Poplar Culture in North America

Transcription

1 A PUBLICATION OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA MONOGRAPH PUBLISHING PROGRAM Poplar Culture in North America Edited by Donald I. Dickmann Michigan State University, Department of Forestry, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A. J.G. Isebrands USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, Rhinelander, Wisconsin, U.S.A. James E. Eckenwalder University of Toronto, Department of Botany, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jim Richardson Poplar Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published on the occasion of the 21st session of the International Poplar Commission by National Research Council of Canada in association with Poplar Council of Canada Poplar Council of the United States This publication has been made possible by the generous financial support of the Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada NRC Research Press Ottawa 2001

2 Contents Preface Abstract/Resume xii xv PART A. Poplar biology and culture CHAPTER 1. An overview of the genus Populus (D.I. Dickmann) Introduction 1 What's in a name? 3 General characteristics of poplars 5 Taxonomy 14 Section Abaso 18 Section Turanga 20 Section Leucoides 21 Section Aigeiros 21 Section Tacamahaca 27 Section Populus 33 Conclusions 40 Acknowledgements 40 References 41 CHAPTER 2. Poplar breeding strategies (D.E. Riemenschneider, B.J. Stanton, G. Vallee, and P. Perinet) 43 Introduction 43 Implications of clonal propagation 45 The concept of genetic gain in poplar breeding :. 51 Selection criteria 52 Breeding strategies 52 Testing strategies 67 Multiple trait issues 70 Conclusions and future work 73 References 74 VII

3 Poplar Culture in North America CHAPTER 3. Physiological ecology of poplars (D.I. Dickmann, J.G. Isebrands, T.J. Blake, K. Kosola, and J. Kort) Introduction 77 Structure and growth 79 Carbon physiology 91 Water relations 95 Mineral nutrient relations 103 Physiology of yield 107 Conclusion 114 Acknowledgements 115 References 115 CHAPTER 4. Ecology and silviculture of natural stands of Populus species (J.C. Zasada, A.J. David, D.W. Gilmore, and S.M. Landhausser) 119 Introduction 119 Regeneration in Populus 121 Genetics of natural populations of Populus 129 Productivity 133 Silvicultural systems for aspen 139 Silvicultural systems for other Populus species 145 Summary 146 Acknowledgements 147 References 148 CHAPTER 5. Ecology and silviculture of poplar plantations (J.A. Stanturf, C. van Oosten, D.A. Netzer, M.D. Coleman, and CJ. Portwood) 153 Introduction 153 Propagation and production of planting stock 154 Site requirements and site selection 167 Site preparation 171 Planting 173 Competition control 174 Fertilization 178 Thinning 190 Coppicing 192 Growth and yield 193 Environmental effects 202 Acknowledgements 203 References 203 VIM

4 Contents CHAPTER 6. Environmental benefits of poplar culture (J.G. Isebrands and D.F. Karnosky) 207 Introduction 207 Protection plantings: windbreaks and shelterbelts 208 Erosion control 209 Riparian buffer systems 210 Phytoremediation and wastewater reuse 211 Bioenergy 213 Carbon sequestration 214 Urban amenity plantings 215 Climate change 215 Acknowledgement 218 References 218 CHAPTER 7. Insects pests of Populus: coping with the inevitable (W.J. Mattson, E.A. Hart, and W.J.A. Volney) 219 Introduction 219 Tradeoffs: high growth, low resistance to pests 219 Not all insects are equally important 220 Selected insect problems 221 Insects feeding on leaves 221 Insects feeding on elongating shoots 230 Insects feeding within woody stems 232 What to plant? Choosing low-susceptibility clones 236 Landscape considerations: how to plant, knowing that more plants means more insects 237 Polycultures are in; monocultures are out 243 Checkerboarding: keeping "islands" small and difficult to find increases pest extinction. 243 Managing natural enemies to encourage presence, persistence, and efficacy 244 Concluding remarks 245 References 245 IX

5 Poplar Culture in North America CHAPTER 8. Poplar diseases (G. Newcombe, M. Ostry, M. Hubbes, P. Perinet, and M.-J. Mottet) 249 Introduction 249 The major diseases of Populus in North America 251 Regional variation in diseases of hybrid poplar 258 Influence of disease on current and future aspen management in the Lake States 264 The transgenic approach to disease resistance in poplars Patterns of presence and absence of Septoria canker in theu.s 270 Distribution of Septoria canker in Quebec 271 Breeding for resistance to Septoria canker in Quebec 273 Conclusions 274 References 275 CHAPTER 9. Properties and utilization of poplar wood (J.J. Balatinecz and D.E. Kretschmann) 277 Introduction 277 Properties 279 Utilization options 282 Pulp and paper 283 Lumber 284 Composite products 285 Biomass for energy 288 Other uses 288 Summary 289 References 290 CHAPTER 10. The science of poplar culture (D.I. Dickmann) 293 Introduction 293 Poplars in scientific research 293 Critical areas for poplar research 297 Conclusions 305 Acknowledgements 307 References 307

6 Contents PART B. Characteristics of commercial poplar clones and cultivars CHAPTER 11. Poplar clones: an introduction and caution (D.I. Dickmann and J.G. Isebrands) 309 Introduction 309 The good, the bad, and the ugly 310 Standing the test of time 311 Naming the multitudes 317 A clone is a clone or is it? 321 Final thoughts 323 Acknowledgements 323 References 323 CHAPTER 12. Key to species and main crosses (J.E. Eckenwalder) 325 Simplified key to adults of wild poplar species worldwide, excluding hybrids 325 Simplified key to native poplar species and commonly cultivated species and hybrids in North America north of Mexico 328 CHAPTER 13. Descriptions of clonal characteristics (J.E. Eckenwalder) 331 General characteristics of main crosses 331 Descriptions of some important clones in North America for production and general cultivation 336 CHAPTER 14. Breeding strategies for the 21st Century: domestication of poplar (H.D. Bradshaw, Jr., and S.H. Strauss) Introduction 383 Plant domestication 384 Characteristics of a domesticated tree 386 Discovery of domestication genes for poplar 388 Genetic engineering as a core technology for the "Gene Revolution" in poplar culture 390 Goals for poplar domestication 391 Conclusion 392 Acknowledgements 393 References 393 Appendix. English to metric conversions 395 Clone index 397 XI