Types of Walls. Walls and Ceilings. Chapter Three 3/20/2016

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1 Walls and Ceilings By, Mrs. Noshaba Maryam Chapter Three Types of Walls Load Bearing walls support floors above and the roof. Partition or curtain walls are non-load bearing and do not support anything. They act as space dividers Moveable walls: accordion walls and modular panels. If space needs change often, you should consider using moveable walls. Conference centers, office spaces, etc. Partial Walls: walls that are less than ceiling height, offer visual privacy but not acoustical privacy. Provide ventilation. Spur/freestanding: walls that do not join adjacent wall at both ends. IE: fireplaces in the center of rooms, walls behind reception desks. 1

Types of Walls Moveable Walls Spur or Freestanding wall Factors to consider when

Informal walls are rough, asymmetrical, and are more open with a horizontal feel

They offer flexibility for tenants that experience change.

2 Types of Walls Moveable Walls Spur or Freestanding wall Factors to consider when planning walls: Aesthetics: formal walls have smooth surfaces and are symmetrical in the window and door placements. They are also more closed with more of a vertical emphasis. Informal walls are rough, asymmetrical, and are more open with a horizontal feel Function and Flexibility: why use moveable walls? They offer flexibility for tenants that experience change. Moveable walls provide electrical and data lines (some even offer plumbing) built into the wall system. The flooring is installed continuous so that the walls can be moved and not require the flooring to be changed. 2

3 Factors to consider when planning walls: Degree of enclosure and privacy: opaque walls mean that you can t see thru them. Translucent means that you can see thru the windows. Light qualities: Psychology of light. White reflects up to 89% of light and black reflect about 2%. Texture also plays a role. Smooth surfaces reflect more light that rough textures. Durability: the amount of time and money needed to maintain the walls must be considered. This is your responsibility when specifying a wall treatment to understand your clients needs. Acoustics: smooth, hard surfaces reflect sound while soft, porous surfaces absorb sound. Insulate wall cavities when sound transmission is an issue. Thermal qualities: comfort and energy efficiency. TYPES OF WALL MATERIALS 3

Interior walls can be covered with any one of a number of materials: Gypsum wallboard (drywall) Gypsum wallboard for plaster veneering

4 Come from a variety of sources both natural and fabricated flexible or soft more accommodating to shifts in occupant lifestyle generally require more upkeep acoustical benefits EXAMPLES: fabric, upholstered panels, cork, acoustical tiles, paint, gypsum board, plaster, stucco Interior walls can be covered with any one of a number of materials: Gypsum wallboard (drywall) Gypsum wallboard for plaster veneering Predecorate gypsum paneling Plywood and particleboard Hardboard and fiberboard Solid wood paneling Second Semester Plaster Cement board Special finishes 4

Plaster Materials & Methods Three-coat work Scratch coat Applied directly to plaster base It is cross-raked after having stiffened Brown coat Applied and leveled

5 Plaster: An old technique in which plaster is applied over the wallboard or concrete block using a lath. Textures range from smooth to stucco. This technique is almost a lost trade and is not used in new homes. It often chips and cracks as a house settles over the years. Plaster Materials & Methods Three-coat work Scratch coat Applied directly to plaster base It is cross-raked after having stiffened Brown coat Applied and leveled with the grounds and screeds. A long flat tool called and darby and rod are used Finish coat Applied when third coat is somewhat dry Two-coat work Scratch coat and brown coat are applied almost at the same time 5

6 WALL FINISHES Wood Panelling It is a decorative treatment done with wooden panels on the walls in various designs. The material used can be plywood or wood covered with veneer or laminate. 6

7 Cement plastered Finish It is prepared in the form of mortar with cement, sand and water in proper proportions and applied on masonry manually to achieve a smooth finish or sand faced finish. Laminate Finish Laminate comes in various colours and designs. It comes in the form of sheet and is pasted with fevicol on Plywood. 7

The selection of tiles depends on the place where it is to be applied i.e. interior facade or exterior facade.

8 Tile Cladding Different tiles, for example, granite, marble, glazed tiles or vitrified tiles are used for tile cladding. Tiles are available in a variety of colours and shapes. The selection of tiles depends on the place where it is to be applied i.e. interior facade or exterior facade. Marble Powder Finish This is a very smooth finish. The finish looks like Marble flooring. This finish is obtained by mortar of marble powder, white cement and water. It is applied manually. 8

Pebbles Finish This a very simple and attractive finish obtained by pasting small pebbles on the walls with cement mortar as an

9 Sand Textured Finish Sand Textured finish is used to give fine texture to the wall. This wall finish is not very commonly used because of its grains coming out. Pebbles Finish This a very simple and attractive finish obtained by pasting small pebbles on the walls with cement mortar as an adhesive. Pebbles finish is usually preferred for exterior facade. It is also commonly used to give nice flowing effect to the waterfalls that are created especially designed for Hotel Interiors or as a part of Exterior Landscaping. 9

The flakes are applied with a trovel on walls over a coat of adhesive. Canfor Finish Canfor finish is also known as Faux finish.

10 Flakes Finish It is a special material used to enhance the elevation treatment of the building. It is majorly used for the exterior facade. It has also been used for the interiors but to a very small extent. Application of flakes finish is avoided in the interiors because chipping off of flakes is a trouble. The flakes are applied with a trovel on walls over a coat of adhesive. Canfor Finish Canfor finish is also known as Faux finish. This material is used for the interiors of residences. It adds a unique aesthetic appeal to the place. It comes in 6mm thickness and in different designs. This finish is chosen when a false finish is to be given. It gives a stone wall or brick wall effect. 10

Plaster of Paris Finish Plaster of Paris or simply plaster is a type of building material based on

11 Coral Finish Coral finish is similar to Plaster of Paris Finish and Gypsum Plaster Finish. Coral is the name of a type of plastering material. It gives a rough edgy finish. Plaster of Paris Finish Plaster of Paris or simply plaster is a type of building material based on calcium sulphate hemihydrates. This is a smooth finish achieved by plaster of Paris generally applied on internal walls. 11

It comes in different colours and generally used in swimming pools. Stained Glass Finish It involves lot of creative work.

12 Glass Mosaic Finish Glass mosaic tiles are small 1 x1 on a cloth to get a workable size 12 x12 and this tile is pasted with an adhesive on wall surfaces. It can also be pasted on curved surfaces. It comes in different colours and generally used in swimming pools. Stained Glass Finish It involves lot of creative work. The glass is decorated with itching, frosting, glass pasting and finally colouring with suitable colours according to the theme. The stained glass panels are used on walls and ceilings. 12

It is more durable and finer as compared to Plaster of Paris Finish.

13 Gypsum Plaster Finish This just like plaster of Paris finish but gypsum based material is used to prepare mortar. It is more durable and finer as compared to Plaster of Paris Finish. Designer Mirror Finish Designer mirrors are obtained by small pieces on walls to create mural like design. 13

14 Other wall finishes: Stone, Brick, glass, and resin Other wall finishes: Paint, Wallpaper, Vinyl Wallcoverings 14

15 selection Guidelines: size of space function of space time frame of occupancy permanently installed materials initially cost more but may be least costly in long run need to be flexible for change pattern on walls lock in style or color scheme can be restrictive upkeep is a major consideration authenticity and style What is the difference? Wallpaper: Has been used since the Colonial days in the US and for about 5 centuries in Europe. Known as the poor mans tapestry because only the wealthy could afford the real thing. Paper is not easily cleaned, cannot be scrubbed unless vinyl coated. It is priced by the single roll, although it is sold in a double roll. It is typically 27 wide. Vinyl Wallcovering: More durable, usually fabric backed, does not stretch and tear during installation and is 54 wide. It can be purchased by the yard on a bolt. Typically used in commercial use and is more expensive than paper. It is categorized into two types: Type 1 and Type 11. (there is even a type III) Type one is lighter in weight (12-15 ozs per yard) and Type II is heavier, usually oz per yard and up. Type II is used in clinical areas of hospitals. 15

16 Three Classifications of Ceilings Suspended from the structure Acoustical tiles tin Attached directly to the structure Gypsum board Plaster Tongue and groove wood Structure and ceiling finish are the same thing. Concrete sub floor Exposed ducts Exposed wood beams, joists Types of Ceilings Coffered Barrel Vault Coved Tray Exposed Suspended 16

17 Coffered Ceiling Roman Coffered ceiling at the Pantheon ( A.D.) were originally covered with blue stucco and glided rosettes. Barrel Vault Changing room in the women's section of the Forum Baths. Space is covered by a stucco barrel vault, marked by groves. Floor is black and white mosaic. 17

18 Coved Ceiling Exposed Ceilings Haddon Hall, 14 th Century Middle Ages ( A.D.) featured structural details of open beams supporting a pitched roof. Some ceilings were flat with exposed beams. Upper class homes featured paintings, checkerboard designs and heraldic motifs. 18

19 Tray Ceilings Suspended ceilings Advantages Low cost Fast installation Sound control Flexible Adaptability of lighting and mechanical Easy accessibility to plenum space 19

20 Specialty Tiles Specialty Tiles 20

21 Ceiling Tile Can be installed over engineered metal strips, wood furring strips, solid plaster, drywall, or smooth continuous surfaces Many materials can be used Standard size is 12 X12 Second Semester Estimating Materials Determining Area of Rooms Ceiling area is usually the same as floor area Multiply length times width Wall area add all the wall lengths together and multiply by the wall height Sheet Materials Always plan to use the longest practical sheet. Divide total length of walls by the width of sheets to find the number of sheets needed Estimate each room separately 21

In the design development phase, submit finish and material selections to Facilities Management Planning Group for review.

In the design development phase, submit finish and material selections to Facilities Management Planning Group for review. 09 00 00 FINISHES 09 01 00 Maintenance of Finishes 09 01 20 Maintenance of Plaster and Gypsum Board 09 01 20.91 Plaster Restoration 09 01 30 Maintenance of Tiling 09 01 30.91 Tile Restoration 09 01 50