IOM OIM DESIGN DEVELOPMENT WORK IN PROGRESS 24 SEPTEMBER 2014 EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

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1 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT EVACUATION CENTERS / EASTERN SAMAR

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND 3 CASE STUDIES 6 BUILDING DESIGN 11 DESIGN BRIEF DESIGN SPECIFICATION AREA PLANNING SITE PLANNING REFERENCES 15 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT The purpose of this document is to present work in progress for the design development of new evacuation centers in Eastern Samar, to secure approval from relevant personnel prior to progressing design to next stage of documentation. DOCUMENT USERS This document is intended for internal circulation only.

3 BACKGROUND THE DISASTER TYPOON YOLANDA Typhoon Yolanda (International Codename: Haiyan) made its first landfall on 8 November 2013 in the Philippines in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, with the eye of the storm passing directly over the municipality. Peak winds reached 380 km per hour (235 mph) with sustained wind speeds of 315 km per hour (195 mph). The town suffered heavy damage to property, 110 people were killed and 3,625 were injured. In the province of Eastern Samar, as is common in most areas frequently affected by tropical cyclones, populations living in high risk areas evacuate to safe shelters (commonly public buildings such as schools and churches) in advance of the arrival of the storm. The Philippines is no exception. However, Yolanda wrought catastrophic damage not only to habitat but to buildings previously used as evacuation centres. 1 THE REGION EASTERN SAMAR Eastern Samar is a district located on the east coast of the island of Samar within the Eastern Visayas (Region VIII). The district consists of 22 municipalities, 597 Barangay and one capital city, Borongan City. 2 Eastern Samar - 428, 877 Borongan City - 62, 457 On the ground in Tacloban, November 16, Road Closed Source: Eastern Visayas, The Philippines Source:

4 BACKGROUND SHELTER SOLUTIONS EXISTING CONDITIONS SUITABLE SHELTER FOR EVACUEES DESIGNATED EVACUATION CENTERS Suitable shelter to be used in evacuations should take into account considerations such as: Many displaced persons prefer to remain as close to the home site as possible; Some individuals will have evacuated themselves and made their own arrangements therefore it may not be necessary to shelter the entire evacuated population; Disruption to work, school and social arrangements should be minimized; Accommodation should be located away from potential hazards or secondary hazards; structurally sound; follow existing building codes Use of smaller evacuation centres where possible, as self-regulation within smaller groups is more likely and solidarity may be fostered; Special shelter arrangements may be necessary for more vulnerable individuals in cases where One third of existing designated evacuation centres function as multi-purpose halls, and/or Barangay Halls, however 85% are currently unuseable. An audit undertaken by IOM in April 2013 has identified a need to build new fit-for-purpose evacuation centres to provide safe shelter for communities vulnerable to disaster to be utilised as community halls in non-disaster situations. basic shelter may not meet their needs. 1 SUITABLE SHELTER FOR LIVESTOCK If animals, livestock and pets have been transported out of the evacuation zone, they will also need to be considered within plans for the provision of shelter, and suitable facilities for the sheltering or accommodation of animals must also be pre-identified

5 BACKGROUND DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DURING DISASTER The evacuation center is designed to provide evacuees with safe shelter during disaster for the preservation of life. POST DISASTER The evacuation centre is not designed to function as a collective centre for displaced persons post-disaster. The evacuation centre may be utilised for emergency shelter only in the instance that vulnerable individuals (older people, pregnant women, unaccompanied children and persons with disability) have limited or no access to more appropriate emergency shelter solutions. TERMS OF REFERENCE EVACUATION Evacuation is the rapid movement of people away from the immediate threat or impact of a disaster to a safer place of shelter. It is commonly characterized by a short time frame, from hours to weeks, within which emergency procedures need to be enacted in order to save lives and minimize exposure to harm. 1 EVACUEES A person who has evacuated a hazardous location in response to the immediate threat or impact of a disaster, either through their own initiative and resources (self-evacuated) or through the direction and assistance of authorities and/or emergency responder. 1 EMERGENCY SHELTER Short term shelter that provides life-saving support, the most basic shelter support that can be provided immediately after the disaster. 2 COLLECTIVE CENTRE Collective centres, also refered to as mass shelters, are usually transit facilities lcated in preexisitng structures such as community centres, town halls, gymnasiums, hotels, warehouses, disused factories and unfinished buidings. They are often used when displacement occurs inside a city, or when there are significant flows o displaced people into a city or town. 3 On the ground in Tacloban, November 18, Erecting Emergency Shelter Source:

6 CASE STUDY The following case studies present exemplar use of local materials, construction technologies and resilient architetural forms, that have informed the development of a robust design solution for evacuation centers in Eastern Samar. EVACUATION CENTER BUILDINGS SCHOOL BUILDINGS DESIGNATED AS EVACUATION CENTRE BUILDINGS DURING DISASTER, BANGLADESH - ELEVATED BUILDING PROTECTS INTERIOR FROM FLOODING FIT-FOR-PURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTER BUILDING, BANGLADESH - CONCEPT BY KASHEF MAHBOOB CHOWDRY - EXTERNAL CIRCULATION BUFFERS INTERIOR FROM HARSH SUN, WIND AND RAIN 6

7 CASE STUDY INTEGRATING LOCAL MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGY DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL, INDIA - DESIGNED BY ARUP ASSOCIATES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY SALAM CENTER FOR CARDIAC SURGERY AND MEDICAL COMPOUND, SUDAN - DESIGNED BY TAMassociati ARCHITECTS IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY (2013 AGA KHAN AWARD WINNER) 7

8 CASE STUDY RESILIENT ARCHITECTURAL FORMS ROUNDED FORM IMPROVES BUILDING AERODYNAMICS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO STRONG WINDS, FLYING DEBRIS, TIDAL WAVES AND STORM SURGE MONOLITHIC FORM REDUCES REQUIREMENT FOR INTERNAL COLUMNS - STRUCTURE IS MORE RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE, TYPHOON AND OTHER NATURAL DISASTER 8

9 CASE STUDY CONTEXT-SPECIFIC MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE - ROBUST, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK - COST EFFECTIVE, READILY AVAILABLE AND COMMONLY USED THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINES 9

10 CASE STUDY CONTEXT-SPECIFIC COMMUNITY HALLS TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL EXTERIOR - 2 STOREY BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRONG CIVIC PRESENCE, CENTRAL ENTRANCE, BUILDING IS CLEARLY SIGNED TYPICAL BARANGAY HALL INTERIOR - HARD FLOOR FINISH, COLOURFUL DECORATION, UTILITARIAN LIGHTING, MOVEABLE FURNITURE FOR LARGE AND SMALL MEETING ARRANGEMENTS 10

11 BUILDING DESIGN DESIGN BRIEF To design safe evacuation centers for communities in Eastern Samar, to be utilised by the community year-round as multi-purpose centers MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER the most safe building typology NEW EVACUATION CENTER a building designed fit-for-purpose BARANGAY HALL the most common community building typology DESIGN SPECIFICATION Building is safe, in accordance with FEMA P-320 / P engineered for wind speeds of 320 km/hour (200mph) and moderate seismic activity (7.2 magnitude) Building is designed in accordance with national construction standards Design provides to minimum standards for short term relief response (The Sphere Project) Local community livelihoods are supported in construction process Building is low cost - operationally and in construction Building is low maintenance and highly durable Building may be constructed in a short time frame Building interior provides access to natural light and ventilation Building may be self-sufficient, with rainwater tanks and potential for integrated solar power Site is accessible, preferably within walking disatance of affected community Design promotes vernacular architectural typologies Design supports local community Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) initiatives Design supports program requirements for other community activities (to be determined in consultation with the community) 11

12 BUILDING DESIGN AREA PLANNING ADMINISTRATION / STORAGE 6m2 + 4m2 / 50 persons FIRST AID 5m2 / 50 persons EMERGENCY SHELTER 3.5m2 / person SAFE SHELTER FOR PRESERVATION OF LIFE 1.5m2 / person DINING AREA TEMPORARY SHELTER 5m2 / person TOILET 1 / 20 persons <50m TOILET 1 / 50 persons DRINKING WATER TAP 1 / 100 persons BASIN 1 / 30 persons SHOWER 1 / 40 persons PLANT ROOM / SERVICES TBA REQUIRED AREA POTABLE WATER RAINWATER STORAGE TANK min. 3L / person / day NON-POTABLE WATER RAINWATER STORAGE TANK min. 30L / person / day For additional detail - refer separate documentation, Building Design Strategy RECOMMENDED AREA TO BE DESIGNATED AS/IF REQUIRED MULTI-PURPOSE AREA THE SAME SPACE MAY ACCOMODATE MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE DAY AND NIGHT. WHILE THIS IS NOT THE PREFERRED OPTION IT MAY BE NECESSARY. 12

13 BUILDING DESIGN SITE PLANNING To minimise costly earthworks and site preparation it is preferable to select a site that already meets many of the design criteria for siting the building. The following notes provide a guide for identifying ideal site attributes and designing the site plan. TYPICAL WIND DIRECTION / STORM SURGE THREAT Drainage 1% - 5% grade across the entire site 1 drainage channels may still be required to prevent flooding Elevation building and access paths to be raised above typical flood levels construct building on stilts or earth mound WIND BREAK LANDSCAPE Protection use wind breaks to protect from strong winds 2 and flying debris remove large trees near building to reduce risk of damage MAIN BUILDING WATER TANK LIVESTOCK Proximity maximum 60 minutes travel time from vulnerable community 3 Location in accordance with Multi-Hazard Mapping and Sieve Analysis 3 ENTRY MINIMUM 1:100 GRADE Surrounding Area allocated zone for vehicle parking allocated zone for additional portable toilets (as/if required) storage tanks for potable and non-potable water separate safe shelter for livestock, including water storage plant room for mechanical and electrical services helicopter landing pad (as/if required) SPACE FOR TENTS RAISED SITE ACCESS VEHICLE PARKING MAIN ROAD (RAISED) 1 The Sphere Project 2011, p ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, 8 Build Back Safer Key Messages 3 International Organization for Migration and Project Noah 2014, Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government - IOM Initiative 13

14 BUILDING DESIGN DESIGN CRITERIA RESILIENT TO TYPHOON RESILIENT TO FLOODING RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKE SENSITIVE TO CONTEXT SUPPORTING LIVELIHOODS INDOOR ENVIRONMENT QUALITY LOW MAINTENANCE COST LOW CONSTRUCT COST MONOLITHIC DOME SHELTER? PROPOSED DESIGN: CYLINDERICAL BUILDING SQUARE BUILDING WITH HIPPED ROOF LEGEND:? WEAK STRONG STRONGEST TO BE ADVISED 14

15 REFERENCES Australian Red Cross and Emergency Management Queensland 2013, Queensland Evacuation Centre Planning Toolkit, QLD Planning Toolkit_FA_Web.pdf Australian Red Cross 2012, Evacuation Centre Field Guide, Arup & Disaster Emergency Committee 2010, Lessons from Aceh - Key Considerations in Post-Disaster Reconstruction, CCCM Cluster 2014, The MEND Guide: Comprehensive Guide for Planning Mass Evacuations in Natural Disasters (Pilot Document), FEMA 2005, Hurricane Mitigation: A Handbook for Public Facilities, FEMA 2008, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms, P-361 (2nd Edition), FEMA 2008, Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room for Your Home of Small Business, P-320 (3rd Edition), IFRC, Powerpoint Presentation - Emergency SHELTER in Natural Disasters, in Natural Disasters.pptx IFRC 2013, Post-disaster Shelter: Ten designs, IFRC 2011, Transitional shelters: Eight designs, Shelters-Eight designs-en-lr.pdf IOM 2012, Transitional Shelter Guidelines, IOM and Project Noah 2014, Powerpoint Presentation - Reducing Disaster Risk and Enhancing Preparedness in the Philippines: A Joint Government-IOM Initiative, www. youtu.be/a0i361vz1-a Liveable Housing Australia, 2012, Livable Housing Design Guidelines (2nd Edition), Republic of the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways - Office of the Secretary 2009, Minimum Requirements, Manila Shelter Projects , Heritage Foundation s DRR-Compliant Sustainable Construction: Build Back Safer with Vernacular Methodologies - Technical Support Programme, ShelterCluster Philippines and Department of Social Welfare and Development, Powerpoint Presentation - 8 Build Back Safer Key Messages, The Sphere Project 2011, The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, UNDP 2007, Disaster Risk management Programme - Cyclone Resistant Building Architecture, UNESCO Bangkok and The Bangladesh Ministry of Education 1990, Cyclone Resistant School Buildings for Bangladesh: A Report on In-Country Training, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and International Organisation for Migration 2010, Collective Centre Guidelines, Worksafe Victoria 2008, Workplace amenities and work environment, Compliance Code, World Bank 2009, Handbook for Post-Disaster Housing and Community Reconstruction, 15