EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON M30 GRADE CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH EGG SHELL POWDER

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2018, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_09_05_061 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON M30 GRADE CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH EGG SHELL POWDER Dr. Ch. Kannam Naidu Civil Engineering Department, VIIT, Duvvada, Andhra Pradesh, India Dr. Ch. Vasudeva Rao Civil Engineering Department, AITAM, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh, India Dr. G. Venkata Rao Civil Engineering Department, VIIT, Duvvada, Andhra Pradesh, India A.Y.D.T. Akhilesh Civil Engineering Department, VIIT, Duvvada, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT An experimental study, on M30 grade concrete after partial replacement of cement with Egg Shell Powder (ESP), has been done to reduce the cost of concrete without affecting its compressive strength. The study reveals that the use of ESP, which has been collected from poultry industries, as a good replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in M30 Grade concrete as it has been given good results. The reason behind choosing the ESP as partial replacement since it has nearly same chemical composition as that of limestone. In this study M30 grade concrete cubes have been casted according to IS 10262:2009 by replacing the cement with the ESP at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by its weight as partial replacement. The compressive strength of the casted cubes have been determined after 7 and 28 days moist curing and compared with the characteristic strength conventional concrete. The results reveal that at 10% ESP replacement the strength is higher than conventional concrete and indicates that 10% ESP is an optimum content for maximum strength. Among the products like Rice Husk Ash, Fly Ash, Silica Fumes etc. the Egg Shells are also known to have good prospects in minimizing the usage of cement. Keywords: M30 grade concrete, Egg Shell Powder, Ordinary Portland Cement, IS 10262:2009, Partial Replacement editor@iaeme.com

2 Experimental Study On M30 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Cement With Egg Shell Powder Cite this Article: Dr. Ch. Kannam Naidu, Dr. Ch. Vasudeva Rao, Dr. G. Venkata Rao and A.Y.D.T. Akhilesh, Experimental Study On M30 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Cement With Egg Shell Powder, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Nowadays concrete is mostly used material in constructions like buildings, roads etc. The concrete is made with the materials include cement, fine and coarse. Presently huge demand is there for cement and day by day the cost of the cement is also increasing. Of course it is a well-known fact that during manufacturing of the cement lots of carbon dioxide is released and affecting living animals. The utilization of cement can be minimized by partial replacement of Egg Shell Powder with cement in making concrete. Presently India has become the third largest egg producer in the world reported by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Statistics Division. Calcium rich Egg Shell has almost similar chemical composition of lime stone so it can be used as binder material in making the concrete. The ASTM International C150 allowed up to a 5 % mass fraction of limestone incorporation in Ordinary Portland Cement in 2004 (ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 2004). But the performance of Portland cement does not affect for 5% of limestone incorporation (Hawkins et al. 2003). Even higher limestone percentage can also be used at lower w/c ratios in concrete (Bentz et al. 2009). The cement is substituted with limestone powder makes sense in concretes reducing carbon dioxide emissions and saving money and energy (Bonavetti, V et al. 2003). Instead of limestone, as it is in downfall trend in extraction, identifying similar material from waste is a better idea. Around 250,000 tons of egg shell is produced yearly universal by the food processing manufacturing only. Out of that tons of egg shell is being produced yearly by egg mainframes and makers in India (O. Amu et al. 2005). Majority of the egg shell waste is disposed in landfills without any pretreatment since it is normally useless and finally creates serious eco problems (J. J. Beaudoin and R. F. Feldman, 1979). The treatment and operation of bio-waste has been burdened in our society for ecological and economic angles (IS 10262:2009, Bureau of Indian Standards). Egg Shell powder can be used as a stabilizing material for improving properties of soil (Amu et al. 2005). Egg Shell Powder can be used as soil stabilizer for subgrade of a road construction (Olarewaju et al. 2011). Egg Shell Powder can be an excellent alternative material for reuse and waste recycling practices (Freire and Holanda, 2006). Egg Shell consist 93.70% calcium carbonate.20% organic matter, 1.30% magnesium carbonate, and 0.8% calcium phosphate (Winton, A. L. 2003). Calcium trioxocarbonate (IV) is an important constituent of Egg Shell Powder (AASHTO, 1986). Fly ash, rice husk ash and eggshell powder have been used as partial replacement for cement and it has been confirmed that the trio when mixed together with the cement somewhat has equal strength with that of conventional concrete mixes (Jayasankar et al. 2010). Eggshell ash was used as an admixture to cement with a center of attention on the setting time and it has been recognized as a good accelerator as of extra calcium oxide provided by the addition of eggshell powder (Mtallib, M.O.A. and Rabiu, A. 2009). Egg Shell Powder was also satisfied the requirements for initial and final setting times of cement (BS 12, 1991). This experimental study is very needy to the new researchers as there are only very few experimental studies have been carried out on M30 Grade Concrete mixes editor@iaeme.com

3 Dr. Ch. Kannam Naidu, Dr. Ch. Vasudeva Rao, Dr. G. Venkata Rao and A.Y.D.T. Akhilesh 2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The materials which were used in this study have been procured from local sources. C53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement meeting the requirements of both the IS: and ASTM C type-i have been used (IS: ; ASTM C , 1995). The laboratory tests were conducted for cement include Fineness (3%), Specific Gravity (3.1444), Normal Consistency (34%), Initial setting Time (30 min) and Final setting Time (30 min). The Egg shells were collected from nearby sources includes hotels, canteens and so on. The shells were cleaned in normal water and dried in hot sun light for an hour. Later the shells were again dried in oven at temperature of C for 24 hours. Then the shells were crushed, grinded and sieved through 90 μm sieve. The Egg Shell Powder which was passed through 90 μm sieve has been used for partial replacement. Figure 1.1, shows Egg Shell Powder and its chemical composition is shown in Table 1.1 Figure 1.1 The Egg Shell Powder Table 1.1 Chemical composition of Egg Shell Powder S.No Oxide Contents Percentage (%) 1 CaO SiO Al2O MgO Fe2O Na2O P2O SrO NiO SO Cl Crushed granite of maximum size 20 mm was used as coarse (IS: ). The specific gravity of coarse is Natural river sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on the 75 µm sieve was used (IS: ). The specific gravity of fine is editor@iaeme.com

4 Experimental Study On M30 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Cement With Egg Shell Powder 2.1. Mix Design Calculations STEP 1:Stipulations for Proportioning Flow Chart STEP 2:Test Data for Materials Grade designation M30 Cement used OPC 53 Grade Type of cement OPC 53 Grade Specific gravity of cement Maximum nominal size of Specific gravity of coarse 20 mm Aggregate Specific gravity of fine Minimum cement content 360 kg/m Aggregate 2.65 Maximum water-cement ratio 0.45 Water absorption of coarse 1.2% Slump Workability 75 mm Water absorption of fine 26.1% Exposure condition Severe Surface moisture of coarse Nil Degree of supervision Good Surface moisture of fine Nil Type of Angular Sieve analysis Fine s: Conforming to grading zone Il of Maximum cement content kg/m 3 Table 4 of IS383. STEP 3:Target Strength For Mix Proportioning STEP 4:Selection Of Water-Cement Ratio f ck = f ck S where f ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days f ck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days S = standard deviation, 5 N/mm2 From Table 5 of IS 456 Maximum water-cement ratio = 0.45 Based on experience, Adopt water-cement ratio as 0.45 STEP 6:Calculation of Cement Content (From Table 1 of IS :10262, 2009) f ck = 30 + ( 1.65 x 5) =31.6 N/mm 2 STEP 5:Selection of Water Content From IS: Table No.2 Maximum water content=186 liters (25-50 mm Slump) For 20 mm Estimated water content for 50 mm slump = (3/100 x 186) = 191 liters Adopt 191 liters of water content. Water-cement ratio = 0.45 Therefore Cement content = 191/0.45 = kg/cu.m From Table 5 of IS 456, Minimum cement content for 'severe exposure condition is 320 kgm3. Since kg/cu m > 320 kg/cu m. Hence, Ok. Therefore adopt minimum cement content of 320 kg/cu m. STEP 7:Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate Content From Table 3 of IS:10262, volume of coarse corresponding to 20 mm size and fine (zone-ii) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 is editor@iaeme.com

5 Dr. Ch. Kannam Naidu, Dr. Ch. Vasudeva Rao, Dr. G. Venkata Rao and A.Y.D.T. Akhilesh In the present case water-cement ratio is Therefore volume of coarse is required to be increased to decrease the fine content As the water cement ratio is lower by 0.10 The proportion of volume of coarse is increased by 0.02 (at the rate of -/ for every -/ change in water-cement ratio). Therefore corrected proportion of volume of coarse for the water-cement ratio of 0.45 is Therefore, Volume of fine = = STEP 8:Mix Calculations The mix per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows: Volume of concrete = 1 cu m Volume of cement= (mass cement/ specific gravity of cement x (I/1000) = (424.44/3.144)*(1/1000). = m 3 Volume of water = mass of water/ specific gravity of water)x(1/1000) = /1000 = cu m Volume of = [1-( )] = cu m Mass of coarse = d x vol. of CA x Sp g of CA x 1000 = 0.673x 0.63x2.768x 1000 = kg. Mass of fine = d x vol. of FA x Sp.gr.of F.A x1000 = x0.37x2.65x1000 = kg STEP 9: Actual Mix Proportion Cement: Fine : Coarse : Water : : : Therefore Mix Ratio is 1 : : : 0.45 Mix Calculations for 1 Cube Cube Area = 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 = 3.375x 10-3 For 30% wastage = Area*(30/100) = x 10-3 Total concrete required = x Cement = 1.87 kg Coarse = 5.15 kg 60% of 20 mm = 3.09 kg 40% of 10 mm = 2.06 kg Fine = 2.9 kg Water = 0.84 liters Table 1.2 Percentages of Egg Shell Powder as Partial Replacement with Cement S.No % of partial replacement of Egg Shell powder with Mix Proportion cement 1 0 C100-E0 2 5 C95-E C90-E C85-E C80-E C75-E25 C: Cement and E: Egg Shell Powder editor@iaeme.com

6 Experimental Study On M30 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Cement With Egg Shell Powder 2.2. Results and Discussions Totally 36 cubes were casted out of which 18 cubes were cured for 7 days to test compressive strength at 7 days and remaining 18 cubes were cured for 28 days to test compressive strength at 28 days. The Table 1.3 shows the 7 days compressive strength details. Table 1.4 shows the 28 days compressive strength details. Table 1.3 Compressive Strength details of 18 cubes after 7 days curing % of ESP Replacement No of Cubes Load (KN) Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) Average Compressive Figure 1.2 Compressive strengths at 7 days versus percentage of ESP replacement editor@iaeme.com

7 Dr. Ch. Kannam Naidu, Dr. Ch. Vasudeva Rao, Dr. G. Venkata Rao and A.Y.D.T. Akhilesh Table 1.4 Compressive Strength details of 18 cubes after 28 days curing % of ESP Replacement No of Cubes Load (KN) Compressive Average Compressive Figure 1.3 Compressive strengths at 28 days versus percentage of ESP Replacement Above results and graphs reveal that at 10% of partial replacement of ESP the compressive strength is maximum and even more than characteristic compressive strength of concrete. And also further the compressive strengths of concrete were increased from 0 to 10 % of partial replacement of ESP and decreased up to 25% of of partial replacement of ESP. The Table 1.5 shows the details of compressive strength with respect to mix proportions editor@iaeme.com

8 Experimental Study On M30 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Cement With Egg Shell Powder Table 1.5 The compressive Strength details with respect to Mix Proportion S.No Mix Proportion 7 days Compressive 28 days Compressive 1 C100-E C95-E C90-E C85-E C80-E C75-E C: Cement and E: ESP 3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The compressive strength of concrete increases to 11.8% of characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days with 5% of partial replacement of ESP 2. The compressive strength of concrete increases to 17.2% of characteristic strength of concrete at 28 days with 10% of partial replacement of ESP 3. The study reveals that the 10% partial replacement of ESP with cement makes concrete use is economical without affecting the strength It is recommended that replace cement with 10% of ESP so that there is increase in compressive strength of concrete with reduction in use of cement. It is clear that for 100 bags of cement, 10 bags of cement can be saved at 10% partial replacement of ESP with cement. REFERENCES [1] AASHTO (1986); Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing 14th Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Washington D. C [2] A. J. Olarewaju, M. O. Balogun and S. O. Akinlolu (2011) Suitability of Eggshell Stabilized Lateritic Soil as Subgrade Material for Road Construction, EJGE, 16: [3] Amu, O.O., A.B. Fajobi and B.O. Oke (2005) Effect of eggshell powder on the stabilizing potential of lime on an expansive clay soil, Res. J.Agric. & Biol. Sci, 1: [4] ASTM Annual Book of Standards (2004) Cement; Lime; Gypsum, West Conshohocken PA, Vol [5] ASTM C (1995) Test method for specific gravity, 403 absorption and voids in hardened concrete. Annual book of ASTM standards, vol [6] Bonavetti, V., Donza, H., Menédez, G., Cabrera, O and Irassar, E.F (2003) Limestone Filler Cement in Low w/c Concrete: A Rational Use of Energy, Cement and Concrete Research, 33: [7] BS 12 (1991); Specifications of Portland Cement, British Standards Institute, London [8] Dale P. Bentz, Edgardo F. Irassar, Brooks Bucher and W. Jason Weiss (2009) Limestone Fillers to Conserve Cement in Low w/cm Concretes: An Analysis Based on Powers Model, Concrete International, 31 (11) and (12): and [9] Freire M.N., and Holanda J. N. F., (2006), Characterization of avian eggshell waste aiming its use in a ceramic wall tile paste, Journal of Ceramica, Vol. 52, pp editor@iaeme.com

9 Dr. Ch. Kannam Naidu, Dr. Ch. Vasudeva Rao, Dr. G. Venkata Rao and A.Y.D.T. Akhilesh [10] Hawkins, P., Tennis, P. and Detwiler, R (2003) The use of limestone in Portland cement: a state-of-the-art review, EB227, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 44. [11] IS 10262:2009, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India [12] IS: (1987) Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement. [13] IS: Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete. (Part I To VIII) [14] Jayasankar, R.; Mahindran, N. and Ilangovan, R (2010); Studies on Concrete Using Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Egg Shell Powder, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Integrated Publishing Services. ISSN , Vol. 1, No 3, pp [15] J. J. Beaudoin and R. F. Feldman, International Journal of Material Science, 14, 1681(1979). [16] Mtallib, M.O.A. and Rabiu, A. (2009); Effects of Egg Shells Ash on The Setting [17] Time of Cement, Nigerian Journal of Technology, University of Nigeria Nsukka,. ISSN , Vol.28, No.2, pp [18] O. Amu, A. B. Fajobi and B. O. Oke, Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science, 1, 80(2005). [19] Winton, A. L. (2003); Poultry Eggs, Agrobios Publishers, Behind Nasrani Cinema, India [20] Ravi Kumar T, Naresh T, Mohammad M J, Sai Kumar K, Manasa K, Vinay Srinadh N, Ravi Kiran K and Yogasri Rani N, Replacement of Sand with Granite Waste in Conventional Concrete Grade M30. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp [21] K.Pardhasaradhi and K.Vamsi Krishna, Role of Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Based M30 Geopolymer Concrete & Silica Fume Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp editor@iaeme.com