange CPBW / Web CFW Cut & Weld Flange/Web CFW Cut & Weld Web CFW Note: CPBW costs are based on 16mm thick stiffener. CFW are based on 6mm CFW Cut & Weld Flange/Web CFW Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

10 Table 6: Girder Splice Connection Rates Connection 100% Moment Capacity Splice Section Mass kg/m Fully Bolted $ Fabrication Fittings Total 315 to to to Diagram Comments: Cut plates & beams, drill/punch holes, web splice plates each side Table 7: Cross Frame I Sections End Connections Connection Bolted to Girder Stiffener Section Mass kg/m $ Fabrication Fittings Total < to Diagram Comments: Cut beam, drill/punch holes, web plate not included - see girder stiffeners Table 8: Cross Frame Bracing Angle Connection Rates Connection Bolted to Girder Stiffener Bolted to Gussets Welded to Gussets Section Mass kg/m $ $ $ Fabrication Fittings Total Fabrication Fittings Total Fabrication Fittings Total < Diagram Comments: Cut beam, drill/punch holes, web plate not included - see girder stiffeners Cut bracing member and gusset, drill/punch holes, CFW gusset to other members Cut bracing member and gusset, CFW to gusset, CFW gusset to other members Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

11 Other Rates Table 9: Shop Drawing Rates Shop Drawings Per tonne High standard of contract drawings 150 Table 10: Transportation Rates Transport Per tonne Unescorted (min 5 tonnes/ delivery) 140 One Pilot Vehicle 175 Two Pilot Vehicle 205 Assumptions: 1. 6 hr round trip for the distance less than or equal to 50 km from fabrication shop hr round trip for pilot vehicle accompanying loads. 3. Rates includes an allowance of $10 per tonne for loading and unloading. 4. Rates includes fabricator's margin. Table 11: Coating Rates Coating AS/NZS 2312:2004 System Rate $/sqm Inorganic Zinc Silicate 75µm IZS 2 (solvent borne) 30 Inorganic Zinc Silicate 125µm IZS 3 (solvent borne) 40 Zinc Metal Spray 100µm TSZ Zinc Metal Spray 200µm TSZ Aluminium Metal Spray with sealer TSA150S 140 $/steel kg Hot dipped galvanised HDG Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

12 Appendix 2: Simply Supported Composite I Girder Bridge Figure 5: Simply Supported Composite I Girder Bridge Details (Watson et al, 1996) Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

13 Table 12: Simply Supported Composite I Girder Bridge Preliminary Estimate Item Description Quantity Units Rate $ Subtotal Total 1 Material Supply 1.1 Girders Width/Depth Thickness Length Plates mm mm m kg/m Top flange - Grade kg , Bottom flange -Grade 350L kg , Bottom flange -Grade 350L kg , Web - Grade kg , kg Waste 5 % 137,031 6, Abutment Crossframes kg/m no length (m) Top Chord 300PFC kg 1.7 1, Bottom Chord 125x125x10EA kg Bracing 100x100x12EA kg 1.7 1, kg Waste 5 % 3, Intermediate Crossframes kg/m no length (m) Top Chord 90x90x8EA kg Bottom Chord 90x90x8EA kg Bracing 90x90x8EA kg kg Waste 5 % 1, ,977 2 Fabrication & Connections (incl fittings) 2.1 Girders Three Plate Girder Fabrication 140 m , Top Flange (450 x 25) CPBW Splice 1.8 m Bottom Flange (650 x 45) CPBW Splice 5.2 m 900 4, Web (1415 x 20) CPBW Splice 5.66 m 322 1, Intermediate Stiffeners - curtailed, fillet weld 12 no 280 3, Abutment Stiffeners - fitted, fillet weld all round 16 no 400 6, Abutment Crossframes End Connections Top chords Bolted to Girder Stiffener 12 no 145 1, Bottom chord Bolted to Girder Stiffener 12 no Bracing Bolted to Girder Stiffener 12 no Bolted to Gusset on Bottom Chord 12 no 135 1, Intermediate Crossframes End Connections Top chords Bolted to Girder Stiffener 12 no 145 1, Bottom chord Bolted to Girder Stiffener 12 no Bracing Bolted to Girder Stiffener 12 no Bolted to Gusset on Bottom Chord 12 no 135 1,620 87,490 3 Shop Drawings 3.1 Girders 77.9 tonnes , Abutment Crossframes 2.0 tonnes Intermediate Crossframes 0.9 tonnes ,107 4 Transportation 4.1 Girders, require 2 pilot vehicles 77.9 tonnes , Abutment Crossframes 2.0 tonnes Intermediate Crossframes 0.9 tonnes ,360 5 Coatings 5.1 Inorganic Zinc Silicate (IZS2) Girders 730 sqm 30 21, Abutment Crossframes 33 sqm Intermediate Crossframes 32 sqm ,850 SUB TOTAL $288,783 6 Contigency 5% % $14,439 $14,439 7 Total Steelwork (excl erection) (Deck area) 441 sqm 688 $303,223 Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

14 Table 13: Simply Supported Composite I Girder Bridge Preliminary Estimate Summary Member 35 length girder Abutment crossframe Crossframe intermediate Total steelwork (excl erection) Cost/Member No. of Members Total Cost 71,030 1,789 1, ,121 10,735 8,366 $303,223 Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

15 Appendix 2: SH4 Okura Realignment South Bridge Figure 6: SH4 Okura Realignment South Bridge Plan and Elevation Details (Gaby, Chan, Romanes, 2008) Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

16 Figure 7: SH4 Okura Realignment South Bridge Cross Section Details (Gaby, Chan, Romanes, 2008) Steel Construction New Zealand Inc

17 Table 14: SH4 Okura Realignment South Bridge Preliminary Estimate Item Description Quantity Units Rate $ Subtotal Total 1 Material Supply 1.1 Girders Width/Depth Thickness Length Span Girder mm mm m kg/m Top flange - Grade kg , Bottom flange - Grade kg , Web - Grade kg , kg Waste 5 % 77,848 3,892 Pier Girder Top flange - Grade kg 1.8 6, Bottom flange - Grade kg , Web (depth varies) - Grade kg , kg Waste 5 % 33,851 1, Transoms and Bracing kg/m no length (m) Transoms 610UB kg , Bracing at Piers 150x10 EA kg 1.7 4, Transom Bracing 125x8 EA kg Horiz Bracing 125x8 EA kg 1.7 2, Edge Panel Supports CWB kg , kg Waste 5 % 46,761 2, ,384 2 Fabrication & Connections (incl fittings) 2.1 Girders Three Plate Girder Fabrication Span Girder 144 m , Pier Girder 48 m , Span Girder Top Flange (500x16) CPBW 3.0 m Span Girder Bottom Flange (500x25) CPBW 3.0 m 393 1, Span Girder Web (1480x12) CPBW 8.9 m 196 1, Bolted Girder Splice 8 no , Span Girder Stiffeners - fitted, fillet all round 26 no 320 8, Pier Girder Stiffeners - fitted, fillet all round 22 no 320 7, Transom and Bracing Connections Transoms Bolted to Girder Stiffener 48 no 195 9, Welded Moment 48 no , Bracing at Piers Bolted to Girder Stiffener 24 no 75 1, Bolted to Gussetts 24 no 135 3, Transom Bracing Bolted to Girder Stiffener 16 no 75 1, Bolted to Gussetts 16 no 135 2, Horiz Bracing Bolted to Gussetts 40 no 135 5, Edge Panel Supports Welded Moment 48 no 200 9, ,944 3 Shop Drawings 88 tonnes ,252 13,252 4 Transportation 4.1 Span Girders, require 2 pilot vehicles 43.2 tonnes 205 8, Pier Girders 18.8 tonnes 140 2, Transoms and Bracing 26.3 tonnes 140 3,681 15,180 5 Coatings 5.1 Inorganic Zinc Silicate (IZS3) sqm/m Span Girder sqm 40 28, Pier Girder sqm 40 11, Transoms 610UB sqm 40 14, Bracing at Piers 150x10 EA sqm 40 3, Transom Bracing 125x8 EA sqm Horiz Bracing 125x8 EA sqm 40 2, Edge Panel Supports CWB sqm 40 1, Girder stiffeners 36 sqm 40 1,440 $63,276 SUB TOTAL $420,037 6 Contigency 5% % $21,002 $21,002 7 Total Fabrication (Deck area) 966 sqm 457 $441,038 Steel Construction New Zealand Inc