Maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat
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1 Maintaining and enhancing wildlife habitat If we work to support the diverse web of life in the forest it works to support us. Peter Hayes Lori Hennings, Senior Natural Resource Scientist Metro Parks & Nature Department
2 Ecological underpinnings
3 Conservation Biology Strive for large habitat patches Avoid fragmentation Protect/restore streams, wetlands (behold the busy beaver!) Provide wildlife corridors look outside your property
4 What is biodiversity? The variety of living organisms: o In your forest o Between forest stands o Throughout surrounding landscape Diverse natural systems are: o More stable, able to recover from disturbance o Resilient to climate change o More functional for us (pollination, insect control, clean air and water)
5 Some species need big spaces k-headed grosbeak o Black-headed grosbeak n creeper o Brown creeper in s vireo o Cassin s vireo y woodpecker o Hairy woodpecker fic-slope flycatcher o Pacific-slope flycatcher ted woodpecker o Pileated woodpecker ler s jay o Steller s jay inson s thrush o Swainson s thrush fic (winter) wren o Pacific (winter) wren w-breasted chat o Yellow-breasted chat o o o o o o o o o o White- & red-breasted o White- nuthatch & re Ermine (short-tailed o weasel) Ermine (sho Northern flying squirrel o Northern fl Douglas squirrel o Douglas squ Western gray squirrel o Western gr Townsend s chipmunk o Townsend Elk o Elk Cougar, bobcat o Cougar, bo Bear o Bear Fisher, marten o Fisher, mar
6 Variety is the spice of life High structural diversity = more species Different aged forests = more species Different tree densities = more species Changes over space, time = more species Many species require >1 habitat type
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8 Forest age: Wildlife and seral stages
9 Wildlife in young forests Characteristics o Follows disturbance o Grasses, herbs, shrubs, young trees Typical wildlife o Lots of birds (bluebirds, flycatchers, warblers, goldfinches, hummers, kestrel) o Elk, deer, bear Important features o Snags and dead wood; legacy trees o Fruit-bearing shrubs
10 Early seral hardwoods OSU study: veg structure x birds o Hardwood s esp. important in early seral o Threshold effect in YO stands o Bird abundance went up w/hardwood tree cover, peaked at 10%
11 Shrubs for dispersal/fall migration Opening size: 2+ acres (5 acres better) Focus on fruit helps store fat Elderberry Twinberry Huckleberry Native raspberry, blackberry Thimbleberry Western serviceberry Cascara
12 Wildlife in middle-aged forests Characteristics o Dominant trees emerge o Canopy open enough for shrubs, herbs Typical wildlife o Nuthatches, swifts, tanagers, flycatchers, kinglets o Frogs and salamanders o Bats, flying squirrel, red-backed voles, deer Important features o Different aged trees; mixed shrub understory o Fallen logs/snags
13 OSU shrub study bugs in forests Best shrubs for Wilson s warbler food o Broad-leafed deciduous shrubs o Bracken fern Other bird species often used o Ocean spray caterpillars! o Salmonberry o Salal o Vine maple o OR grape o Huckleberry o Sword fern
14 Good hardwood trees to maximize wildlife benefits Bigleaf maple* Dogwood Madrone Oregon white oak Willows Native cherry Pacific crabapple
15 Wildlife in older forests Characteristics o Large trees, complex canopy o Great understory, lots of logs & snags Typical wildlife o Large contingent of amphibians o Many flycatchers, warblers, owls, murrelets, woodpeckers, species needing snags/dead wood o Bats, bear, carnivores Important features o Snags/dead wood, many decay stages; organic soils
16 Snags and dead wood
17 Wildlife and dead wood 93 wildlife species in PNW rely on snags 71 species rely on downed wood Conifers & hardwood valuable Conifers last longer Critical habitat components
18 Snags OR forest practices rules For harvest units >25 acres: o > 2 standing live trees or snags each > 30 tall, 11 diameter o > 2 logs on ground per acre at least 10 cubic ft
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21 Hairy woodpecker Photo: Dick Daniels/Creative Commons Northern Flicker Red-breasted sapsucker Downy woodpecker Pileated woodpekcer Chestnut-backed chickadee
22 Photo by Hugh Hamilton
23
24 Ways to tell a future snag Sap runs Splits in trunk Dead main limbs Fungi on bark Woodpecker holes
25 Increasing snags Leave high, unmerchantable stumps Create snags Oregon slender salamander
26 Trees to create snags Hazard trees (forked top, weak wood, disease ) Shade tree where you want sun In group where you want to thin In areas with no snags Courtesy WDFW
27 How to create snags Larger snags + conifers last longer Try for minimum 12 diameter 15 ft tall; bigger is better But even tall stumps help 1. Remove top 1/3 of tree, ½ remaining side branches 2. Leave top intact, remove ¾ side branches (good for Doug fir, hemlock pine) 3. Girdle the trunk*
28 Increasing dead wood Leave some burn piles in clear cuts Brush piles for wildlife o Largest pieces as foundation o Pile large branches loosely on top Cover for weasels, marten, voles, brush rabbits, reptiles Think connectivity
29 Faking it Affix nest boxes to gnarly trees Clean every year or two Plywood, rock piles, brush piles
30 Forestry practices to enhance biodiversity
31 Enhancing biodiversity: recap Mix it up - variable density thinning, skips, gaps Promote tree species diversity (incl. shade-tolerant) Promote age diversity; keep some big trees Keep some hardwoods Increase plants with fruits, nuts Underplant to enhance structure Protect riparian areas Retain and enhance dead wood Fake it
32 Reptiles Really rely on cover Cool spots when it s hot: rocks, brush Warm spots for basking Clearings in south-facing slopes
33 Western pond & painted turtles Do you have turtles in your pond? In trouble Some things are easy to fix Basking logs!
34 Oak release Oak reduced to ~10% of original in Willamette Valley Very specific plant, wildlife associates Fire suppression, harvest, overtopping by Doug fir Oak Prairie Work Group
35 Herbicides x wildlife? Jury s out Substantially reduces shrub, herb cover OSU study, white-crowned sparrows o No difference in nest success from no herbicide -> heaviest application o But ground nester OSU study, moth abundance o Key food resource for many songbirds o Strongly influenced by plant diversity o Some herbicide effects
36 Case study: Hayes ecological monitoring
37 Why monitor? Improve implementation Increase likelihood of successful outcomes Build credibility Communicate lessons learned
38 Does monitoring need to be data heavy? Consistent Sufficient quality Easy to collect Suitable for analysis
39 Template o Template Breeding bird window: May 15-June 30 Try to limit activities
40 Lessons learned Shifted silvicultural focus from finer to coarser scale; larger mgt. units, larger patches Reduce ground disturbance to minimize weeds Success requires long-term strategies
41 Template Template o Template
42 Case study: Chehalem Ridge Natural Area
43 Purchased in 2008 Site conservation plan develop 2013
44 What we have-lack of biodiverstiy at multiple scales
45 What we want Diversity of tree species and size, Shrubs and herbaceous layers Snags: variable sizes and decay Down wood: various sizes Vertical and horizontal heterogeneity Move towards old growth
46
47 Snags and downed wood creation 4-8 snags/acre, 4-10 down wood pieces or wildlife piles/acre, distributed across project site Will require multiple entries Breaking even
48 Creating log piles
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50 Are the dead wood features being used? First year: no evidence of use Second year: 60% foraging evidence Third year: 93% foraging evidence
51 Leave log and planted shrubs
52 Oak release
53 Additional resources
54 Wildlife damage Deer, elk, beaver, mountain beaver (a.k.a. aplodontia, boomer), nutria Repellants, tubing, exclusion Beaver: cage trees near streams, wetlands Mt. beaver: See APHIS website
55 Oregon Forest Resources Inst. publications _Mngd_Habitat.pdf 0managed%20forests%20elk%20deer_for_web.pdf WIMF_Songbirds_web.pdf _mngd_amphibians.pdf _Mngd_Fish.pdf data_booklet_v2.pdf O_establishing.pdf
56 Other interesting publications ForestBiodiversity12R.pdf (diversifying forest structure) itatbrochure.pdf rts/ct_prevention+and+control+of+wildlife+damage%2c skips and gaps
57 Take home: Keep the diversity you have, create opportunities for more. Thank you!
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