Bird species diversity in seven northern Michigan plant communities. Lauren Westerman Mentor: Dr. Ken Petersen
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1 Bird species diversity in seven northern Michigan plant communities Lauren Westerman Mentor: Dr. Ken Petersen
2 BACKGROUND: Habitat Terrain Landscape Substrate Vegetation composition and structure Vegetation distribution
3 BACKGROUND: Plant Community Structure Plant species composition Horizontal component of habitat diversity Foliage height profile Vertical component of habitat diversity Foliage height diversity Percent canopy cover
4 BACKGROUND: Foliage Height Diversity Describes the vegetation complexity in the habitat through the comparisons of vertical vegetation distribution An increase in vegetation layers produces greater complexity of plant community structure thus greater bird species diversity
5 BACKGROUND: Percent Canopy Cover An estimation of canopy cover
6 BACKGROUND: Bird Species Diversity Simplest measure: species richness More thorough measure: richness and abundance
7 OBJECTIVES Assess relationship between bird species diversity and Foliage height diversity Percent canopy cover Divide bird species into guilds of migrants and residents
8 PREDICTIONS Bird communities will be richer and more diverse in habitats with Greater foliage height diversity Greater percent canopy cover
9 STUDY SITES Hardwood-conifer swamp (Site 1) Mesic northern forest (Site 2) Bog (Site 3) Dry-mesic northern forest (Site 4) Dry northern forest (Site 5) Pine barrens savanna (Site 6) Poor conifer swamp (Site 7)
10 HARDWOOD- CONIFER SWAMP MESIC NORTHERN FOREST
11 BOG DRY-MESIC NORTHERN FOREST
12 PINE BARRENS SAVANNA DRY NORTHERN FOREST
13 POOR CONFIR SWAMP
14 METHODS: Bird Surveys 11 June June min point-counts between 6 AM and 9 AM Seven visits to each site Order of visits changed daily
15 METHODS: Vegetation Sampling Percent canopy cover Foliage height profile Twenty sample points
16 METHODS: Percent Canopy Cover
17 METHODS: Foliage Height Profile Ground cover layer: m Shrub layer: m Canopy: > 6.1 m
18 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Shannon and Weaver s diversity index Bird species diversity Foliage height diversity Regression analysis (simple linear regression) Correlation analysis
19 RESULTS Fifty-one species!!!!
20 Number of individuals RESULTS Total number of individual birds found at each site Hardwood-conifer swamp Mesic northern forest Bog Dry mesic northern forest Dry northern forest Pine barrens savanna Poor conifer swamp Habitat
21 Number of species RESULTS Bird species richness at each site Mesic northern forest Hardwood-conifer swamp Bog Dry mesic northern forest Dry northern forest Pine barrens savanna Habitat Poor conifer swamp
22 Bird species diversity RESULTS Bird species diversity in relation to foliage height diversity y = x r= Foliage height diversity
23 Bird species diversity Bird species diversity in relation to RESULTS percent canopy cover y = x r= Percent canopy cover
24 RESULTS: Migrant and Resident Species 20% Migrants Year-round residents Forty-one migrant species Ten resident species 80%
25 Migratory bird species diversity Migratory bird species diversity RESULTS: Migrant Species y = x r= Foliage height diversity 2 y = x r= Percent canopy cover
26 Year-round resident bird species diversity Year-round resident bird species diversity RESULTS: Resident Species Foliage height diversity Percent canopy cover
27 DISCUSSION: Previous Work Bird species diversity and foliage height diversity 1.75 (MacArthur 1964) (Karr 1968) (Karr and Roth 1971) (Westerman 2010) Bird species diversity and percent canopy cover Percent vegetation cover vs. percent canopy cover James and Wamer, 1982
28 DISCUSSION: Guilds Migrants Residents Sample size
29 DISCUSSION: What now? Future studies Long-term study Different aspects of the habitats Successional relationships
30 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS K. L. Petersen, research mentor S. K. Riffell and G. E. Crow, research instructors D. Mahan, site and field identifications H. M. Kress, dedicated body guard T. C. McElrath, J. R. Snyder, D. B. Sponsler, M. L. Stitzel, M. A. Tomitz, C. J. Whitsett, S. J. Wunder, T. M. Yoder, field work assistants; D. Warners, plant identification
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Mar 19 Vegetation Structure: Controls, Patterns, Consequences
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