Trans-hemispheric Transformations. Involved four critical dimensions
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2 Trans-hemispheric Transformations Involved four critical dimensions
3 Four Dimensions 1. Alterity: sense of otherness; non-self a. not a mere encounter! But cultural construction of others 2. Knowledge: 3. Sovereignty 4. Capital
4
5 Two Major transformations Print revolution Rise of the reading public
6 Nicolaus Copernicus ( )
7 Sun centered system 1543: published his manuscript before the council of Trent Aristotle: straight lines on earth; curves in heavens Heaven and hell are not separate, and all movements curve
8 Great Comet 1577 (Comet in an oval path) Tycho Brahe Comets travel above Earth s atmosphere
9 De nova stella On the new Star (1573) Celestial realm is changing Comets were atmospheric
10 Laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler: planets moved in elliptical spheres
11 Galileo Galilei ( ) improved telescope (from Holland) 1610 He pointed the telescope up to the sky Wrote a 20 page book
12 Wide-ranging correspondence Starry Messenger
13
14
15 Federico Cesi ( ) Founder of the Lincean Academy
16 Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
17 Joshua s mobile sun asks God to stop the sun in order to lengthen the day and allow the Israelites to win the battle. But Galileo argues for an allegorical interpretation God stopped sunspots rather than the sun itself
18 I hold the sun to be situated motionless in the center of the revolution of the celestial orbs while the earth rotates on its axis and revolves about the sun. They know also that I support this position not only by refuting the arguments of Ptolemy and Aristotle... especially some pertaining to physical effects whose causes perhaps cannot be determined in any other way, and other astronomical discoveries; these discoveries clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree admirably with this other position and confirm it.
19 The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1631
20 Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences 1638
21 Leiden
22 mid-16th century Protestantism
23 Anabaptist Holland
24 Literary revolution and the Protestant Reformation
25 Catholic authoritarianism Literary: Bible had to be understood not only literary but also through the church Censorship: only books sanctioned by the church permitted
26 Salvation and language Salvation through grace rather than church-sanctioned rituals or pronouncement Church authority should be replaced by individual faith and God s grace Vernacular language
27 Public Discourse Vernacular More prosaic
28 Language & Urban Space Public Squares Novelization of language
29 Rise of the novel: Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote 1605
30 François Rabelais ( ) A founder of modern European literature Gargantua and Pantagruel Wordplay
31 Molière Unconventional individualism
32 Epistolary Novel
33 Blogs
34 Travel reports
35
36 Consumers
37 18 th century Salon (Italian and French)
38 From mid-17 th to mid-18 th centuries Knowledge is increasingly..
39 Becoming commoditized
40 Becoming Discernable
41 Experimental Science
42 Francis Bacon ( ) Experimental scientific method
43 Becoming compartmentalized
44 Cabinets of curiosities: encyclopedic collections of objects
45 Rise of Museums
46 Becoming Encyclopedic
47 Zoo
48 Human Zoo
49 Colonialism and Knowledge
50 And Finally Knowledge is becoming..
51 Rationalized
52 Immanuel Kant ( )
53
54 French Revolution 1789: Institutionalization of a new political discourse, new political imaginary A new political order based on human maturity, breaking down dependencies from the monarchy and the church
55 A new order of political reason
56 Where to find the roots of the new discourse on political order?
57 Let s go back to Florence
58 Perspective versus single space
59 Singularity of sovereignty
60 Politics and language Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli ( )
61 It is better to be feared than loved, if you cannot be both. Politics has no relations to morals
62 Political space as a vanishing point The art of politics is not just about administration and governance, but the ability to design effective representation of power Power cannot be separated from the display of its legitimacy Objective: (geometric and calculated) Management of appearance
63 Perspective
64 King Henry VIII
65 Elizabeth I (
66 Charles I ( )
67 Louis XIV ( )
68 Humanism and politics Sovereignty in the hands of Man And justice The Education of a Christian Prince (1518
69 Thomas Moor ( )
70 Royal and Church authorities
71 Unholy marriage Give me Anne Bolyen!
72 Kill Wolsey! Kill Thomas Cromwell! Claim authority by the grace of God alone
73 All power to the states! Peace of Westphalia (1648)
74 European State-building 16 th to the 17 th centuries. 1) TAXATION: Levied on subjects and citizens: Sales tax (e.g. salt, silk ) a) Moving away from tributary practices. b) First instances of democratic political economy. 2) Standing military. 3) Sovereignty Protestant Reformation: Increasing independence from the Church
75 Intimate relationship between Protestant Reformation, Statebuilding and rise of rationality.
76 Politics and Religion FAITH not institutional Church Kings can rule without Popes. Example: Calvin Church free from politics. Papal authority renounced. State as a community of believers
77 The formation of Early Modern States led to the following developments Dynastic states reliant on society. Yet formation of sovereign states. Military-civil distinction. Competition between European states: New wave of (smallscale) wars and conflict. Much stronger states than those of their medieval predecessors.
78 States 1. Absolutist states 2. welfare states 3. constitutional monarchies-republics
79 Absolutist Monarchies Divine right of kings or God s lieutenants upon earth. Royal centralization. Cardinal Richelieu Chief minister to King Louis XIII from Undermined the nobility and enhanced the authority of the king by building a large bureaucracy operated by commoners loyal to the king.
80 Louis XIV ( ) The Sun King L état, c est moi. Ruled as an absolutist king. 1670s: built Versailles.
81
82
83 Beginnings of the end of Absolutist state 1789 French Revolution
84 2. Proto-Welfare states?
85 Louis XI (reigned ) Sales tax: salt. Tax on Household. With an expanded state, new Institutions that provided assistant to the poor.
86 3. Constitutional States 3. Constitutional States. England and the maritime Dutch Republic. * Governments that claimed limited powers and recognized rights of the citizens and representative institutions, such as a parliament or a council.
87 Glorious Revolution ( ) Bloodless change of power when parliament deposed the Catholic King James II and replaced him with his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William the Orange. Agreement: Mary should rule only in cooperation with parliament and the consolidation of representative government.
88 State competition Thirty Year Wars ( ) Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, fragmented collection of independent states. Destruction, famine, disease.
89 Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Holy Roman Emperor, Habsburgs, Kingdoms of Spain, France, Sweden, Dutch Republic. First modern diplomatic Assembly..
90 Major peace treaties between sovereign states governed by a Sovereign. 1) Territorial boundaries. 2) Each prince would Determine the religion of His state. 3) Minority Christians could Practice their religion
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