A CASE STUDY ON REQUIREMENTS OF QUALITY WORKMANSHIP IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 1061 1067, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_119 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.

Thamilarasu V Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India Rajprasad J Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India Ram Prasanna

1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_119 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed A CASE STUDY ON REQUIREMENTS OF QUALITY WORKMANSHIP IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Thamilarasu V Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India Rajprasad J Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India Ram Prasanna Pavan T Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Chennai, India ABSTRACT Construction building projects has complexity in its nature because it is related to many factors such as quality, safety and resources. Quality workmanship is a comprehensive approach to bolster the durability, serviceability and safety aspects of the construction. Workmanship with higher standards is a positive and humanistic approach to productive management designed to bring together all levels of workforce and experience in an organization for setting standards of excellence and achieving better outcomes. With the evolving competitive market scenario, quality workmanship prepares the employees and workmen to meet the challenges of the changing time and conditions. The purpose of this study is to check the effectiveness of the quality work in view of improving quality, safety & reduction in wastage of resources in a construction project. This study reviews the implementation of quality circle and analyses the perspective of workmen and employees regarding quality of workmanship in construction process. This paper reports a case study of a residential building constructions of located in India and analysing the extent of quality workmanship achieved. Improper compaction and honeycomb issues and handling of materials and safety measures are found to be degrading the effectiveness of workmanship involved. The defects are documented and the causes for that particular problem is analysed upon. This study provides suitable remedial measures for rectifying the defects occurred within the structure and acts as a tool in executing the corrections as soon as possible. Keywords: Quality, Workmanship, Productive, Defects, Durability editor@iaeme.com

2 A Case Study on Requirements of Quality Workmanship In Construction Projects Cite this Article: Thamilarasu V, Rajprasad J and Ram Prasanna Pavan T, A Case Study on Requirements of Quality Workmanship In Construction Projects. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Construction has important role in their country s development and prosperity. The requirements of quality workmanship have been widely implemented in construction projects throughout India. Quality is defined as Fitness for the intended use. Workmanship is may be defined as The quality of work that is done by a concerned person. Negligence of personnel at work is the major reason for most number of defects occurring in construction projects. Building Research Establishment (BRE) indicates that 90% of building failures occur due to improper execution in the workmanship defects, design and construction stages. They include very poor communication, inadequate information, and irregular controls. Durability and Serviceability are major concern in construction projects. These can be ensured only through quality materials and quality workmanship, as they have a greater impact over quality workmanship. The construction projects in India to introducing quality workmanship due to clients argument they are providing quality assurance up to certain period. The rate at which the work is accomplished is lower as the rapid rate of major defects in building occurs as a result of poor quality materials and workmanship, identified as the prime cause of defects in building projects. This will affect the quality of life of occupants and also giving bad image of the parties involved in the construction projects. Poor supervision on site also contributes to poor workmanship during construction and lack of experience and issue of labour competency. 2. LITERATURE STUDY Hanifi Binici et al. (2006) have reported the occurrence of many defects caused due to usage of low quality of concrete and improper gradation of aggregates. The aggregate utilised is not clean and the quantity of cement is not sufficient and heavy masonry building buildings constructed using heavy rocks must be avoided. A.S.Ali et.al. (2011) investigated the performance of construction projects and the development of workmanship through a structured questionnaire among top personnel. Lack of experience and competency of labours are the prime factors affecting the quality of workmanship. N.A.Othman et.al (2014), studied the extent of workmanship among low cost housing. About 90% of the project failures occur due to poor communication, inadequate checks and controls and lack of technical expertise relating to the respective construction projects. Neha.V.Bagdiya (2015) improved the quality and minimises the cost of construction examining the defects along the construction site considered. Lack of maintenance and ineffective usage of materials are also found to be the most primitive issues degrading the quality of many projects editor@iaeme.com

3 Thamilarasu. V, Rajprasad.J and Ram Prasanna Pavan.T 3. METHODOLOGY The methodology adopted in this study is shown in the following figure. Figure 1Methodology flowchart 4. DATA COLLECTION The defects arise due to the workmanship in construction projects are identified considering various case studies pertaining to residential construction projects. The case studies were considered with the percentile of defects found, which provides as a base for study. Three real life case studies were considered and the site details were collected. The sites were surveyed completely and the defects were photographed and documented. Case 1: Brigade enterprises limited, Bangalore, India The building under consideration is a residential structure having seven blocks, each of fifteen floors. The structure is in its final stages of completion and the defects identified are photographed and documented Case 2: Jain Constructions, Chennai, India Residential apartments in the southern part of Chennai, have a number of defects occurred due to poor workmanship and the work went on to its final completion along with these defects. This structure needs attention to its rectify flaws and the details of the defects are analysed to administer suitable remedies so as to increase the building s efficiency. Case 3: SRMT Homes, Kakinada, India The building under study includes both residential and commercial buildings which contains many defects and finished work with low quality workmanship. This project needs to be monitored in order to identify and rectify the defects caused before the completion of the entire work editor@iaeme.com

A Case Study on Requirements of Quality Workmanship In Construction Projects Figure 2Framework for poor quality workmanship 5.

affects the quality of the finished product to a greater extent as seen n the pictures given below.

attack and providing proper ties and joints leads to movement of steel over the concrete matrix and hence developed deteriorate in the

4 A Case Study on Requirements of Quality Workmanship In Construction Projects Figure 2Framework for poor quality workmanship 5. COMMON DEFECTS AFFECTING QUALITY OF WORK Compaction Defects Not utilising proper methods of compaction at the time of execution and hence affects the quality of the finished product to a greater extent as seen n the pictures given below. Figure 3Compaction defects along the structure Defects in the Reinforcement Suitable measures are not adopted to prevent the chemical attack and providing proper ties and joints leads to movement of steel over the concrete matrix and hence developed deteriorate in the entire structure. The following figure shows the errors caused due to improper handling of reinforcement at the construction site editor@iaeme.com

T Figure 4Defects in steel reinforcement

Improper Shuttering Used In Construction

method of handling shuttering affect the

5 Thamilarasu. V, Rajprasad.J and Ram Prasanna Pavan.T Figure 4Defects in steel reinforcement in the construction 6. PLASTERING AND FINISHING ISSUES Honey Comb Issues The honeycomb issues governing the problems related to plastering from the case studies are shown below. Plastering and finishing issues Figure 5Honeycomb issues Figure 6Defects in plastering and finishing Defects Due To Improper Shuttering Used In Construction Presence of inadequate joints and the method of handling shuttering affect the efficiency of the final product which deteriorates the life of the entire structure

building component occurs and develops further with time. Proper internal, external and surface vibration methods should be executed with skilled personnel and under experienced supervision.

6 A Case Study on Requirements of Quality Workmanship In Construction Projects 7. DISCUSSION Figure 7Defects due to improper shuttering during construction Compaction Issues Due to improper compaction techniques, partial expulsion of air and improper settling of aggregates in the building component occurs and develops further with time. Proper internal, external and surface vibration methods should be executed with skilled personnel and under experienced supervision. In current scenario, needle vibration is found to be most effective, economical method of compacting cement concrete as it comes in different sizes and the rate of vibration is optimum compared to other compaction methods available. Steel Reinforcement Issues The quality and depth of concrete in the cover zone of the concrete component are of prime importance in minimising the risk of reinforcement corrosion. Optimum size of cover need to be provided as per the exposure conditions in which the structure is being executed. Coating of reinforcement using epoxy resins is recommended as an effective method in preventing the steel reinforcement from getting corroded. Honeycomb Issues Adopting appropriate design mix, optimum workability at the time of concreting, nominal cover for the steel reinforcement and effective vibrating methods reduce the honeycomb formation along the matrix to a greater extent. Surface pressure grouting with cement based chemicals can be adopted to prevent honeycomb issues. Materials such as polymer-cement slurry, epoxy resins, urethane and high-molecular-weight methacrylate (HMWM) are utilised as the grouting materials. Plastering and Finishing Issues Improper adhesion due to low adsorption on the surface leads to development of issues during plastering of concrete surfaces. The mix with limestone or aggregate containing traces of granite indicates higher risk of failure as the thermal expansion property is very much lower. 8. CONCLUSION Poor workmanship constitutes most of the defects and failures occurring in the building structure. Out of all the structures, the residential building tends to be the victim of poor workmanship during construction. Problems arising out of improper compaction techniques, reinforcement issues, and other failures occur due to negligence of the supervision of the concerned organisation. Optimum remedial measures are discussed to counteract the failures editor@iaeme.com

7 Thamilarasu. V, Rajprasad.J and Ram Prasanna Pavan.T and delicate supervision over the construction works is mandatory in achieving higher quality workmanship in executing the proposed work. The workers employed in construction of well trained and having good awareness on the concepts of quality workmanship. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I hereby acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude the valuable guidance, encouragement and suggestions given by guide, company personnel and faculty of Civil Engineering Department of SRM University, who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout this project work REFERENCES [1] A.S. Ali and K. H. Wen (2011), Building defects, possible solution for poor construction workmanship. Journal of building performance. Issue 23. [2] Akhoundi, G. Vasconcelos, P. Lourenco & L. Silva.(2016), Out-of-plane response of masonry infilled RC frames Effect of workmanship, Journal of Research Gate Management. Pages [3] Hanifi binici et al (2005), Workmanship in recent earthquakes, Quality progress Journal. QJP Volume 5. Issue 56. [4] Neha. V. Bagdya and Shruthi wadalkar Prof. (2015), Review on construction defects, in IOSR journals. Issue 3, pp [5] Ojo, A.M. and Ijatuyi, Defective Construction In Residential Buildings: A Study Of Sunshine Gardens, Akure Nigeria, International Journal of Civil Engineering 30th September Vol.1, No. 6. [6] N.A. Othman, M.A. Othuman, Mydinn (2014), Poor workmanship construction of low cost housing, Journal of engineering research and studies. Volume 24. [7] M.A. Othuman Mydin, N.A. Othman2, & N. Md. Sani3, A Prospective Study on Building Quality: Relationship between Workmanship Quality and Common Building Defects of Low-cost Construction Projects, EDP Sciences [8] Prasanna N.K.K(2011), Study various defects due to workmanship at petrol chemical industry, International Journal for research in technological studies. IJRTS Volume 6. [9] Shittu, D. Adamu, A. Mohammed, B. Suleiman, B. Isa, K. Ibrahim & M. A. Shehu. (2013),Performance Evaluation of Building Appraisal, IOSR Journal. Pages [10] HM government, To study about material and workmanship under approved document Regulation 7, National archives 2013 edition editor@iaeme.com

A Prospective Study on Building Quality: Relationship between Workmanship Quality and Common Building Defects of Low-cost Construction Projects

MAT EC Web of Conferences 17, 010 01 (2014) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/ 20141701001 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2014 A Prospective Study on Building Quality: Relationship between Workmanship