Parking Infrastructure: A Constraint on or Opportunity for Urban Redevelopment?

Transcription

1 Portland State University PDXScholar TREC Friday Seminar Series Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC) for Urban Redevelopment? Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Let us know how access to this document benefits you. Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Transportation Commons, Urban Studies Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Chester, Mikhail, "?" (2016). TREC Friday Seminar Series This Book is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in TREC Friday Seminar Series by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. For more information, please contact

2 PRESENTATION TO: Portland State University 26 February 2016 Parking Infrastructure: A Constraint on or Opportunity for Urban Redevelopment? MIKHAIL V. CHESTER ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL & SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY

3 TRANSPORTATION LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT INFRASTRUCTURE GROWTH ROADWAYS BUILDINGS PARKING INFRASTRUCTURE & CLIMATE CHANGE Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 2 2

4 TRANSPORTATION LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 3 3

5 Life Cycle Assessment VEHICLES (Manufacturing & Maintenance) INFRASTRUCTURE (Construction, Maintenance, Rehabilitation, & Operation) ENERGY PRODUCTION (Primary fuel extraction, Processing, & Transport) SUPPLY CHAINS Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 4 4

6 Life-cycle Assessment M Chester & A Horvath, 2009, Environmental Assessment of Passenger Transportation Should Include Infrastructure & Supply Chains, Environmental Research Letters 4, Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 5 5

7 US PARKING INFRASTRUCTURE Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 6 6

8 250 million vehicles in the U.S. 99% of trips start or end with free parking Vehicles spend 95% of lives parked Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 7 7

9 The U.S. Parking Space Inventory Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 5 + known metered + known metered + 1 home + 1 work + zoning ft 2 requirements + known metered + 1 home + 1 work + zoning ft 2 requirements + onstreet + 4 spaces/car (urban) spaces/car (rural) + 8 spaces/car 105 million 730 million 820 million 840 million 2 billion 1.4 billion

10 Embedded Air Emissions: PM 10 Sedan PM 10 Emissions in mg per Passenger Mile Traveled Million Spaces 730 Million Spaces 820 Million Spaces 840 Million Spaces 2 Billion Spaces Vehicle Active Operation Vehicle Inactive Operation Vehicle Manufacturing Vehicle Maintenance Vehicle Insurance Infrastructure Construction Infrastructure Operation Infrastructure Maintenance Fuel Cycle Infrastructure Parking Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 9 9

11 INFRASTRUCTURE GROWTH Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 10 10

12 Transportation: Network Growth Environmental and Economic Consequences of Permanent Roadway Infrastructure Commitment: City Road Network Life-cycle Assessment and Los Angeles County, A Fraser and M Chester, ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Expected 2016, Volume and Issue Forthcoming, doi: /(ASCE)IS X Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 11 11

13 Cumulative Roadway Kilometers 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Local Collector Arterial 74% Environmental and Economic Consequences of Permanent Roadway Infrastructure Commitment: City Road Network Life-cycle Assessment and Los Angeles County, A Fraser and M Chester, ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Expected 2016, Volume and Issue Forthcoming, doi: /(ASCE)IS X Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 12 12

14 PARKING INFRASTRUCTURE LOS ANGELES Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 16 16

15 Andrew Fraser Doctoral Candidate Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering Arizona State University Juan Matute Associate Director UCLA Lewis Center and the Institute of Transportation Studies University of California Los Angeles Ram Pendyala Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Carolyn Flower Undergraduate Researcher Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering Arizona State University Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 17 17

16 OFFSTREET Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 18 18

17 ? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, M Chester, A Fraser, J Matute, C Flower, and R Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 19 19

18 ONSTREET Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 20 20

19 SURFACE LOTS & STRUCTURES Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 21 21

20 Cumulative Spaces Millions million spaces 5.5 residential offstreet 9.6 million non-residential offsreet 3.6 million onstreet Residential Offstreet Non-Residential Offstreet Onstreet? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, M Chester, A Fraser, J Matute, C Flower, and R Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 22 22

21 14% of incorporated land area 1.4 times larger than roadway area Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 23 23

22 Annual Space Additions 600, , , , , , Residential Offstreet Non-Residential Offstreet Onstreet? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, M Chester, A Fraser, J Matute, C Flower, and R Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 24 24

23 Growth Relative to Lane-Miles Total Non-Residential Offstreet VMT Lane-Miles? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, M Chester, A Fraser, J Matute, C Flower, and R Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 25 25

24 Growth Relative to Vehicles Total Parking Spaces Residential Parking Spaces VMT Vehicles? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, M Chester, A Fraser, J Matute, C Flower, and R Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 26 26

25 Changes in Spaces: ? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, M Chester, A Fraser, J Matute, C Flower, and R Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 27 27

26 Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 28 28

27 Coverage Factor Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 29 29

28 Minimum parking standards have been a success at encouraging greater automobility and probably a failure at lower traffic congestion. Before 1975, vehicle adoption accelerated to fill residential offstreet spaces; after 1975 the vehicle to residential offstreet space ratio has hovered around unity. Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 30 30

29 Even if minimum parking requirements are reduced or reformed, the extensive parking infrastructure is likely to work against policy initiatives to curb the use of the car, reduce auto congestion, increase transit usage, and address equity issues. Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 31 31

30 However, there is likely to be a drag from existing parking infrastructure. The current parking infrastructure may substantially reduce the positive impacts of major parking reforms Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 32 32

31 Transitioning Parking Infrastructure Conversion of parking to housing, small business, industrial and commercial use, and recreational facilities. Replace surface lots with buildings. Conversion of parking structures to alternative uses. Allow bootlegged apartments amnesty. Focus parking reform on areas with high quality transit access. Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 33 33

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34 References Environmental and Economic Consequences of Permanent Roadway Infrastructure Commitment: City Road Network Life-cycle Assessment and Los Angeles County, Andrew Fraser and Mikhail Chester, ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems, Expected 2016, Volume and Issue Forthcoming, doi: /(ASCE)IS X ? A Study of Los Angeles County Parking Supply and Growth, Mikhail Chester, Andrew Fraser, Juan Matute, Carolyn Flower, and Ram Pendyala, Journal of the American Planning Association, 2015, 81(4), pp doi: / The Growth of Urban Building Stock: Unintended Lock -in and Embedded Environmental Effects, Janet Reyna and Mikhail Chester, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2015, 19(4), pp , doi: /jiec Parking Infrastructure: Energy, Emissions, and Automobile Life-cycle Environmental Accounting, Mikhail Chester, Arpad Horvath, and Samer Madanat, Environmental Research Letters, 2010, 5(1), doi: / /5/1/ Environmental Assessment of Passenger Transportation Should Include Infrastructure and Supply Chains, Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath, Environmental Research Letters, 2009, 4(2), doi: / /4/2/ Mikhail Chester Arizona State University Slide 36 36