The Landscape Ecology approach to wildlife conservation and management
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1 Castelo Branco, July 7, 2014 Intensive Programme Local Development through Europe: A Multinational and Interdisciplinary approach The Landscape Ecology approach to wildlife conservation and management Luís Quinta-Nova lnova@ipcb.pt
2 Landscape ecology Landscape: interactiv mozaic of patches, corredors and matrix. Objective: to study the spatial pattern influence over ecological processes. Landscape - species perspective Landscape - our perspective IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 2
3 COMPOSITION FUNCTION Genetic diversity Species abundance, richness and diversity Community diversity Habitat diversity Energy Capture & Trophics Mineral and nutrient cycles Water movement Ecological succession Disturbance STRUCTURE Vertical and horizontal Spatial heterogeneity and density Edge Effect Island effect and Fragmentation Logs and dead trees IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 3
4 Vertical Structure Horizontal Structure Dominant Co-dominant Intermediate Co-Dominant Intermediate Shrubs Ground Cover Spatial heterogeneity Natural habitat Transformed habitat Time IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 4
5 Fragmentation IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 5
6 Habitat fragmentation Fragmentation leads to change in a species abundance and/or distribution via altered species interactions. IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 6
7 Fragmentation Impacts on habitats: Area reduction Isolation of parts Changes in heterogeneity Structural impoverishment High edge effect (contrast) Impacts on species: Isolation Changes in abundance, richness and composition Genetic impoverishment Favors invasions by exotics Extinctions IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 7
8 Main factors that affects biodiversity in fragmented forests Area reduction: changes in species abundance, richness and composition (island effect). Degree of isolation: distance between fragments and matrix type could be a barrier that prevents the individual spreading. Degree of structural connectivity. Vegetation structural diversity and heterogeneity: Often the resources used by a species are not evenly distributed in a forest and fragmentation can cause the loss of resources. IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 8
9 Island effect Isolation of forest fragments - Islands Biogeographical Theory (MacArthur & Wilson 1963). Source: Kemenes, 2003 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 9
10 Source: Defenders of Wildlife, 2011 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 10
11 Experimental fragments - Brazil Project: Minimum Critical Size Ecosystem Project 10 ha 100 m 1 ha Source: INPA & Smithsonian Insitution IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 11
12 Fragmentation - More sensitive species Rares (specialized/ limited distribution) That need large areas (e.g., large mammals) That requires core areas That requires several habitats With low mobility (e.g., non-flyer insects) With short live cycles Vulnerable to human activities or exploitation IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 12
13 Edge effect Results from the juxtaposition or placing side by side of contrasting environments on an ecosystem. Creates mixed communities, containing elements of both systemas in contact. IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 13
14 Fragmentation Edge effect Losses in Core area Ecological trap (vulnerability to predation) Invasion by exotics Microclimate changes Edge contrast (measure of fragmentation) Edge = selective filter IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 14
15 Fragmentation - Edge effect IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 15
16 Fragmentation - Edge effect Nests predation Souce: Wilcove et al. (1986) IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 16
17 Carabids Fragmentation - Barriers Populations of the forestdwelling carabid beetle were almost completely divided by a road and parking loops (unpaved). Source: Mader, 1984 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 17
18 Iberian Agroforestry system montado / dehesa Characteristics: Perennial oak woodlands (cork oak & holm oak) Low tree density (less than 40% cover). Economic value: acorn for livestock feed, bark from the cork oak, wild mushrooms, charcoal, and firewood. Understory: annual grasslands for grazing / cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye). Different habitats and food available for wildlife. IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 18
19 Iberian Agroforestry system montado / dehesa IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 19
20 1 - pica-pau-verde (Picus viridis) e fauna associada; 2 - pombo-torcaz (Columba palumbus); 3 - picanço-real (Lanius excubitor) e picanço-barreteiro (Lanius senator); 4 - pega-rabuda (Pica pica); 5 - águia-calçada (Hieraaetus pennatus); 6 - águia-de-asa-redonda (Buteo buteo); 7 - águia-real (Aquila chysaetos); 8 - cegonha-branca (Ciconia ciconia); 9 - milhano (Milvus milvus) e milhafre-preto (Milvus migrans); 10 - mocho-galego (Athene noctua); 11 - coruja-das-torres (Tyto alba); 12 - gralha-de-nuca-cinzenta (Corvus monedula); 13 - morcegos; 14 - geneta (Genetta genetta); 15 - lince (Lynx pardinus); 16- coelho-bravo (Oryctolagus cuniculus). IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 20
21 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 21
22 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 22
23 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 23
24 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 24
25 Foliage height diversity (FHD) vs. Bird diversity (Wilson, 1974) IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 25
26 Conserving biodiversity Genetic level: seed, egg, sperm banks Population and species level: Ex-situ breeding (ex: zoological and botanical gardens) Population management: Protection (hunting, disease, habitat) Genetic management (reintroductions) Habitat restoration Ecosystem, habitat and species level: Protected areas Management plans IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 26
27 Key questions for reserve design: Design of protected areas What is better for biota: single large or several small? How important are corridors for wildlife to travel from one reserve to another? Several small islands lose species faster than one single island of equivalent size (Burkey 1995). IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 27
28 Design of protected areas - Landscape Ecology Before: each area was considered separately. Now: Landscape as a set of areas - Landscape Ecology. Focus on Habitat Fragmentation: effects of area, edges and degree of isolation on Biodiversity. Landscape elements: Patches - size, number, shape Edges - structure, shape Connectivity - Corridors, barriers Matrix - Network, fragmentation, pattern, scale IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 28
29 Design of protected areas Line corridor Corridor with nodes Stepping stone Landscape corridor Landscape corridor Core area Core area Stepping stone corridor Core area Linear corridor Buffer zone Source: Bennett, 2004 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 29
30 Natura 2000 Network Habitats Directive (92/43/CEE) Anexo I: Habitat types Anexo II: Species Birds Directive (79/409/CEE) National list of pscis Special Protected Areas (SPA) Sites of Community Importance (SCI) Special Areas for Conservation (SAC) Natura 2000 Network IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 30
31 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 31
32 IPCB - ESA Luís Quinta-Nova 32
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