CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS OF SEGMENTAL CANTILEVER BRIDGE
|
|
- Marion Green
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 2, February 2017, pp Article ID: IJCIET_08_02_040 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed CONSTRUCTION STAGE ANALYSIS OF SEGMENTAL CANTILEVER BRIDGE Suhas S Vokunnaya Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India Ravindranatha Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India Tanaji.Thite Design Manager-Structures, C V Kand Consultants Pvt Ltd, Pune, India ABSTRACT Bridge is a structure which is usually built over several obstructions or depressions like rail lines, water bodies, highways, pipelines, canals and also urban roads for decreasing the traffic congestion and directing the traffic to desired destination. Cantilever construction is a method of progressive construction of a cantilever in segments and stitching them to segments previously casted by prestressing. Failure analysis of the bridge during construction phase is very essential, in balanced cantilever construction of continuous bridge, Bending Moment in the bridge increases with addition of the new segment during construction. Once the cantilever segments are added in to both side of pier, the bending moment arise in the pier is negative and increases with the addition of each new segment. When the key blocks are added, the bridge is converted from cantilever form to a continuous form and the negative bending moments on the pier decreases and there arises a positive moment. If the design of the bridge is carried out using the final construction stage structural factors only, it may fail during the intermediate stage. For this operation a bridge model is created and analysed to observe the rate of change of bending moment, reactions and deflection at different stages of construction including the time dependent effects in the construction sequence. The final stage results of the Segmentally constructed bridge is compared with the results obtained considering the bridge as a single structure neglecting the stage wise increments and the difference is noted to prove the importance of Construction Stage Analysis in a Segmental Cantilever Bridge. Key words: Balanced Cantilever, Cast in-situ, Construction Stage, Form Traveller, Segmental Construction. Cite this Article: Suhas S Vokunnaya, Ravindranatha and Tanaji.Thite, Construction Stage Analysis of Segmental Cantilever Bridge. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com
2 Construction Stage Analysis of Segmental Cantilever Bridge 1. INTRODUCTION Transportation facilities and related infrastructural developments play a key role in the overall progress of a country. In a developing country like India, land transport especially-road and Rail network play a major role in this regard. Bridges are one of the most important engineering structures which are commonly used for interplant and intercity transportation. Bridge is a structure which is usually built over several obstructions or depressions like railways, rivers, highways, pipelines, canals and also urban roads for decreasing the traffic jam and directing the traffic to desired destination. Main goal of constructing the bridge refers to enhancing safety, ease of mobility, reducing time and cost, decreasing the traffic jam and congestion that has significant impact on the environment as well as socio-economic situation of the society. Strategic decision is to be made on the type of bridge to be constructed and is to be analysed for better decision making in this field such as importance of the bridge, length of the bridge, span of the bridge, the nature of the terrain, and the material used to make it, safety of drivers, pedestrians, traffic, quality of work, user costs and impacts on the business and society Segmental Cantilever Bridge A Segmental Bridge is built in short segments, that is one piece at a time, combined to span a bridge. The bridge is either cast-in-place or precast. Where site conditions at the bridge site prohibit the erection of scaffolding and centering on river bed and long spans are to be constructed to compensate for the high cost of tall piers and deep foundations, cantilever construction is elegantly convenient and competitive. The cantilevering segments are erected from pier outwards, one on either side, and stitched back simultaneously. The insitu construction is done by a pair of travelling gantries also called form traveller each weighing around KN.After constructing the pier head unit, a pair of gantry systems is erected on top, one on either side of pier. The gantries project beyond the pier head to support the hanging shuttering required for casting the next segment on either side. The external shuttering of the box section deck is supported directly from the gantry system. The internal shuttering is supported on a gantry girder running inside the box along the length of the bridge which in turn is supported at its forward end by previously completed decking. Each travelling gantry is supported when it is moving from completed section to forward section. The gantry systems proceed in a systematic manner from section to section on either side of the pier after the prestressing of segments last cast, they also support a suspended scaffolding for constructional convenience and labour safety. Segmental type of bridge has several advantages in comparison with conventional bridge construction methods such as faster construction, additionally it can be used for irregular and long span lengths with few repetitions, most advantageous part of using this method especially in urban areas refers to its construction technology that it does not need any temporary shoring without any disruption to traffic over water channels and in deep gorges which is very dangerous for construction workers Construction Stage Analysis The construction of bridges is the most complex and challenging operations in bridge design. Different methods and techniques are adopted for the construction of bridge superstructure. To achieve a safe and structurally sound economical strategy planning and implementation of the construction operations, the effects of the chosen erection methods needs to be considered [1] editor@iaeme.com
3 Suhas S Vokunnaya, Ravindranatha and Tanaji.Thite Figure 1 Typical construction of a Cantilever Bridge These effects are seen at early age due to the time dependent effects for which construction stage (CS) analysis has to be performed on the structure. In balanced cantilever construction of continuous bridge, bending moment (BM) in the bridge increases with addition of the new segment during construction. Once the cantilever segments are added in to both side of pier, the bending moment arise in the pier is negative and increases with the addition of each new segment. When the key blocks are added the bridge converted from cantilever form to a continuous form and the negative bending moments on the pier decreases and arise a positive moment. So, if the design of the bridge is carried out using the service period structural factors only, it may fail during the construction stage. It is seen that displacements have an increasing trend towards to the middle of the bridge deck. But, bending moments have a decreasing trend. Because of the fact that the bridge system is statically indeterminate and the cantilever length is much long, the minimum and maximum bending moments are obtained in the middle of the bridge deck and on the bridge column, respectively [3]. Both displacements and bending moments are obtained symmetrically according to the middle point of the bridge deck. 2. PROJECT METHODOLOGY 2.1. Segmental Cantilever Bridge The bridge analysed is segmentally constructed prestressed continuous box Girder Bridge consisting of three spans with a total length of 200 m (55.5m+89m+55.5 m). The cross section height of the superstructure is 5 m at the pier support and 3 m at the midspan section which varies following a second order curve (Parabolically). The cantilever consist of 12 segment each 3 m long and where the two adjacent cantilever meet they are joined with the key segments of 2 m length to close the structure and the end segments are 2.5m long. Bridge width is 12m. The segments are constructed with the Form Traveller (Gantry) at an interval of 14 days each. Grade of concrete used in construction of segments is M-50. In a FCM bridge construction, the sections at the piers are deeper than those at the mid spans to resist high moments and shear forces for cantilevers. Prestressing cables are provided in the upper flange as they are necessary in the construction stage, the cables in the bottom flange are post-tensioned after the completion of the superstructure when the centre segment is cast. 15.2mm-7 ply strands are used throughout. Duct size of 0.15 m is provided. The RCC Pier chosen is a solid rectangular one of dimension 2.5m x 7.5 m,the Pier is constructed using M-40 concrete. Each support has 2 rectangular piers at a spacing of 4.5m c/c of the pier editor@iaeme.com
4 Construction Stage Analysis of Segmental Cantilever Bridge 12m 36m 15m 36m 2m 36m 15m 36m 12m 15m 200m Figure 3 Layout of the Bridge Model The segmental bridge is modelled using the MIDAS Civil-2016 where the structure is modelled using free cantilever method known as balanced cantilever method. During modelling, the bridge is divided into the segments from Construction Stage 1 to Construction Stage 16, with a construction period of 14 days for the 12 segments of length 3m each out of which first 7 days is assigned for installation of formwork, reinforcement bars, ducts etc and next 7 days for pouring of concrete and post tensioning of tendons, curing and 30 days is assigned for the construction of end segments and key segments each, At each construction stage the elements are activated. In segmental bridge construction process the construction is started from both the piers simultaneously with the help of Form Traveller (Gantry) hence time dependent effects are important to be considered in construction stage analysis. The weight of the form traveller applied is 500kN, which includes the formwork and its support devices is internally converted into a vertical force and a moment, which is then applied at the end of the cantilever segment.the loads applied on the bridge structure are generally on higher side than the vehicle loads for which it is designed, hence in construction stage highest deflection occurs during the construction, the two cantilevers undergo different creep, shrinkage and tendon losses, resulting in different stresses and deflections at the time of erecting the Key Segment, such differences need to be reflected in preparing the construction stages for analysis. Data Considered in the modelling and analysis: 1. Pier Section - 2 no s RCC pier 2.5m x7.5m at 4.5 m c/c 2. Grade of Concrete used - M-40 for Pier and M-50 Superstructure 3. Pier Table - 15m wide at top and 10 m wide at bottom, height of 15m from the ground level 4. Superstructure - 12 segments of 3m length each, key segments of 2m length, 4no s of end segments of 2.5 m length each 5.Form Traveller - Weight of gantry is taken as 500 kn. 6. Creep/Shrinkage - Start of loading at 10 days and end at days (As per IRC: editor@iaeme.com
5 Suhas S Vokunnaya, Ravindranatha and Tanaji.Thite Construction of the Substructure, Gantry Fabrication and Assembling Erection of Pier Table formwork and Installation of Form Traveller (Gantry) Erection of formwork, Fabrication of Reinforcement, Ducts etc.,(7 day Duration) Casting of concrete segments, curing and post tensioning of tendons (7 day duration) Form Traveller is moved and installed to the next segment to be casted On Completion of one span of casting, Form Traveller (gantry) is moved to another pier Erection of scaffoldings, formwork for end spans (Full Support Zones) Construction of key segments linking the adjacent cantilevers Erection of scaffoldings, formwork for end spans (Full Support Zones) Construction of key segments linking the adjacent cantilevers Installation of bearings, post tensioning of bottom tendons Bridge surface construction Figure 4 Construction procedures involved 2.2. Time Dependent Material Properties In the construction stage analysis of highway bridges, time dependent material properties such as elasticity modulus, creep and shrinkage for concrete and relaxation for the pre stressed steel are considered. For example, strength of the concrete increase continuously at 7th, 28th and 1000th days of concreting. If these properties are not considered in the analysis, it may effect the analysis results. There are several material properties and phenomena that have some effect on the response of the structure, the evolution of material parameters such as elastic modulus, creep, shrinkage,, and relaxation has been described according to the methods in the design code IRC Creep phenomenon may be defined as the property of concrete by which it continues to deform with time under sustained loads at unit stresses within the acceptable elastic range. Shrinkage is the property of concrete to change in volume independent of the load it sustains. It is essentially due to evaporation of water from concrete and hydration of its components with time, which occurs without any external stress to the concrete. Shrinkage is usually expressed as a dimensionless strain under steady condition of relative humidity and temperature. The development of compressive strength of concrete depends on the type of cement, curing conditions and maturity of concrete editor@iaeme.com
6 Construction Stage Analysis of Segmental Cantilever Bridge Figure 5 Definition of Creep and Shrinkage 2.3. Loads and Load Cases In the analyses of the bridge, the following load cases are considered; Dead Load: Weight of all elements is considered, it is calculated directly from the software for the model input. Additional Load: Weight of the pavement, crash barriers, footpath kerb is added as additional loads and is considered to be 30 kn/m distributed throughout. Gantry: Load of the form traveller. This load is implemented to previous one before the construction of one segment and slide to next one after construction of the segment this load is considered as 500 kn. After the construction of the bridge, this load is removed wholly. Pre stress: Post-tension cables are fixed according to the load charecteristics by the software itself. Posttension loads are considered as strain. Time dependent Loads: Creep, Shrinkage and Compressive strength gain charecteristics is evaluated at each stage of construction and age of concrete, which corresponds to the Modulus of Elasticity at the specified period of construction. The final stage results of the Segmentally constructed bridge is compared with the results obtained considering the bridge as a single structure neglecting the stage wise increments and the difference is noted to prove the importance of Construction Stage Analysis. 3. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 3.1. Maximum Bending Moments (Cantilever Moments) The Bending moments induced due to the Dead load, Prestress tendons, Erection loads, Creep, Shrinkage of concrete are tabulated as below considering a point at which maximum moment occurs (Pier Table) according to the stages of construction in the segmental bridge construction. The maximum bending moment at the final stage analysis without the construction stage analysis effect is found to be kn-m The graphical representation of variation of Bending moments according to the stages of construction at a point in the pier table is considered and shown below in Fig editor@iaeme.com
7 Suhas S Vokunnaya, Ravindranatha and Tanaji.Thite Bending Moments in (kn-m) Construction Dead Erection Prestress Stage Creep Summation Load Load Tendon CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS Figure 6 Variation of Bending Moment with Construction stages and load cases editor@iaeme.com
8 Construction Stage Analysis of Segmental Cantilever Bridge 3.2. Behaviour of RCC Pier The variation of vertical reaction and the bending moments with the Construction Stages at the base of the Pier is as tabulated below: Construction Stage Dead Load Fz (kn) Erection Load Summation Dead Load My (kn-m) Erection Load Summation CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS CS Fx(kN) Summation Fx(kN) Erection Load Fx(kN) Dead Load CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 CS-5 CS-6 CS-7 CS-8 CS-9 CS-10 CS-11 CS-12 CS-13 CS-14 CS-15 CS-16 Figure 7 Variation of Moments (Reaction) with different Construction Stages 3.3. Displacement of the Box Girder The displacement of the top girder obtained for the last stage of construction which is maximum, the maximum displacement is found to be mm (<allowable deflection i.e 185mm), the displacements of various segments is as shown in the deformed shape editor@iaeme.com
9 Suhas S Vokunnaya, Ravindranatha and Tanaji.Thite 4. CONCLUSIONS Figure 8 Displacements at CS-16 (Maximum) Large difference is observed between the results with and without the construction stages, a difference of kn-m (10 % deviation). It can be stated that the analysis without construction stages cannot give the reliable solutions. The bending moment increases as the new segment is added till a key segment is constructed (CS-13). The variation in the Reaction parameters offered by the pier (column) has to be considered and incorporated in the design. Maximum Bending moments occur on the Pier Table. REFERENCES [1] Richard Malm, Hakan Sundquist (2010) Time-dependent analyses of segmentally constructed balanced cantilever bridges Elsevier journal of Engineering Structures 32(2010). [2] Ahmet Can Altunisik, Alemdar Bayraktar, Bar Sevim, Süleyman Adanu and Arman Domaniç. (2010) Construction stage analysis of Komura Highway Bridge using time dependent material properties - Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 36, No. 2,Page no [3] Parag D Patil, Dr.B.S Karkare, G.R.Chillal. (2010) Construction Stage Analysis of Balanced Cantilever Bridge International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research In Science & Engineering, Volume 2. [4] Adanur, S. and Gunayd M. (2010), Construction stage analysis of bosporus suspension bridge, Proceeding of 9th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Trabzon, September. [5] Altun k, A.C., Bayraktar, A., Sevim, B., Domaniç, A. and Adanur, S. (2009), Construction stage analysis of bridges using time dependent material properties, Proceeding of International Symposium on Earthquake, Sakarya, September. [6] JN Mahto and SC Roy, Experimental Analysis of Propagation of Crack In Brass Cantilever Beam Under Forced Vibration. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp [7] IRC: , Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges, India Road Congress, New Delhi. [8] IRC: , Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete Road Bridges, India Road Congress, New Delhi editor@iaeme.com
10 Construction Stage Analysis of Segmental Cantilever Bridge [9] ER. Hassan Mohamed Abdulnabi and Dr. V. C. Agarwal, Claims in Construction Projects "Design Errors and Change Orders". International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp [10] Sumesh Sudheer Babu and Dr. B. Sudhakar, Construction Project Management During Economic Crisis. International Journal of Management, 7(7), 2016, pp [11] IRC SP: , Guidelines for Design and Construction of Segmental Bridges, India Road Congress, New Delhi. [12] IS: , Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [13] IS: , Prestressed Concrete Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. [14] Raina.V.K, Raina s Concrete Bridge Practice-Analysis,Design and Economics, editor@iaeme.com
CONSTRUCTION OF BALANCE CANTILEVER APPROACH SURAMADU BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION OF BALANCE CANTILEVER APPROACH SURAMADU BRIDGE By Masakazu Matsubara Resident Engineer for Approach & Main Bridge Suramadu Bridge Project 1. DESIGN 1.1. Concept of Design of Cantilever Erection
More informationCOMPARATIVE STUDY ON NORMAL AND SKEW BRIDGE OF PSC BOX GIRDER
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eissn: 2319-1163 pissn: 2321-738 COMPARATIVE STUDY ON NORMAL AND SKEW BRIDGE OF PSC BOX GIRDER Pranathi Reddy 1, Karuna S 2 1 Post
More informationPrincipal Bridge Engineer Middle East & India Atkins Abu Dhabi, UAE
Design of continuity slabs and the 020 Gajanan Chaudhari Principal Bridge Engineer Middle East & India Atkins Abu Dhabi, UAE Anand Panpate Senior Bridge Engineer Middle East & India Atkins Abu Dhabi, UAE
More informationStress distributions of PSC box girder bridge due to creep shrinkage effect
Stress distributions of PSC box girder bridge due to creep shrinkage effect Baskoro Abdi Praja 1 1 Civil Eng. Department of Universitas Atma Jaya, 44 Babarsari, Yogyakarta Special Distric Indonesia Abstract.
More informationDESIGN OF FLYOVER TRANSVERSE VERTICALLY BY USING HYDRAULIC JACK
DESIGN OF FLYOVER TRANSVERSE VERTICALLY BY USING HYDRAULIC JACK M. Hari Sathish Kumar 1, K. S. Binitha 2, K. Balaji 3 1,2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, PERI Institute of Technology,
More informationMIDAS Training Series
MIDAS midas Civil Title: All-In-One Super and Sub Structure Design NAME Edgar De Los Santos / MIDAS IT United States 2016 Substructure Session 1: 3D substructure analysis and design midas Civil Session
More informationDesign and Construction of the SH58 Ramp A Flyover Bridge over IH70. Gregg A. Reese, PE, CE, Summit Engineering Group, Inc.
Design and Construction of the SH58 Ramp A Flyover Bridge over IH70 Gregg A. Reese, PE, CE, Summit Engineering Group, Inc., Littleton, CO ABSTRACT: The SH58 Ramp A bridge in Golden, CO is the latest on
More informationConstruction Stage Analysis Midas Civil. Presenter: Robert Salca technical support engineer, Midas UK
Construction Stage Analysis Midas Civil Presenter: Robert Salca technical support engineer, Midas UK In order to make sure that the sound system is working well a poll will appear shortly on your screens.
More informationComparative Study of R.C.C and Steel Concrete Composite Structures
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Comparative Study of R.C.C and Steel Concrete Composite Structures Shweta A. Wagh*, Dr. U. P. Waghe** *(Post Graduate Student in Structural Engineering, Y.C.C.E, Nagpur 441
More informationBridging Your Innovations to Realities
Tutorial 2 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Bridging Your Innovations to Realities 1 Contents 2 1. Project Information 2. Definition of materials 3. Definition of Sections 4. Definition of Time dependent Materials
More informationCast in-situ Balanced Cantilever for Building a Bridge
2013, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com Cast in-situ Balanced Cantilever for Building a Bridge Hamid Aadal, Pejman Ghasemipoor Sabet,
More informationULTIMATE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF SELF-ANCHORED CONCRETE SUSPENSION BRIDGE
ULTIMATE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF SELF-ANCHORED CONCRETE SUSPENSION BRIDGE Meng Jiang*, University of Technology Dalian, P. R. China Wenliang Qiu, University of Technology Dalian, P. R. China Lihua Han,
More informationConstruction Techniques of The 3 rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey
International Symposium on Industrial Chimneys and Cooling Towers, Prague, Oct 8-11, 2014 Construction Techniques of The 3 rd Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey M. Orçun TOKUÇ 1 and Tamer TUNCA 2 1 Engineer
More informationThe Hashemite University Department of Civil Engineering. Dr. Hazim Dwairi. Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1
Department of Civil Engineering Lecture 2.1 Methods of Prestressing Advantages of Prestressing Section remains uncracked under service loads Reduction of steel corrosion (increase durability) Full section
More informationThe Europe Bridge in Portugal: concept and structural design
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 60 (2004) 363 372 www.elsevier.com/locate/jcsr The Europe Bridge in Portugal: concept and structural design A.J. Reis a,b,, J.J. Oliveira Pedro a,b a GRID-Consulting
More informationTHE EUROPE BRIDGE, IN PORTUGAL: THE CONCEPT AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
THE EUROPE BRIDGE, IN PORTUGAL: THE CONCEPT AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN A.J.Reis 1,J.J.Oliveira Pedro 2 ABSTRACT The Europe bridge is a cable stayed bridge with a main span of 186m. A 3D stay cable arrangement
More informationHyperstatic (Secondary) Actions In Prestressing and Their Computation
5.5 Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions In Prestressing and Their Computation Bijan O Aalami 1 SYNOPSIS This Technical Note describes the definition, computation, and the significance of hyperstatic (secondary)
More informationSTRESS RIBBON BRIDGE
A Seminar report On STRESS RIBBON BRIDGE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree Of Civil SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org Acknowledgement
More informationBonner Bridge Replacement Update:
Bonner Bridge Replacement Update: Jerry D. Jennings, PE - NCDOT Division 1 Engineer Pablo A. Hernandez, - NCDOT Resident Engineer September 18, 2017 Bonner Bridge Replacement Timeline Refresher Bonner
More informationService life extension of existing precast concrete girders
Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II Alexander et al (eds) 29 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978--415-4685-3 Service life extension of existing precast concrete girders D.I. Banic,
More informationBRIDGE GIRDERS TECHNICAL GUIDE
ARMTEC.COM BRIDGE MATERIALS / / TECHNICAL GUIDE REGIONal SPECIFICATIONS / AB / MB / SK PRECAST CONCRETE GIRDERS AND BEAMS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT BRIDGE DECKS AND TRAFFIC LOADS Proven strength In-house engineering
More informationREVIEW ON SHEAR SLIP OF SHEAR KEYS IN BRIDGES
REVIEW ON SHEAR SLIP OF SHEAR KEYS IN BRIDGES Benjamin Raison R; Freeda Christy C PG student, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya University. Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Karunya
More informationUSE OF SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR MODERN BRIDGE DESIGN
USE OF SPECIALIZED SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR MODERN BRIDGE DESIGN J. Stampler *, H. Bokan **, D. Janjic ***, M. Heiden **** * Senior Consulting Engineer, TDV GmbH, Graz, Austria ** Manager Project Centre, TDV
More informationOPTIMIZED ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURAL FORMS FOR STANDARD HIGHWAY BRIDGE BEAMS WITH HIGHER STRENGTH CONCRETES
OPTIMIZED ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURAL FORMS FOR STANDARD HIGHWAY BRIDGE BEAMS WITH HIGHER STRENGTH CONCRETES Abstract K S M Silva, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa. Email: mangala_xp@yahoo.com
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 1, No 3, 2010
ABSTRACT Economics of Alternative Structural Schemes of Prestressed Concrete Bridges : Few Case Studies Kishore kumar.m 1,Ch Hanumantha Rao 2 1 M Kishore Kumar, Executive Engineer (Civil), Border Roads
More informationBEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM WITH OPENING
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp. 581 593, Article ID: IJCIET_08_07_062 Available online at http:// http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=7
More informationProject Reference Catalogue
Bridge Bridge Taiwan High Speed Rail, Advancing Shoring Method Taiwan High Speed Rail Corporation. Over 127 km of 13 wide prestressed concrete viaducts were constructed; and 9 contractors designed and
More informationSupporting economical bridge construction the central hinge bearings of the 2 nd Shitalakshya Bridge
IABSE-JSCE Joint Conference on Advances in Bridge Engineering-II, August 8-10, 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN: 978-984-33-1893-0 Amin, Okui, Bhuiyan (eds.) www.iabse-bd.org Supporting economical bridge
More informationBehavior of a multiple spans cable-stayed bridge
Tailor Made Concrete Structures Walraven & Stoelhorst (eds) 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47535-8 Behavior of a multiple spans cable-stayed bridge S. Arnaud, N. Matsunaga, S. Nagano
More informationSECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE DEVELOPED BY THE PTI EDC-130 EDUCATION COMMITTEE NOTE: MOMENT DIAGRAM CONVENTION In PT design, it is preferable to draw moment diagrams to the tensile
More informationLARSA 2000/4th Dimension: Staged Construction Analysis
LARSA 2000/4th Dimension: Staged Construction Analysis LARSA 2000/4th Dimension: Staged Construction Analysis for LARSA 2000 Finite Element Analysis and Design Software Larsa, Inc. Melville, New York,
More informationBijan Khaleghi, Ph, D. P.E., S.E.
0 Submission date: July, 0 Word count: 0 Author Name: Bijan Khaleghi Affiliations: Washington State D.O.T. Address: Linderson Way SW, Tumwater WA 0 INTEGRAL BENT CAP FOR CONTINUOUS PRECAST PRESTRESSED
More informationSabah Shawkat Cabinet of Structural Engineering 2017
3.1-1 Continuous beams Every building, whether it is large or small, must have a structural system capable of carrying all kinds of loads - vertical, horizontal, temperature, etc. In principle, the entire
More informationSeismic Detailing of RC Structures (IS: )
Seismic Detailing of RC Structures (IS:13920-1993) Sudhir K Jain Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar November 2012 1 Outline This lecture covers: Covers important clauses of IS13920 With particular
More informationBrD Superstructure Tutorial
AASHTOWare BrD 6.8 BrD Superstructure Tutorial PS12 Prestressed Concrete I Beam Using BrD LRFD Engine BrD Superstructure Training PS12 - Prestressed Concrete I Beam Using BrD LRFD Engine 1'-9" 55'-6" Total
More informationSTUDY AND BEHAVIOR OF INFILLED VIERENDEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME WITH OPENINGS UNDER STATIC CYCLIC LOADING WITH P.C.C INFILLING
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 7, pp. 579 587 Article ID: IJCIET_8_4_65 Available online at http://www.ia aeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtyp
More informationSeismic Analysis of Truss Bridges with Tall Piers
Journal P Krishi Sanskriti Publications http: Seismic Analysis of Truss Bridges with Tall Piers Akil Ahmed 1 and Jameel Ahmed 2 1,2 Deptt of Civil Engineering Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi
More informationCHAPTER 11: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CHAPTER 11: PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 11.1 GENERAL (1) This chapter gives general guidelines required for the design of prestressed concrete structures or members with CFRM tendons or CFRM tendons in conjunction
More informationNon Linear Analysis of Composite Beam Slab Junction with Shear Connectors using Ansys.16
International Journal of Engineering Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 6726 Volume 5 Issue 4 April 2016 PP.22-29 Non Linear Analysis of Composite Beam Slab Junction with Shear
More informationFolsom Lake Crossing by Hans Strandgaard, Alex Harrison, Jeff Aldrich, and Jeff Thomure, CH2M HILL
Design and Construction Folsom Lake Crossing by Hans Strandgaard, Alex Harrison, Jeff Aldrich, and Jeff Thomure, CH2M HILL View of the Folsom Dam and the canyon just upstream of construction. The area
More informationFlexural Behaviour of External Reinforced Concrete Beams
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com rocedia Engineering 54 ( 2013 ) 252 260 he 2 nd International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering Flexural Behaviour of External
More informationIntroduction to Structural Analysis TYPES OF STRUCTURES LOADS AND
AND Introduction to Structural Analysis TYPES OF STRUCTURES LOADS INTRODUCTION What is the role of structural analysis in structural engineering projects? Structural engineering is the science and art
More informationANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED REINFORCED CONCRETE SKEW SLABS
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 11, November 217, pp. 121 128, Article ID: IJCIET_8_11_13 Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=11
More informationCreep and Shrinkage Analysis of Composite Truss Bridge with Double Decks
Abstract Creep and Shrinkage Analysis of Composite Truss Bridge with Double Decks XIN Haohui; LIU Yuqing; Zheng Shuangjie Tongji University,Shanghai, China 2011xinhaohui@tongji.edu.cn; yql@tongji.edu.cn;
More informationEffects of construction sequences on a continuous bridge
IABSE-JSCE Joint Conference on Advances in Bridge Engineering-II, August 8-10, 010, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN: 978-98--189-0 Amin, Okui, Bhuiyan (eds.) www.iabse-bd.org Effects of construction sequences
More informationBridge articulation No. 1.04
Bridge articulation Scope This Guidance Note gives advice on the selection of the articulation arrangements, the choice of bearing types and dispositions of bearings, for bridges where relative movement
More informationDesign studies of the Castle Bridge over Wislok River in Rzeszow with application of CAD System
Design studies of the Castle Bridge over Wislok River in Rzeszow with application of CAD System Author: Dariusz Alterman Superviser: Dr. Tomasz Siwowski, Civ. Eng. Chairman of the examination committee:
More informationTitle Page: Modeling & Load Rating of Two Bridges Designed with AASHTO and Florida I-Beam Girders
Catbas, Darwash, Fadul / 0 0 0 Title Page: Modeling & Load Rating of Two Bridges Designed with AASHTO and Florida I-Beam Girders F.N. Catbas, H. Darwash and M. Fadul Dr. F. Necati Catbas, P.E. Associate
More informationIronton Russell Bridge Project
Construction Update October 1, 2014 Rendering by URS Responsible for Construction Inspection & Engineering Prepared by: Brian Davidson, P.E. Ironton Russell Bridge Project Project Summary: October 1, 2014
More informationSubstructure systems, specifically retaining walls
Design principles of totally prefabricated counterfort retaining wall system compared with existing cast-in-place concrete structures Maen Farhat and Mohsen Issa An alternative to cast-in-place concrete
More informationBRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL UPDATES. Jamie F. Farris, P.E.
BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL UPDATES Jamie F. Farris, P.E. October 2015 Table of Contents 1 BDM Chapter 2 Limit States and Loads 2 BDM Chapter 3 Superstructure Design 3 BDM Chapter 4 Substructure Design 4 Questions
More informationDesign of Short Span Steel Bridges
PDHonline Course S122 (3 PDH) Design of Short Span Steel Bridges Instructor: Frank Russo, Ph.D. & John C. Huang, Ph.D., PE 2012 PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone
More informationEffect of excessive cement in prestressed concrete girder
Effect of excessive cement in prestressed concrete girder C.V. Kand, T.P. Thite and S.M. Litake DETAILS OF FLYOVER AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION This flyover was on an important road with heavy traffic, had
More informationAASHTOWare BrD 6.8. BrR and BrD Tutorial. PS7-3 Stem PS Bridge Example
AASHTOWare BrD 6.8 BrR and BrD Tutorial PS7-3 Stem PS Bridge Example BrR and BrD Training PS7 3 Stem PS Bridge Example From the Bridge Explorer create a new bridge and enter the following description data.
More informationHIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE. by John J. Roller CTLGroup
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by John J. Roller CTLGroup Early Louisiana HPC Research Law & Rasoulian (1980) Adelman & Cousins (1990) Bruce, Russell & Roller (1990-1993) Law & Rasoulian (1980) Concrete strengths
More informationTagus Crossing at Carregado (Portugal): A project respectful of its sensitive environment
Tailor Made Concrete Structures Walraven & Stoelhorst (eds) 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47535-8 Tagus Crossing at Carregado (Portugal): A project respectful of its sensitive environment
More informationApplication of Tensioned CFRP Strip Method to an Existing Bridge
SP-230 66 Application of Tensioned CFRP Strip Method to an Existing Bridge by A. Tateishi, A. Kobayashi, Y. Hamada, T. Takahashi, and H. Yasumori Synop nopsis: s: Tensioned carbon fiber reinforced polymer
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 3, No 1, 2012
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 3, No 1, 2012 Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0 Research article ISSN 0976 4399 Finite element
More informationStructural behaviour and failure mechanisms of concrete monoblock railway sleepers
Structural behaviour and failure mechanisms of concrete monoblock railway sleepers Olli Kerokoski, Antti Nurmikolu and Tommi Rantala Department of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O.
More informationExtreme Loading for Structures Version 3.1
Extreme Loading for Structures Version 3.1 Corrosion Effects Option April 2010 1. Introduction Corrosion of gusset plates was identified as one of the main causes for failure in the catastrophic collapse
More informationFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND PARAMETRIC STUDY OF CURVED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER USING ABAQUS SOFTWARE
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eissn: 9-6 pissn: -78 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND PARAMETRIC STUDY OF CURVED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER USING ABAQUS SOFTWARE Nila P Sasidharan,
More informationPOST-TENSIONING APPLICATION AND TECHNOLOGY. Moe Kyaw Aung
POST-TENSIONING APPLICATION AND TECHNOLOGY Moe Kyaw Aung Overview 1. Background 2. Basic Design Concept 3. Application and Benefits 4. Components of Post-tensioning System 5. Installation Process 6. Construction
More informationIJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 05, 2016 ISSN (online):
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 05, 2016 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Seismic analysis of RC Building Frame with Different Bracing Systems Mohammed Ali Khan
More informationNorth Mountain IMS Medical Office Building
North Mountain IMS Medical Office Building Phoenix, Arizona Michael Hopple Technical Assignment 2 October 29 th, 2007 AE 481W-Senior Thesis The Pennsylvania State University Faculty Adviser: Dr. Ali Memari,
More informationSeismic Performance of Precast Concrete Bents used for Accelerated Bridge Construction. Bijan Khaleghi 1
Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Bents used for Accelerated Bridge Construction Bijan Khaleghi 1 Abstract Ductility of precast prestressed girder bridges can be achieved by proper detailing of pier
More informationStructural Technical Report #2 Pro/Con Study of Alternate Floor Systems
Christopher McCune Structural Option Eight Tower Bridge Faculty Advisor: Dr. Hanagan October 31 st, 2005 Structural Technical Report #2 Pro/Con Study of Alternate Floor Systems Executive Summary This technical
More informationEnergy Absorption Characteristics of Steel, Polypropylene and Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Prisms
www.cafetinnova.org Indexed in Scopus Compendex and Geobase Elsevier, Chemical Abstract Services-USA, Geo-Ref Information Services-USA, List B of Scientific Journals, Poland, Directory of Research Journals
More informationEffect of Cracked Section on Lateral Response of Reinforced Concrete Flanged Beams
Vol.2, Issue.5, Sep-Oct. 212 pp-3384-3389 ISSN: 2249-6645 Effect of Cracked Section on Lateral Response of Reinforced Concrete Flanged Beams Wakchaure M. R. 1, Varpe Charulata S. 2 1(Asso.Professor. Civil
More informationSLENDER STEEL ARCHES WITH PARTICULAR HANGER ARRANGEMENT FOR MODERNISING CONCRETE BRIDGES (ARCH 04)
Arch Bridges ARCH 04 P. Roca and E. Oñate (Eds) CIMNE, Barcelona, 2004 SLENDER STEEL ARCHES WITH PARTICULAR HANGER ARRANGEMENT FOR MODERNISING CONCRETE BRIDGES (ARCH 04) Ph. Van Bogaert *, W. De Corte
More informationUHPC Connection of Precast Bridge Deck
Jan L. Vitek, Metrostav, a.s. and CTU in Prague Jiri Kolisko, CTU in Prague, Klokner Institute David Citek, CTU in Prague, Klokner Institute Stanislav Rehacek, CTU in Prague, Klokner Institute Robert Coufal,
More informationNorth Mountain IMS Medical Office Building
North Mountain IMS Medical Office Building Phoenix, Arizona Michael Hopple Technical Assignment 1 October 5 th, 2007 AE 481W-Senior Thesis The Pennsylvania State University Faculty Adviser: Dr. Ali Memari,
More informationAnalysis of the Response Under Live Loads of Two New Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Mexico
Analysis of the Response Under Live Loads of Two New Cable Stayed Bridges Built in Mexico Roberto Gómez, Raul Sánchez-García, J.A. Escobar and Luis M. Arenas-García Abstract In this paper we study the
More informationECONOMICAL DESIGN OF A SINGLE SPAN LONG CYLINDRICAL SHELL ROOF WITH EDGE BEAM USING THE SCHORER THEORY
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2017, pp. 24 34, Article ID: IJCIET_08_11_003 Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=11
More information5.4 Analysis for Torsion
5.4 Analysis for Torsion This section covers the following topics. Stresses in an Uncracked Beam Crack Pattern Under Pure Torsion Components of Resistance for Pure Torsion Modes of Failure Effect of Prestressing
More informationPrecast Segmental Bridge Construction Part 4 - Balanced Cantilever Erection Method
Precast Segmental Bridge Construction by John E. Kristensen PE., PLS., PMP. Introduction The popularity of precast concrete segmental bridge construction has grown worldwide in the last few decades. A
More informationUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE SECTION FOR STANDARD PRESTRESS CONCRETE SECTIONS UNDER FLEXURE AHMAD ROSLI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE SECTION FOR STANDARD PRESTRESS CONCRETE SECTIONS UNDER FLEXURE AHMAD ROSLI BIN ABDUL RAHMAN FK 2005 100 EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVE SECTION FOR STANDARD PRESTRESS
More informationAUGUST 2016 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 3-1
AUGUST 2016 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 3-1 3. LOADS AND LOAD FACTORS The loads section of the AASHTO LRFD Specifications is greatly expanded over that found in the Standard Specifications. This section will present
More informationFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS ABHINAV S. KASAT 1 & VALSSON VARGHESE 2 1 (P.G. Student (M-Tech- Structure), Department of Civil Engineering, KDKCE, Nagpur-440009, Maharashtra, India)
More informationIronton Russell Bridge Project
Construction Update October 1, 2013 Rendering by URS Responsible for Construction Inspection & Engineering Prepared by: Brian Davidson, P.E. Project Overview The Ironton Russell Bridge Project entails
More informationStructural assessment of the integrated steel fly-overs widening the historic multiple-arch concrete viaduct over the Pede valley
Structural assessment of the integrated steel fly-overs widening the historic multiple-arch concrete viaduct over the Pede valley Ken SCHOTTE PhD Student, Researcher Ken.Schotte@UGent.be Bart DE PAUW Researcher
More informationStrengthening of hollow core precast slabs using FRP composite materials procedure, testing and rating
Strengthening of hollow core precast slabs using FRP composite materials procedure, testing and rating FLORUŢ SORIN-CODRUŢ*, NAGY-GYÖRGY TAMÁS*, STOIAN VALERIU*, DIACONU DAN* * Department of Civil Engineering
More informationCrack detection in composite bridges with relative displacement sensors
Crack detection in composite bridges with relative displacement sensors *Jun Li 1) and Hong Hao 2) 1), 2) Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA6102 1) junli@curtin.edu.au,
More informationAhmedabad Gandhinagar Metro - MEGA, Ahmedabad. Construction of Helipad Building at V. S. Hospital, Ahmedabad
Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College, V. V. Nagar 388120 A Report on Industrial/Site Visit Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Metro - MEGA, Ahmedabad Construction of Helipad Building at V. S. Hospital,
More informationEARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS OF A G+12 STOREY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT INFILL FOR BHUJ AND KOYNA EARTHQUAKE FUNCTIONS
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS OF A G+12 STOREY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT INFILL FOR BHUJ AND KOYNA EARTHQUAKE FUNCTIONS Jyothi. C. Hawaldar, Dr. D. K. Kulkarni Student, 4 th sem, M.Tech(CADS), Department of Civil
More informationEARTHQUAKE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TAL COMPOSITE BRIDGE PIERS
EARTHQUAKE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TAL COMPOSITE BRIDGE PIERS T KATO 1 And Y TAKAHASHI 2 SUMMARY The recent lessons of structural damages occurred to a number of bridges during 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu
More informationModelling of RC moment resisting frames with precast-prestressed flooring system
Modelling of RC moment resisting frames with precast-prestressed flooring system B.H.H. Peng, R.P. Dhakal, R.C. Fenwick & A.J. Carr Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
More informationRESEARCH PROJECT AT UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO
RESEARCH PROJECT AT UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO QUARTERLY REPORT October 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 Period Year 2 Project Shake Table Studies of a Bridge System with ABC Connections Submitted by M. Saiidi,
More informationISSN: [Gupta* et al., 6(10): October, 2017] Impact Factor: 4.116
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TRUSS TYPE RAILWAY STEEL BRIDGE CONSIDERING RAILWAY LOADINGS. Shubhank Gupta *1, Prof. Sudhir
More informationTHE STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF OUTRIGGERS FOR TALL BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD
THE STUDY ON BEHAVIOUR OF OUTRIGGERS FOR TALL BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOAD Chethan Patel Y G 1, Kiran Kuldeep K N 2 1PG Student, Department of civil engineering SJBIT, Bengaluru 2Assistant Professor.
More informationINTERNSHIP REPORT GOUTHAM.J
INTERNSHIP REPORT GOUTHAM.J M.E Structural Engineering SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore Mail : tcegoutham@gmail.com TEEMAGE PRECAST IN College Road, 1st Cross Street, Tirupur 641602. TamilNadu, India.
More informationEffect of Column Shortening on the Behavior of Tubular Structures
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(36), DOI: 1.17485/ijst/215/v8i36/87533, December 215 ISSN (Print) : 974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 974-5645 Effect of Column Shortening on the Behavior of Tubular
More informationThe use of 0.5 and 0.6 in. (13 and 15 mm) diameter
Benefits of using.7 in. (18 mm) diameter strands in precast, pretensioned girders: A parametric investigation Jessica Salazar, Hossein Yousefpour, Alex Katz, Roya Alirezaei Abyaneh, Hyun su Kim, David
More informationMechanical Performance of Composite Truss Bridge with Double Decks
Mechanical Performance of Composite Truss Bridge with Double Decks Jun HE PH.D Tongji University Shanghai, China frankhejun@gmail.com Biao MA Civil Engineer Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design General
More informationIronton Russell Bridge Project
Construction Update March 1, 2014 Rendering by URS Responsible for Construction Inspection & Engineering Prepared by: Brian Davidson, P.E. Ironton Russell Bridge Project Project Summary: March 1, 2014
More informationBridge Design. II. Bridge Types. Praveen Chompreda. Substructure. Superstructure. which support the roadway. Pier (Column) Abutment.
Components of Bridge EGCE 406 Bridge Design II. Bridge Types Substructure Superstructure Foundation (Pile/ Spread Footing) Any structures above bearing Pier (Column) which support the roadway Abutment
More informationAnalysis of Various Steel Bracing Systems using Steel Sections for High Rise Structures
Analysis of Various Steel Bracing Systems using Steel Sections for High Rise Structures Y. U. Kulkarni 1 P. G. Chandak 1 M. K. Devtale 1 S.S. Sayyed 1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationANALYSIS OF MULTISTORIED BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT FLOATING COLUMN USING ETABS
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp. 91 98, Article ID: IJCIET_08_06_011 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=6
More informationBLAST ANALYSIS AND BLAST RESISTANT DESIGN OF R.C.C RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 3, March 17, pp. 761 770 Article ID: IJCIET_08_03_076 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=8&itype=3
More informationCHAPTER 7: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
CHAPTER 7: SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES 7.1 GENERAL It shall be in accordance with JSCE Standard Specification (Design), 7.1. 7.2 CALCULATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN It shall be in accordance with JSCE Standard
More information