La Biodiversité : des gènes aux paysages voire à la diversité culturelle et sociale,

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1 BIODIVMEX Thierry GAUQUELIN, Chargé de mission CNRS INEE, Pr IMEP Aix-Marseille Université Frédéric MEDAIL, Pr IMEP, Aix-Marseille Université Magda BOU DAGHER, Pr Université St Joseph Liban

2 La Biodiversité : des gènes aux paysages voire à la diversité culturelle et sociale, En passant par les individus, populations, communautés et écosystèmes

3 Les enjeux -Inventaire de la Biodiversité.. Points chauds -Origine de la Biodiversité -Evolution de la Biodiversité menaces -Relations Biodiversité/Fonctionnement -Valorisation de la Biodiversité

4 Bactéries Archées Eucaryotes Plantes Champignons Animaux Arbre de Vivant un monde à explorer

5 ? P. Bouchet, La Recherche,

6 2 Objectifs pour 2011 Un livre blanc de la Biodiversité en Méditerranée Initier des programmes spécifiques co-construits

7 Vers un livre blanc sur les recherches en Biodiversité dans le Bassin méditerranéen: Les équipes concernées? Les structures concernées? Les écosystèmes privilégiés? Les groupes systématiques? Quels manques? Quels verrous? Quelle cohérence? Quels atouts?

8 Désertification Déforestation Changement d usages Terrestre Congruences de Biodiversité Approche biogéographique Biodiversité du sol Bases de données Hot spots Biodiversité urbaine Approche expérimentale Changement climatique Biodiversité marine Continuum terre-mer Marin Urbanisation Littoralisation Pollution Invasions

9 The Mediterranean Basin Laboratory of a biome crisis Pr. Frédéric Médail UMR CNRS-IRD 6116

10 Biodiversity and biogeography of the Mediterranean region

11 An oustanding biogeographical crossroads The Mediterranean region and the adjacent biogeographical regions White F. & Léonard J., Flora et Vegetatio Mundi, 9.

12 The Mediterranean region, a major hotspot of plant biodiversity 2.1 millions km 2 under a Mediterranean bioclimate 10 regional hotspots of plant biodiversity 10% of vascular plants richness of the World on 1.6% of the Earth surface Europe : plant species on 9.9 millions km 2 Médail F. & Quézel P., Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 84, completed by Véla E. & Benhouhou S., Comptes-Rendus Biologies, 330.

13 A high marine biodiversity, with a heterogeneous distribution Total richness and endemic richness of Mediterranean fishes Lasram et al., Marine Ecology Progress Series, 376.

14 A highly complex and «reticulate biogeography» Helicodiceros muscivorus (ca. 30 Myr) Arum pictum (ca. 15 Myr)

15 Imprint of Tertiary history for the genetic structure of plants The distribution of modern molecular lineages of Cork Oak (Quercus suber), a probable testimony of the Tertiary palaeogeography of the W. Mediterranean 5 cpdna haplotypes and phylogenetic reconstruction of the relationships among them Magri D. et al., Molecular Ecology, 16.

16 The major refugia of plants according to phylogeography Médail F. & Diadema K., Journal of Biogeography,

17 Complete congruence between refugia and endemism areas Zones of high endemism (Médail & Quézel, 1997) Refugia areas (Médail & Diadema, 2009)

18 Threats on Mediterranean biodiversity

19 Putative impacts of global change on Mediterranean ecoregions 3 scenarios of expected change in biodiversity for the year 2100, in case of null (A), antagonistic (B) or synergistic (C) interactions. According to different drivers: Biotic exchanges Land-use changes Nitrogen deposition Atmospheric CO 2 deposition Climatic changes Sala O.E. et al., Science, 287.

20 Mediterranean ecoregions: confronting a biome crisis Source : Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Hoekstra J.M. et al., Ecology Letters, 8.

21 The Mediterranean, one of the Tipping points of the World Phrygana, E. Crete

22 Main threat induced by the increase of human impacts A huge increase ( 50%) of human population on coastal areas Population changes ( ) and projections to 2030, for the main cities of the Mediterranean countries.

23 Spatial congruence between refugia and human population Mediterranean refugia Density of human population 25% of the refugia located in sectors where human density is very important (> 250 inhab. / km 2 ) Médail F. & Diadema K., Annales de Géographie, 651.

24 Distribution and congruence of biodiversity levels Spatial distribution of 3 diversity levels for terrestrial breeding birds in France Taxonomic diversity Phylogenetic diversity Functional diversity Mean abundance of 229 bird species over 7 years Devictor V. et al., Ecology Letters.

25 Assigning conservation priorities by Conservation biogeography Conservation Biogeography «Application of biogeographical principles, theories, and analyses, being those concerned with the distributional dynamics of taxa individually and collectively, to problems concerning the conservation of biodiversity»

26 Dr. Magda BOU DAGHER KHARRAT Professeur associé, Département SVT

27 Lebanon Km 2

28 ¾ of Lebanon surface are mountains 13,2% 3000 m 2000 m 1500 m 1000 m Mont - Lebanon Bequaa valley Anti - Lebanon 28

29 Mer Méditerranée Liban

30 Mediterranean Mount Lebanon Bequaa valley

31 Min-max rainfall mm/year Monthly average T o C o C The climate is Mediterranean with hot, nonrainy (humid on the coast, dry inland) summers and warm, moist winters.

32 Mont Lebanon relief is characterized by deep canyons and a great number of rivers

33 The singularity of geomorphological regions give rise to different bio-climatic zones and several types of habitats, including several distinct seminatural habitats that have evolved and adapted to anthropogenic activities and pressures.

34 Taanayel lac

35 Ouyoun Ourghosh, 2800 m

36 Horsh Ehden natural reserve

37 Jabal el Kneisseh

38 Aquoura, agriculture lands

39 Aarsal Anti-Liban

40 Barqua

41 Quercus cerris pseudocerris Quammouah Many northern plant species are found in Lebanon and reach their southernmost distributional limits.

42 Jroud Danniyeh

43

44 Afqua, la source.

45 Vignoble à Ehmej

46 Réserve naturelle de Tyr Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas

47 High biodiversity The Lebanese natural landscape is rich, offering habitats to species animals plants (NBSAP 1998)

48 Breakdown by habitat Marine 12% Fresh water 7% Floral species Terrestrial 81% Fresh water 16% Faunal species Marine 38% Terrestrial 46%

49 High plant biodiversity Lebanon Strict Endemic species: (92 species) 3% Vascular plants belong genera families Rhododendron ponticum brachycarpum Puschkinia scilloides libanotica Plant species to area ratio Berberis libanotica Tulipa aucheriana westii Lebanon 0.33/Km² Syria 0.16 /Km² Paeonia keserwana Halimium umbellatum syriacum Lebanon national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009) Suisse 0.07/ Km²

50 Forests cover 13.2 % of Lebanon territory 2000 m 2300 m treeline

51 Forests cover 13.2 % of Lebanon territory

52 Cèdre du Liban Cedrus libani أرز

53 Faunal species to area ratio Lebanon Syria Jordan Libya species/km² species/km² species/km² species/km² Endemic species: the greater mouse-eared bat and the Lebanese common knothole. Lebanon national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2009)

54 Alopias vulpinus The marine and coastal flora of Lebanon is considered to be Mediterranean with some subtropical elements. Most marine organisms and ecosystems are typically Mediterranean, some are of Indo-Pacific origin and their development is due to the opening of the Suez Canal. Caretta caretta Monachus monachus

55 Threats: -Habitat conversion or loss (carries, urbanization, agriculture,. -Overharvesting of - birdlife - fish stocks - aromatic and medicinal plants - non-timber forest products) - Invasive exotic species, - Pollution of aquatic ecosystems. - Climate change

56 80 % of the population is urban 60 % of the population is squeezed onto 8 % of the land in the narrow coastal zone. Major implications for the environment

57 Urbanization Cutting

58 Carries Overgrazing

59 Protected areas in Lebanon: -8 Nature reserves: - 5 forests - 2 marine coastal areas - 1 inland area -3 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves -15 Important Bird Areas -4 Ramsar sites In the near future National Land Use Master Plan (Decree 2366 dated 20/06/2009) 7 regional parks (Quammouah, Hammana, ) Total Surface < 4%

60 Conventions related to biodiversity conservation Republic of Lebanon Ministry of Environment Convention Accession / Ratification Date Convention on Biological Diversity 1/8/1994 Law No. 469/95 Protocol concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage 22/2/1994 Law No. 292/94 23/2/1999 Law No. 23/99 30/10/1990 Law No. 19/90 Convention to Combat Desertification 8/12/1995 Law No. 469/95 AEWA- African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement 13/6/2002 Law No. 13/6/2002 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 29/12/2002 Decree No. 9454

61 Regulations concerning biodiversity Republic of Lebanon Ministry of Environment Legal Instrument Decision 92/1 96 Decision 340/1 96 Decision 108/1 95 Decision 177/1 98 Description Prohibits the export of all medicinal and aromatic plants Permits the export of processed thyme and sage Bans the import and introduction of all cedar seeds and plants Prohibits picking and export of ferrula plant & roots Law Amends the forest code of 1949 and declares all cedar, fir, cypress and juniper forests as protected Code of Environment Law Draft biodiversity Law Articles 47-48: Protection and sustainable use of Biodiversity- Establishment of Nature Reserves- Monitoring of access and use of genetic resources Regulates access to Lebanese wild species (biological & genetic resources) & the equitable benefit sharing arising from their use

62 Ministry of Environment Ministry of agriculture? Public and Private institutions (CNRS, LARI, Universities, ) cursus NGOs Green Party

63 NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIES Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

64 ACTION PLAN -Identification and protection of priority areas (IPA, IBA, ) -Implementation of species recovery and conservation programmes -Identification and protection of areas important for at risk species -Red List assessments, Black List and a strategy for the prevention of extinctions of all nationally threatened species -Safeguard the genetic Resources (seed bank, Genebank, )

65 Research: Habitat restoration Red list Black list Genetic identification of plant resources Genebank Seedbank

66 Develop Databases, global strategies, Network, share experiences, information Endemic species Common species

67 Merci Le temps n est plus a l inventaire, il est temps d agir