Topography 2A-1-S190-EP
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1 Topography 2A-1-S190-EP
2 Lesson Objective List the basic characteristics of topography and describe how they affect wildland fire behavior.
3 1. Topography Topography is the configuration of the earth s surface including its relief and the position of its natural and man-made features. Following are topographic terms and how they affect wildland fire behavior.
4 A. Aspect The direction a slope is facing, such as its exposure in relation of the sun.
5 A. Aspect The aspect of a slope generally determines the amount of heating it gets from the sun; therefore, determines the amount, condition, and type of fuel present.
6 A. Aspect 1. South and Southwest slopes are normally more exposed to sunlight and generally have: Lighter and sparser fuels. Higher temperatures. Lower humidity. Lower fuel moisture. They are the most critical in terms of start and spread of wildland fires.
7 A. Aspect 2. North facing slopes have more shade which causes: Heavier fuels. Lower temperatures. Higher humidity. Higher fuel moistures. A north facing aspect will have less fire activity than a south facing slope.
8 Effect of Aspect on Fuel Temperature and Moisture Highest Fuel Moisture Lowest Average Temperature Lowest Rate of Spread Later Curing of Fuels Late Snow Melt Later Heating Later Cooling Earlier Heating Earlier Cooling Lowest Fuel Moisture Highest Average Temperature Highest Rate of Spread Earlier Curing of Fuels Earlier Snow Melt
9 A. Aspect B A Which is most likely a North facing slope? A or B?
10 B. Slope The amount or degree of incline of a hillside (a steep slope). Fires burn more rapidly uphill than downhill. The steeper the slope, the faster the fire burns.
11 B. Slope This is because the fuel above the fire are brought into closer contact with the upward moving flames. Convection and radiant heat help the fuel catch fire more easily.
12 C. The Shape of Country The shape of the country can also influence the direction of fire spread, rate of spread and the intensity.
13 D. Box Canyons Fires starting near the base of box canyons and narrow canyons may react similar to a fire in a wood burning stove or fireplace.
14 D. Box Canyons Air will be drawn in from the canyon bottom creating very strong upslope drafts. These upslope drafts create rapid fire spread up the canyon, also referred to as the chimney affect. This affect can result in extreme fire behavior and can be very dangerous.
15 D. Box Canyons
16 D. Topography (Terrain) Box Canyons
17 E. Narrow Canyons Fire in a steep narrow canyon can easily spread to fuels on the opposite side by radiation and spotting.
18 Topography (Terrain) E. Narrow Canyons
19 F. Wide Canyons Prevailing wind direction can be altered by the direction of the canyon.
20 G. Ridges Fire burning along lateral ridges may change direction when they reach a point where the ridge drops off into a canyon. This change of direction is caused by the flow of air in the canyon.
21 H. Saddle Wind blowing through a saddle or pass in a mountain range can increase in speed as it passes through the constricted area and spread out on the downwind side with possible eddy action.
22 H. Topography (Terrain) Saddles
23 I. Elevation Elevation plays a large role in determining the conditions and amount of fuel. Elevation affects fire behavior in several ways such as the amount of precipitation received, wind exposure, and its relationship to the surrounding terrain.
24 J. Barriers Any obstruction to the spread of fire, typically an area or strip lacking any flammable fuel.
25 J. Barriers 1. Natural Barriers: Rivers Lakes Rocks Slides
26 J. Barriers 2. Man-made Barriers: Roads Highways Reservoirs Fireline constructed by fire resources.
27 Topography (Terrain) Insert steep slope pic
28 Exercise (open book) 1. A barrier is: 2. Under normal conditions, a north facing aspect will have more fire activity than a south facing aspect. a. True b. False 3. A box canyon is dangerous because: 2A-28-S190-EP
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