Effects of Land Use On Climate and Water Resources: Application of a Land Surface Model for Land Use Management
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1 Effects of Land Use On Climate and Water Resources: Application of a Land Surface Model for Land Use Management Gordon Bonan, PI National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado Personnel Supported: Dr. Keith Oleson, Associate Scientist (NCAR) - 100% Dr. Charles Zender (UC-Irvine) - 2 months
2 Goal: Study natural and human changes in land cover and ecosystem functions and their effects on climate, water resources, and biogeochemistry Land Cover Land Use Change Program Goals (1) Capability to perform global inventories of land use and land cover from space (2) Develop scientific understanding and models to simulate processes (3) Evaluate the consequences of observed and predicted change Environmental goods and services Carbon and water cycles Management of natural resources (4) Understand human interaction with the environment - sustainability, vulnerability, and resilience of land systems and their use
3 Community Climate System Model Solar radiation Longwave radiation Temperature Humidity Wind Precipitation Atmosphere T42 spectral model ( grid) 26 vertical levels 20 min time-step Energy, Moisture, Momentum CO 2, Dust Ocean POP 1 horizontal grid Runoff Coupler Sea Ice Ocean grid Land Atmosphere grid
4 Community Land Model Biogeophysics Hydrology Diffuse Solar Radiation Longwave Radiation Latent Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Photosynthesis Momentum Flux Wind Speed 0 u a Precipitation Interception Canopy Water Evaporation Transpiration Reflected Solar Radiation Absorbed Solar Radiation Emitted Longwave Radiation Sublimation Throughfall Stemflow Evaporation Infiltration Surface Runoff Melt Snow Soil Heat Flux Soil Water Heat Transfer Redistribution Drainage Snow Soil Water Catchment Hydrology And River Flow Surface Runoff Ground Water Lake Ocean
5 Community Land Model Interactive Vegetation Ecosystem Carbon Balance Vegetation Dynamics µg CO 2 g -1 s -1 µg CO 2 g -1 s Photosynthesis PPFD (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Foliage Water Potential (MPa) Growth Respiration Temperature ( C) Ambient CO 2 (ppm) µg CO 2 g -1 s Foliage µg CO 2 g -1 s Temperature ( C) Litterfall Sapwood Temperature ( C) Autotrophic Respiration µg CO 2 g -1 s Root Temperature ( C) Heterotrophic Respiration µg CO 2 g -1 s Vapor Pressure Deficit (Pa) Foliage Nitrogen (%) Nutrient Uptake Relative Rate Temperature ( C) Relative Rate Soil Water (% saturation)
6 Land Cover and Land Use Change Vegetation Dynamics Land Use Upland White Spruce Succession On South Slopes Following Fire Newly Burned Herb-Tree Seedling Shrub-Tree Sapling Dense Hardwood (Birch, Aspen) Mature Hardwood (Birch, Aspen) White Spruce Hardwood Mature White Spruce Years Surface energy fluxes (albedo, H,λE) Hydrologic cycle Atmospheric CO 2 (carbon storage) Dust
7 Tasks Implement subgrid land cover New biogeophysics and hydrology Implement river routing model Implement dust emission model Add urban land cover U.S. agroecosystem experiments Implement dynamic vegetation model Status Done Done Done In progress In progress In progress In progress
8 Biome Representation Of Land Cover Biomes determine: Plant physiology (e.g., Vmax) Leaf and stem optical properties Roughness length Leaf and stem area index
9 Mixed Life-Form Biomes Savanna µmol CO 2 m -2 s Grass Tree PPFD (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Grassland Mixed Forest µmol CO 2 m -2 s C4 C PPFD (µmol m -2 s -1 ) Leaf Area Index NET BDT Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
10 Subgrid Land Cover and Plant Functional Types wetland 8.3% Primary Land Cover glacier 16.7% lake 16.7% urban 8.3% vegetated 50% Each subgrid land cover type is separate column for energy,water, and carbon Up To 4 Vegetated Patches needleleaf evergreen tree, temperate 45% broadleaf deciduous tree, temperate 25% C 3 grass 15% crop 15% Each patch has own: PFT abundance leaf area height Datasets provided on ½ grid and then aggregated to T42 grid Oleson and Bonan (2000) The effects of remotely-sensed plant functional type and leaf area index on simulations of boreal forest surface fluxes by the NCAR land surface model. Journal of Hydrometeorology 1: Bonan, Levis, Kergoat, and Oleson (2002) Landscapes as patches of plant functional types: an integrating concept for climate and ecosystem models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, in press
11 Plant Functional Types Climate Rules Remote Sensing Data Products Needleleaf evergreen tree Needleleaf deciduous tree Broadleaf evergreen tree Broadleaf deciduous tree Shrub Grass Crop Plant Functional Types temperate boreal boreal tropical temperate tropical temperate boreal broadleaf evergreen temperate broadleaf deciduous temperate broadleaf deciduous boreal C3 C3 arctic C4 Corn Wheat Trees 1-km U. Maryland tree cover needleleaf, broadleaf evergreen, deciduous Others 1-km IGBP DISCover shrub, grass, crop Monthly Leaf Area 1-km AVHRR red and near infrared reflectance April 1992 to March 1993 Pure PFT NDVI for 200 km 200 km grid Average NDVI for each 1-km pixel with PFT > 60%
12 Plant Functional Type Geography (½º grid)
13 Leaf Area Index (½º grid)
14 Improved Biogeophysics and Hydrology Biogeophysics Hydrology Diffuse Solar Radiation Longwave Radiation Latent Heat Flux Sensible Heat Flux Photosynthesis Momentum Flux Wind Speed 0 u a Precipitation Interception Canopy Water Evaporation Transpiration Reflected Solar Radiation Absorbed Solar Radiation Emitted Longwave Radiation Sublimation Throughfall Stemflow Evaporation Infiltration Surface Runoff Melt Snow Soil Heat Flux Soil Water Heat Transfer Redistribution Drainage CCSM Land Model Working Group Gordon Bonan (NCAR) Robert Dickinson (Georgia Tech.) Paul Houser (NASA/GSFC) Zong-Liang Yang (U. Texas) Xubin Zeng (U. Arizona)
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16 Regional Analyses Reduced summer cold bias Reduced precipitation Improved runoff
17 River Routing Annual Mean Observed: m 3 s -1 Simulated: m 3 s -1 Collaborator Jay Famiglietti (UC - Irvine) Route Runoff To Oceans
18 Land Cover and Land Use Change Experiments
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22 Vegetation Dynamics Upland White Spruce Succession On South Slopes Following Fire Newly Burned Herb-Tree Seedling Shrub-Tree Sapling Dense Hardwood (Birch, Aspen) Mature Hardwood (Birch, Aspen) White Spruce Hardwood Mature White Spruce Years Collaborators CCSM Land Model Working Group CCSM Biogeochemistry Working Group Inez Fung (UC-Berkeley) CCSM Paleoclimate Working Group John Kutzbach (U. Wisconsin) Bob Gallimore (U. Wisconsin) Grow plants Store carbon Manage ecosystems
23 Boreal Forest Succession Single grid cell in northern Canada
24 Products/Deliverables Land surface datasets for CCSM2 Land model (Community Land Model) for CCSM2 Land Cover Land Use Change Program Goals (1) Global inventories of land use and land cover from space - 0% (2) Evaluate the consequences of observed and predicted change Carbon cycle - 100% Water cycle - 100% Nutrient cycles - 0%
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