of Poplars in Russia Anatoly Tsarev Petrozavodsk State University Vadim Tsarev Voronezh State Forest-Technical Academy

Transcription

1 of Poplars in Russia Anatoly Tsarev Petrozavodsk State University Vadim Tsarev Voronezh State Forest-Technical Academy XXIII session of International Poplar Commission. Beijing, October

2 Basic tasks of Poplars Long-term Testing 1. Research of growth, development, resistance of trees, quality of wood dynamics etc. 2. Establishing of basic regularities of of indicated indices behaviour by different clones and cultivars 3. Elaboration of poplars perspective assortment for different kinds of plantations

3 Some of Russian scientists in field of poplars breeding and testing Years Names Directions of researches 1888 B.A. Kunitsky Intraspecies forms of Populus tremula L P.L. Bogdanov Hybridization of Eupopulus poplars A.V. Albensky Hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars A.S. Jablokov Breeding of aspen and hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars M.M. Veresin Breeding and hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars G.P. Ozolin Breeding and hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars S.P. Ivannikov Breeding, hybridization and departmental testing of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars N.V. Starova Breeding, hybridization and departmental testing of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars P.P. BesschetnovHybridization of Eupopulus poplars and research of Turanga N.A. Konovalov Hybridization of Leuce poplars

4 Experimental base of poplars created by participating of authors for years Kind of objects Quantity Area, ha Regeneration plantations Collections of clones and cultivars Collections of hybrid created in CRIFG&B Minirotation plantations Test plantations Total Soil-climatic zones of object locations Soil-climatic zones Quantity of objects Area, ha Forest and forest- steppe Steppe Semi desert (North Caspian region) Total

5 The results received on Semiluksky populetum (Voronezh region) are given below. The ground - typical tschernozem, level of earth waters 4-5 м, planting is made by cuttings. Distance 5 х 4 m. The originally planted number of different clones both subgenus of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars Number of recurrences - 4. Six plants were planted on one plot. The clones were distributed on morphological-systematic groups. Distribution of morphological-systematic groups inside recurrences and the clones inside groups was random. The common area of populetum is 4.5 hectares.

6 In the submitted work the information on 5 groups of the Eupopulus poplars is resulted: 1) Black poplars with the pyramidal form of a crone; 2) Euramerican hybrids of black poplars with the spread form of a crone; 3) European black poplar; 4) Balsam poplars and them intrasection hybrids; 5) Intersection and complex hybrids of the Eupopulus poplars.

7 Changes of actual parameters of different morphological-systematic poplars groups growth is resulted below. For this purpose from each morphologicalsystematic group (except P. nigra) is selected till 4-10 of best clones, the average parameters of which growth are analyzed further. Thus, all 26 clones and cultivars of poplars or about 46 % from 57 survivaled on populetum clones of the Eupopulus poplars are analyzed.

8 In particular in group of black pyramidal poplars in the analysis Pyramidal-osokorevy kamyshinsky, Russky, Pioneer and Black hybrid e. t. 120 are included. From group of the euramerican poplars Regenerate 78 and 79, Robusta, Sacrau-59, Vernirubens, Brabantica, Marilandica, Gelrica, Bacheliery and Serotina are analyzed. In group black poplars one clone Populus nigra 131 was studied. In group balsam poplars P. trichocarpa 45 and 83, P. balsamifera Х6, P. suaveolens 99 and P. simonii 133 were investigated. And, at last, in group of intersection hybrids of the Eupopulus poplars the Voronezh giant (e. t. 38) selected by M. M. Veresin, P. berolinensis 130, Hybrid 10 and Hybrid 30 selected by P. L. Bogdanov, Hybrid 300 selected by A. A. Kasartsev and Hybrid -3B selected by A. M. Beresin were investigated.

9 Height dynamics of poplars in first years of growth Hight dynamics of poplars 9 black pyramidal poplars 35 H eight, m euramerican poplars P. nigra-131 balsam poplars intersectional hybrids Height, m black pyramidal poplars euramerican poplars P. nigra-131 balsam poplars 1 5 intersectional hybrids Age, years Age, years Mean diameters dynamics of poplars Mean stem volums dynamics of poplars 50 2,5 45 black pyramidal poplars 40 2 euramerican poplars 35 P. nigra-131 Mean diameters, cm black pyramidal poplars euramerican poplars P. nigra-131 volum, cubic merers 1,5 1 balsam poplars intersectional hybrids 10 balsam poplars 0,5 5 intersactional hybrids Age, years Age, years

10 As it is visible from the given graphs by 35 years the best parameters of growth on height, diameter and volumes of trunks were at the euramerican hybrids of black poplars. Then it goes P. nigra-131, black pyramidal poplar and intersection hybrids of the eupopulus. The worse parameters to this age were at balsam poplars. Dynamics of stocks on the area does not repeat these laws, in particular for black pyramidal poplars and P. nigra-131.

11 Mean growing stock dynamics of poplars Growing stock, cubic m/ha black pyramidal poplars euramerican poplars P. nigra-131 balsam poplars intersectional hybrids Age, years

12 The explanation to this can be received if to look at safety of poplars in these groups.

13 100 Survival dynamics of poplars Survival, % black pyramidal poplars euramerican poplars P. nigra-131 balsam poplars intersectional hybrids Age, years

14 To taking into account different indices of biomass and survives of different poplar groups it is interesting to know the dynamics of mean and current increment of growing stock to be determine the age of largest mean annual yield.

15 Annual increments dynamics of black pyramidal poplars Annual increments dynamics of euramerican poplars 25, ,00 40 increment, cubic m/ha/year 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00-5,00-10,00 m.a.i c.a.i. increments, cub m/ha/year m.a.i. c.a.i. -15,00 Age, years Annual incremens dynamics of P. nigra-131 Age, years increments, cub m/ha/year m.a.i. c.a.i Annual increments dynamics of balsam poplars Age, years Annual increments dynamics of intersectional poplars increments, cub m/ha/year m.a.i. c.a.i. increment, cubic m/ha/year m.a.i. c.a.i Age, years Age, years

16 As it is possible to see from the graphs age of economic exploitability on wood stocks at different groups of poplars changed between 26 and 27 years, except for black pyramidal poplars, at which it has made 22 years. It is obviously caused by fall of safety caused by adverse external conditions (most likely by influence of severe winters of middle 90-th years). However, as well as on volume of trunks, the average stock on groups essentially differed at rather close age marked for economic exploitability on wood stocks. The wood stocks in plantations created from poplars of different morphological systematic groups, in the age of economic exploitability on wood stocks are below shown (the second column).

17 Wood stock of different group of poplars at 25 year and economic exploitability ages wood stock, cubic m/ha years economic exploitability age P. nigra-131 bl.pyramyd. balsam intersect. eurameric. morphological systematic groups of poplars

18 The diagram shows, that to economic exploitability age (26-27 years) the euramerican hybrids have shown stocks exceeding three times stock of P. nigra-131 and almost twice stocks of balsam poplars. The stocks in 25-year's age (first column) at all poplars were close to stocks at economic exploitability age (second column). So it is expedient to nominate the age of cutting for the majority of plantations created from eupopulus poplars in that conditions at years. For black poplars with a pyramidal crone the age of cutting is expedient at years. However within the limits of the investigated groups different cultivars and clones can show different results, that it is possible to see on the given below diagrams.

19 wood stock, cubic m/ha Wood stock of pyramydal poplars cultivars at 25 years POK Russky P. nigra e. t. 120 Pioneer cultivars of poplars

20 w ood stock, cubic m/ha Wood stock of some euramerican cultivars of poplars at 25 years Bacheliery Sacrau-59 Serotina Marilandica Gelrica Regenerata cultivars of poplars

21 Wood stock, cubic m/ha Wood stock of balsam poplars clones at 25 years Balsamifera-X6 Trichocarpa- No83 Suaveolens- No99 Simonii-No133 Tricocarpa-No45 Clones of poplars

22 Wood stock of intersectional hybrids of poplars at 25 years Wood stock, cubic m/ha Hybrid No30 Hybrid No300 Hybrid No10 Hybrid 3B Berolinensis No130 Hybrids of poplars Voronezhsky giant

23 The diagrams show that difference within morphological systematic groups in age close to economical exploitability (25 years) can be very big. The wood stock were waved in group of black pyramidal poplars from 85 to 410 m³/ha, in group of balsam poplars from 260 to 430 m³/ha, in group of intersectional hybrids from 325 to 570 m³/ha, in group of euramerican poplars from 335 to 1150 m³/ha. Id est the wood stock differences between clones within the same groups consist 325, 63, 75 and 245%. And there are in the best parts of morphological systematic poplar groups! In fact that differences are significantly bigger if to analyze all clones of morphological systematic groups.

24 The best poplars on wood stock accumulation to 25 years age in groups were by: Euramerican cultivar Regenerata-78 (1150 m³/ha), Intersectional hybrid of M. M. Veresin Voronezh giant (570 m³/ha), Clone of balsam poplars - P. trichocarpa 83 (430 m³/ha), Black poplars hybrid of A. S. Yablokov Pioneer (410 m³/ha).

25 The Semiluksky populetum. Voronezh region. July Photo by A. P. Tsarev

26 The euramerican hybrids of poplars. On the left is Vernirubens, on the right Sacrau-59. Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height of 31,5 m, diameter 49,7 cm, volume of trunk 2,4 m 3. A forest site type - D2. The Voronezh region, Semiluksky populetum. May The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

27 ,Regenerata-78. Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height 32 m, diameter 64,6 cm, volume of trunk 4,5 m 3. A forest site type - D2. The Voronezh region, Semiluksky populetum. May The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev

28 Regenerata-79 Age 34 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height 34 m, diameter 70 cm, volume of trunk 5.2 m³. A forest site type - D2. The Voronezh region, Semiluksky populetum. May The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

29 Vernirubens Age 29 years. Height 31 m, diameter 48.1 cm, volume of trunk 2.2 m 3. The Voronezh region, Semiluksky populetum. A forest site type - D2. May The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

30 Populus trichocarpa Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height 27 m, diameter 30.3 cm, volume of trunk 0.8 m 3. The Voronezh region, Semiluksky populetum. A forest site type - D2. May The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

31 Trichocarpa years. Height 27 m, diameter -32 cm, volume 0.82 m³. Semiluksky populetum. Voronezh region. May Photo made by A. P. Tsarev.

32 Voronezhsky giant intersectional hybrid poplar received by М.М. Veresin, from crossing P. deltoides х P. balsamifera. Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height 28.5 m, diameter 42.7cm, volume of trunk 1.6 m 3. The Voronezh region, Semiluksky populetum. A forest site type - D2. May The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev

33 Voronezh giant. Age - 34 years. Diameter 45 cm. Height 31 m. Volume 1.9 m³. Semiluksky populetum. May Photo was made by Anatoly Tsarev.

34 The analysis of other parameters has allowed to establish laws of poplars display depending on age, geographical origin, ecological and climatic conditions of growth area etc. As a whole, clones and cultivars of a poplar occurring from southern regions, in conditions central forest steppe of the European part of Russia differ by the greater duration of the vegetation period, draught resistance, stability to a defeat by a rust and damage by a wind. On the other hand, they have the worse straightness of a trunk, less dense of wood, shorter of a fibres, lower frost resistance. On the contrary, clones and cultivars of a poplar occurring from northern regions and areas with a sharply continental climate, differed by the opposite characteristics.

35 In view of results received at research of growth, stability and quality of wood on submitted in the report and other skilled objects the undertaken researches have allowed to develop perspective assortments for different soil-climatic zones and various types of poplars plantings.

36 The poplars recommended for various soilclimatic zones and purposes of cultivation Zones Cultivars and clones Industrial Protective Decorative plantations plantations plantations Forest- Some of Euramerican 1-2* steppe cultivars Pioneer, Russky, POK, Voronezhsky giant Steppe Some of Euramerican cultivars, Pioneer, POK, 1-1 Voronezhsky giant Semi- Some of Euramerican desert cultivars P. nigra pyramidalis *) Recommendations to use: 1 recommend, 2 may be use, 3 not recommend

37 The conclusions - The economic exploitability age on volumes and on stocks has shown, that the optimum age of cutting of the main usage at all groups of poplars, except for black pyramidal, in the investigated conditions is years. At the black pyramidal poplars it is years. - The best average parameters on a stock to the economic exploitability age among 5 morphological systematic groups of eupopulus poplars they have shown the euramerican poplars (660 m³/ha), then intersection hybrids of the eupopulus poplars (480 m³/ha), balsam (385 m³/ha), black pyramidal poplars (280 m³/ha) and P. nigra (225 m³/ha). - The average stocks of the euramerican poplars in 2-3 times surpass stocks of three last groups. The stocks of intersection hybrids of the eupopulus poplars have appeared approximately on 1/3 below, than at the euramerican poplars, however they differed by higher frost resistance.

38 - Within the limits of morphological systematic groups at the investigated poplars the difference between most and least productive clones changed from 63 % (balsam poplars) up to 382 % (black pyramidal poplars). The difference at the euramerican poplars was 245 %, and at the intersection hybrids - 75 %. - The wood stocks in 25-year's age (close to economic exploitable age) at most fast growing poplars of separate groups were at cultivar Regenerata-No78' from the euramerican poplars (1150 m³/ha), hybrid of M. M. Veresin 'Voronezh giant' from intersection hybrids (570 m³/ha), clone 'Trichocarpa 83' from balsam poplars (430 m³/ha) and cultivar A. S. Yablokov 'Pioneer' from pyramidal poplars (410 m³/ha). - As a whole, poplars provenancing from southern regions of Wholarctic, in conditions of central forest steppe have the greater duration of the vegetation period, resistance to drought, to a defeat by a rust and damage by a wind. On the other hand, they have the worse straightness of trunk, less dense wood, shorter wood fibres, lower frost resistance. On the contrary, poplars from northern regions differed by the opposite characteristics.

39 - The investigations allowed selecting the better clones, hybrids and cultivars of poplars to different climatic zones and types of stands. - The use of these assortments allow to reduce the wood deficit in little forest regions. Some of them can be use in recreation, decorative planting and create the shelterbelts.

40 Sank you very much for your attention