Improvement of Exotic and Indigenous Poplars in India

Transcription

1 Improvement of Exotic and Indigenous Poplars in India Dinesh Kumar Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India

2 Poplar : Major Groups Indigenous Important more for ecological and social reasons than commercial utility Occur in temperate and sub-temperate areas Exotic Important for commercial reasons Planted in subtropical (Populus deltoides) and temperate (P. nigra) areas

3 Populus deltoides-based agroforestry plantation in Punjab

4 Avenue plantation of exotic poplar in Kashmir

5 Southern Limits of Indigenous and Exotic Poplars in India

6 Southern Limits of Indigenous and Exotic Poplars in India

7 Populus: Indigenous species P. ciliata P. alba P. euphratica P. laurifolia P. gamblei P. jacquemontii var. glauca P. rotundifolia

8 Populus: Exotic species P. deltoides P. nigra Others P. x euramericana P. trichocarpa P. yunnanensis P. tremuloides P. maximowiczii

9 Populus ciliata The most extensive indigenous poplar Distributed at m altitude Planted on unstabilised slopes, freshly exposed soils along roads or nurse crop for Abies pindrow regeneration Planted around orchards as wind break Uses: Packing cases, match sticks, fuel, fodder; also suitable for plywood and hardboards

10 Populus ciliata Improvement: Population Survey Altitude State No. of stands <1800 m Uttarakhand m m m Himachal Pradesh 7 Arunachal Pradesh 3 Uttarakhand 21 Himachal Pradesh 28 Arunachal Pradesh 1 Uttarakhand 92 Himachal Pradesh 24 Arunachal Pradesh 6 Uttarakhand 23 Himachal Pradesh 4 Arunachal Pradesh 6 >3000 m Uttarakhand 9 Total 227

11 Population survey Trees of river flood plain deposits and ravine / seasonal water courses have greater m.a.i. than those associated with high-level conifers (Khurana and Khosla, 1982). Male: female ratio 3:2 Female trees prefer exposed areas while male trees occur with dominant species; females attain greater sizes (Khosla et al., 1979).

12 Sites of germplasm collection by Rajgopal et al., 2000

13 (Rajgopal et al., 2000)

14 Provenance trials Maximum resistance against Melampsora rust observed in Rahla provenance CPT selection for growth, form, resistance to Melampsora rust and stem gall Rust (M. ciliata) infection was more in provenances at lower altitudes as compared to higher altitudes (Gupta et al., 2002) Dysgenic selection

15 Hybridisation with P. deltoides Full compatibility of P. ciliata x P. deltoides and reciprocals (Chaturvedi and Rawat, 1992, 1994) P. deltoides x P. ciliata not compatible (Khosla and Thakur, 1991) with P. maximowiczii with P. x euramericana I-455 with P. yunnanensis Hybrids with P. deltoides and P. maximowiczii grew faster in nursery than P. ciliata (Mohanty and Khurana, 2000, Khurana, 2007) Hybrids with P. deltoides planted in field trials (Jha and Kumar, 2000)

16 xxxxxx xxx xxxxxx Axxxxxx xxxxxx B xxxxxx xxxxxx Hybrids with P. deltoides with different rooting patterns Category A: for interplanting with agricultural crop Category C: for block planting Category D: for planting on loose soil (Khurana, 2007) xxxxxx C xxxxxx E xxxxxx D xxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxx

17 Isozyme (Handa et al., 2000, Narkhede, 1995) and RAPD markers (Rajagopal et al., 1999) for identification of interspecific hybrids and superior clones

18 Populus alba Occurs in Western Himalayas (i.e. parts of Lahaul and Kinnaur, Kashmir) at m altitude Severely lopped for fodder Seeds are scarce

19 Populus alba Improvement Population survey Altitude State Range No. of stands <2400 m Himachal Pradesh Akpa m Himachal Akpa 5 Pradesh Pooh 3 Yangthan 1 >2800 m Himachal Pooh 1 Pradesh Yangthan 1 Total 16

20 Provenance trial 26 provenances from Kashmir, Leh, and Himachal Pradesh classified into category C (7) and category D (19) rooting patterns Rooting pattern consistent within a provenance (except two provenances) CPT selection and clonal multiplication P-14 Raksham clone found superior 125 ppm IBA found effective for mass multiplication

21 Populus euphratica Occurs in cold desert area in Western Himalayas (i.e. parts of Ladakh and Spiti) at m altitude Severely lopped for fodder

22 Populus euphratica Improvement Population survey Altitude State Range No. of stands 3,000 m Jammu and Kashmir 3,050 m Jammu and Kashmir 3,100 m Jammu and Kashmir Nubra 1 Nubra 1 Nubra 1

23 Populus gamblei Southernmost species of indigenous poplar in India (27 o -30 o N latitude) Occurs in Eastern Himalayas (North Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) at m altitude Used for packing cases and match industries

24 Populus gamblei Improvement Population survey Altitude State Locality Compart -ment no m Arunachal Pradesh Yachuti Range Stand population (0.4 ha) 1(C1) 10,000 (3 ha) 1 6,000 (2 ha) 1 12,000 (5 ha) Stand no. HP-1 HP2 HP3 HP-4

25 Populus deltoides Exotic; yet most important species of this genus in India Trees standing: >30 million Average planting/replanting rate: 5.5 million plants/year i.e. 11,000 ha/year (requirement surpassed 12 million in 2008) Major planting region: Plains of North-West India (Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh) Low hills/plains in parts of Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir Uses: Plywood, matchstick, paper and charcoal

26 Poplar-wheat agroforestry model Poplar-turmeric agroforestry model

27 Poplar wood being taken to market by farmers

28 Traditional charcoal kiln using roots of poplar and other wood waste

29 Planted in agroforestry plantations in north India Rotation 6-8 years Mean annual increment: 20-25m 3 /ha/yr Yield upto 49m 3 has been recorded in few plantations Planting sites: Irrigated agricultural field of farmers Planting method: Planted with agricultural crops, rather than solo plantation Spacing: 5m x 4m or 4m x 4m as block plantation 3 m to 4m in linear rows as boundary plantation Crops grown: Grain crops (except rice), vegetables, pulses, medicinal plants, fruit trees

30 Populus deltoides Improvement P. deltoides introduced in early 1950s with several species of this genus By 1969, P. deltoides and its interspecific hybrids etc. had proved their superiority in terai region (e.g. I-488, I-214, I- 215) In 1969, more clones introduced e.g. D-121, G-3, G-48, 61/183, 65/27, etc. By 1983, clones G-3, G-48 and D-121 became most popular 1983, open-pollinated seeds of G-48 x G-3 were collected. By 1994, G-3 became prone to leaf blight

31 Finding out new exotic clones for planting WIMCO, FRI, Universities, State Forest Departments S7C S7C15 S7C20 Development of new clones through hybridisation G-48 x G-3 (WSL-series, L-series clones) Other hybrids

32 Growth Data of Select Exotic Clones of P. deltoides at State Forest Department, Haldwani in Terai Region, Uttarakhand Rank Clone 1 S7C (Check clone) G / (Check clone) G-3 Total clones: 108, Period: (60 clones), (63 clones) (Kumar et al., 2001)

33 Growth Data of Select Clones of P. deltoides Produced Through Open- Pollination at Haldwani in Terai Region, Uttarakhand Rank Clone m.a.i. (m 3 /ha/yr) 1 L-169/ L-188/ L-51/ L-34/ L-51/ L-17/ L-116/ Check clone G Check clone G Check clone D-121 <10.00 Trial: (Burfal, 2001)

34 Introduction of More Germplasm P. deltoides germplasm in India till 1996 P. deltoides germplasm introduced in India during 1996

35 Growth Data of Select Clones of P. deltoides Produced at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun from Seed Introduced from South and South-Eastern USA Total clones: 95, Period: Rank Clone Height (m) Dbh (cm) Clean bole ht (m) Vol. under bark (m 3 ) m.a.i. (m 3 /ha/yr) 1 FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM Contd. on next slide

36 Contd. from previous slide Rank Clone Height (m) Dbh (cm) Clean bole ht (m) Vol. under bark (m 3 ) m.a.i. (m 3 /ha/yr) 15 FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM FRI-AM G-48 (Check clone)

37 Clones have been tested for fibre length at Dehradun and Ludhiana. Focus now shifting to wood quality as well. Nursery stock raised through tissue culture possessed serpentine stem and early setting of dormancy in autumn. Rooting was better but field growth declined by 67 per cent in timber vol. vis-à-vis control. Wood was found to be suboptimal in plywood and safety match industries (Dhiman and Gandhi, 2006).

38 Registration of Clones No mechanism so far at national level Eight clones registered by Produced by WIMCO are registered with International Poplar Commission Six Outstanding Clones Produced by WIMCO and Registered with International Poplar Commission in 2002 Clone Height dbh Volume (m 3 ) WSL WSL WSL WSL WSL-A WSL-A G-48 (Check clone)

39 Development of Approach for Multi-Step Selection and Concurrent Multiplication of Superior Clones of P. deltoides

40 Approaches for Selection of Poplar Clones Full-rotation field testing + Multiplication : Time period : = 10 years Accuracy : Highest 6 4 Half-rotation field testing + Multiplication :? 3 4 Time period : = 7 years Accuracy :? Selection intensity:? Multi-step selection + Multiplication : Time period :? 3????? Accuracy :????? Ages for multi-step selection:? Selection intensties :? Timing for multiplication:? Logistics :?

41 Scatter plot of ranks for age 6 and younger ages for volume (D 2 H) of 60 clones

42 60 Wrongly selected Correctly selected Correctly rejected RD 2 H Wrongly rejected RD 2 H6

43 Ranks: Age 1 vs Age 6 Vol Best 5 (Accuracy 20 %) Best 10 (Accuracy 50 %) Best 15 (Accuracy 60 %) Best 30 (Accuracy 63.3 %) Vol. 6

44 Per cent accuracy of early selection for stem volume Selection age (years) No. of clones targeted for selection out of 60 clones in trial Average Average

45 Likely Scenarios of Relationships among Different Steps of Multi-Step Selection (1) (2) (3)

46 Selection Strategy Suggested Selection age (years) Proportion of clones that should be selected Proportion targetted (no. of clones out of 60) Accuracy in selecting targeted clones 2 yrs. ( 1 / 3 of rotation age) 3yrs. (½ of rotation age) 4 yrs. ( 2 / 3 of rotation age) 5 yrs. ( 5 / 6 of rotation age) 60% (36 out of 60) % 33% (20 out of 60) % 13% (8 out of 60) 5 100% 5% (3 out of 60) 3 100%

47 Step 1: age 2 Step 2: age 3 Step 3: age 4 Step 4: age 5 Step1 Step 2 Step 3 Step ID numbers of clones selected in four steps

48 Approach for Early Selection and Concurrent Multiplication Select 60%, 33%, 13% and 5% clones at age 2, 3, 4 and 5 years. Start multiplication at age 2 on basis of 2 nd year stem volume. Refine selection every year on basis of current growth data. % clones selected Year of clonal multiplication Stop multiplication of rejected clones at every step.

49 Advantages of This Approach Accuracy close to selection at rotation age. Speed faster than selection at half-rotation age. Facilitates selection for rooting ability too during field testing and multiplication. Captures juvenility for easy rooting. Selection for other traits can be amicably combined with selection for stem volume in this approach. (Kumar D. and Singh, N.B Silvae Genetica, 50: )

50 Logistics and comparison with other approaches Particulars 2 years ( 1 /3 of rotation) Age of early selection 3 years (½ 4 years of ( 2 /3 of rotation) rotation) 5 years ( 5 /6 of rotation) Percentage of clones targeted 50% 25% 8% 5% Percentage of clones selection 60% 33% 13% 5% Percentage success achieved 86.7% 93.3% 100% 100% % superiority over average clone 125% 148% 185% 212% % superiority over one-step selection of best 25% clones at half-rotation age % superiority over one-step selection of best 25% clones at one-third of rotation age No. of plants per clone at end of early selection age No. of clones in vegetative multiplication garden No. of plants in vegetative multiplication garden Ratio of requirement for resources in nursery/ VMG 79.4% 94.1% 117.5% 134.7% 86.5% 102.4% 127.9% 146.6% ,000 20, ,200 6,600 26, , : 0.07 : 0.26 : 1.00

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