TALL BUILDINGS. The 2010 CTBUH Reference Guide of the what, when and where of tall and urban

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1 TALL BUILDINGS The 2010 CTBUH Reference Guide of the what, when and where of tall and urban

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3 TALL BUILDINGS The 2010 CTBUH Reference Guide of the what, when and where of tall and urban

4 Editor Antony Wood Coordinating Editor & Design Nathaniel Hollister Other Contributors Steven Henry, Jan Klerks, Matthew Lacey, Marshall Gerometta, Philip Oldfield Published by The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat CTBUH 2010 Printed and bound in Chicago by Source4. Copyright 2010 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN CTBUH has endeavored to determine the copyright holders of all images. Those uncredited have been sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S. R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL t: f: e:

5 Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide This reference guide provides a snapshot of tall buildings internationally, through data, graphs and statistics 1. In addition to documenting what is already built, it looks to those projects currently under construction and those proposed, thus giving a clear indication of the trends and directions in the industry. It also describes the CTBUH height criteria upon which tall buildings are measured, and profiles other output from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat; the recognized source of information on all things tall and urban. 1 Unless otherwise noted all data contained within this reference guide is accurate as of January 4th, 2010.

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7 Contents Height Criteria and Definitions 7 What is a Tall Building? 8 How is the Height of a Tall Building Measured? 10 Other Criteria: Status, Structure, Floors 12 Height Calculator 14 World s Tallest 17 The Tallest Ten 18 World s Tallest Lists Tallest Urban Agglomerations 38 Annual Review of Construction : A Tall Building Review : A Tall Building Review 54 The Past, Present and Future of Tall 63 History of the World s Tallest 64 Rise of the Supertall 68 Innovative 20: Challenging the Typology 72 Award Winners Award Winners 86 Best Tall Building Awards Criteria & History 91 Lynn S. Beedle Award 94 Fazlur Rahman Khan Medal 96 CTBUH Resources 99 World Congresses/Conferences 100 Publications 104 Other Activities and Output 112 Contents 5

8 The Tallest Ten The World s Tallest Ten has undergone dramatic change in the last decade. Three buildings have held the World s Tallest Building title in the last six years, most recently the Burj Khalifa. Of the tallest ten buildings in the world currently, five have been completed since The mid to long term will inevitably be affected by the current global economic recession as less supertall buildings are currently starting on site. However, the recent rapid change of the Tallest Ten is predicted to continue in the immediate future, with five new Tallest Ten buildings scheduled to complete in the next year or two, and numerous others completing after that. The five buildings close to completion are: Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel (591m/1939ft); International Commerce Centre (Hong Kong, 483m/1585ft); Nanjing Greenland Financial Center (450m/1476ft); Guangzhou International Finance Center (440m/1444ft); and Kingkey Finance Center (Shenzhen, 439m/1440ft). See pages for a diagram and analysis of the tallest ten buildings. 18 World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide

9 (1) Burj Khalifa Dubai, UAE Height 828m/2717ft Highest Floor 585m/1918ft Height to Tip 830m/2723ft Completion 2010 Building Use Office/Residential/Hotel Structural Material Steel/Concrete Total Floors 162 Total Area 464,511 m²/5,000,118 ft² Owner/Developer Emaar Properties Architect Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP Structural Engineer Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP MEP ETA M&E Contractor Samsung Engineering and Construction; Arabtec; Besix Ema ar rp rope rtie s i World's Tallest 19

10 World s Tallest Ten (as of January 4th, 2010) Height is measured from the level of the lowest, significant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, flag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to define the CTBUH rankings of the World s Tallest Buildings. See page (Height Criteria and Definitions) for a full description of the CTBUH height criteria, definitions and footnotes. 828m/2717ft Burj Khalifa Dubai m/1667ft 492m/1614ft 452m/1483ft Taipei 101 Taipei 2004 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 2008 Petronas Towers 1 & 2 Kuala Lumpur World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide

11 Location Completion Asia Middle East N. America s 1990 s 1970 s Structural Material Function Steel Concrete Composite Steel/Concrete Office Mixed-Use 442m/1451ft 423m/1389ft 421m/1380ft 412m/1352ft 390m/1280ft Willis Tower Chicago 1974 Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago 2009 Jin Mao Building Shanghai 1999 Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong 2003 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou World's Tallest 29

12 World s Tallest Lists The CTBUH organizes tall building projects into three major catagories 1 : completed, under construction and proposals. The following pages provide lists and statistical information on: the 100 tallest buildings completed, the 50 tallest buildings under construction and the 50 tallest proposals. 1 For a full definition of CTBUH building status categories, see page World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide

13 The Tallest Buildings Completed The charts below provide an analysis of the tallest 100 completed 2 buildings worldwide as of January The table on the following pages contains information on these projects, including: building name, location, year of completion, number of stories, height in meters and in feet to architectural top and structural material. Location Completion (decade) Structural Material 35% 4% 41% 4% 7% 11% 49% 24% 5% 28% 18% 28% 41% Asia Australasia 1930 s 1980 s Steel Steel/Concrete Middle East Europe 1960 s 1990 s Concrete Concrete/Steel N. America 1970 s 2000 s Composite Unknown Function Height (meters) Stories 20% 7% 7% 5% 5% 17% 11% 57% 34% 62% 72% Hotel Office Residential Mixed-Use 200 s 500 s s s A completed building can be considered such and added to the tallest lists if it fulfills all of the following three criteria: 1) topped out structurally and architecturally, 2) fully-clad, 3) open for business, or at least partially occupied. World's Tallest 31

14 The World s 100 Tallest Buildings (Part 1) # Building Location Completion Stories Height (m) Height (ft) Material 1. Burj Khalifa Dubai Steel/Concrete 2. Taipei 101 Taipei Composite 3. Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai Composite 4. Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Composite 4. Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Composite 6. Willis Tower Chicago Steel 7. Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago Concrete 8. Jin Mao Building Shanghai Composite 9. Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong Composite 10. CITIC Plaza Guangzhou Concrete 11. Shun Hing Square Shenzhen Composite 12. Empire State Building New York Steel 13. Central Plaza Hong Kong Concrete 14. Bank of China Hong Kong Composite 15. Bank of America Tower New York Steel 16. Almas Tower Dubai Concrete 17. Emirates Tower One Dubai Composite 18. Tuntex Sky Tower Kaohsiung Composite 19. Aon Center Chicago Steel 20. The Center Hong Kong Steel 21. John Hancock Center Chicago Steel 22. Rose Rotana Tower Dubai Composite 23. Shimao International Plaza Shanghai Concrete 24. Minsheng Bank Building Wuhan Steel 25. China World Trade Center III Beijing Steel 26. Q1 Gold Coast Concrete 27. Burj al Arab Hotel Dubai Composite 28. Nina Tower I Hong Kong Concrete 29. Chrysler Building New York Steel 30. New York Times Tower New York Steel 31. Bank of America Plaza Atlanta Composite 32. U.S. Bank Tower Los Angeles Steel 33. Menara Telekom Headquarters Kuala Lumpur Concrete 34. Emirates Tower Two Dubai Concrete 35. AT&T Corporate Center Chicago Composite 36. The Address Downtown Burj Dubai Dubai Concrete 37. JP Morgan Chase Tower Houston Composite 38. Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok Concrete 39. Two Prudential Plaza Chicago Concrete 40. Wells Fargo Plaza Houston Steel 41. Kingdom Centre Riyadh Steel/Concrete 42. Arraya Tower Kuwait City Concrete 43. Aspire Tower Doha Composite 44. One Island East Hong Kong Concrete 45. First Bank Tower Toronto Steel 46. Eureka Tower Melbourne Concrete 47. Comcast Center Philadelphia Composite 48. Landmark Tower Yokohama Steel 49. Emirates Crown Dubai Concrete South Wacker Drive Chicago Concrete Asia Middle East N. America Australasia Europe 32 World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide

15 The World s 100 Tallest Buildings (Part 2) # Building Location Completion Stories Height (m) Height (ft) Material 51. SEG Plaza Shenzhen Concrete 52. American International Building New York Steel 53. Key Tower Cleveland Composite 54. Plaza 66 Shanghai Steel/Concrete 55. One Liberty Place Philadelphia Steel 56. Millennium Tower Dubai Concrete 57. Tomorrow Square Shanghai Concrete 58. Columbia Center Seattle Composite 59. Chongqing World Trade Center Chongqing Concrete 60. Cheung Kong Centre Hong Kong Steel 61. The Trump Building New York Steel 62. Bank of America Plaza Dallas Composite 63. United Overseas Bank Plaza Singapore Steel 64. Republic Plaza Singapore Composite 65. Overseas Union Bank Centre Singapore Steel 66. Citigroup Center New York Steel 67. Hong Kong New World Tower Shanghai Composite 68. Diwang International Commerce Center Nanning Concrete 69. Scotia Plaza Toronto Composite 70. Williams Tower Houston Steel 71. Wuhan World Trade Tower Wuhan The Cullinan I Hong Kong Concrete 72. The Cullinan II Hong Kong Concrete 74. Renaissance Tower Dallas Steel 75. China International Center Tower B Guangzhou Concrete 76. Dapeng International Plaza Guangzhou Composite st Century Tower Dubai Concrete 78. One Lujiazui Shanghai Concrete 79. Naberezhnaya Tower C Moscow Composite 80. Al Faisaliah Center Riyadh Steel/Concrete North Michigan Avenue Chicago Concrete/Steel 82. Bank of America Corporate Center Charlotte Concrete 83. Al Kazim Tower 1 Dubai Concrete 83. Al Kazim Tower 2 Dubai Concrete 85. BOCOM Financial Towers Shanghai Concrete Collins St. Melbourne Concrete 87. SunTrust Plaza Atlanta Concrete 88. Triumph Palace Moscow Concrete 89. Tower Palace Three, Tower G Seoul Composite 90. Trump World Tower New York Concrete 91. Water Tower Place Chicago Concrete 92. Grand Gateway Plaza I Shanghai Concrete 92. Grand Gateway Plaza II Shanghai Concrete 94. Aqua Chicago Concrete 95. Aon Center Los Angeles Steel 96. BCE Place-Canada Trust Tower Toronto Composite 97. Grand Lisboa Macau Steel/Concrete 98. Dual Towers 1 Manama Concrete 98. Dual Towers 2 Manama Concrete Collins Street Melbourne Composite Asia Middle East N. America Australasia Europe World's Tallest 33

16 The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals, designed to facilitate exchanges among those involved in all aspects of the planning, design, construction and operation of tall buildings. The CTBUH is the world s leading body in the field of tall buildings and the recognized source of information on tall buildings internationally. It is the arbiter of tall building height and determiner of the title of The World s Tallest Building. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S. R. Crown Hall Illinois Institute of Technology 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL ISBN t: f: e: info@ctbuh.org