Research into Impacts and Safety in CO2 Storage

Transcription

1 Research into Impacts and Safety in CO2 Storage RISCS Karen Kirk UK CCS Community Network Meeting University of Leeds

2 Background and aims Significant leakage from CO2 storage is not epected However, if it did occur there could be adverse effects on the environment These effects are not well constrained RISCS aims to carry out research on impacts arising from known CO2 flues (observed and modelled) In both marine and terrestrial environments Eperiments and natural field observations

3 Background Monitoring for both CO2 leakage and environmental impacts of leakage is a regulatory requirement e.g.: OSPAR and London Conventions EC Directive on Geological Storage of CO2 Consideration of environmental impacts will be a key element of applying for a site licence and closure/handover of a site to the state Important as move towards full-scale, full-chain CCS demonstration projects and ultimately largescale deployment Public confidence aspect

4 Project overview RISCS will provide information to underpin Evaluation of safety of storage sites EIAs Safe design of sites to minimise impacts Design of near surface monitoring strategies Refining of storage licence applications/conditions Frameworks to communicate safety of storage Ultimate product is Guide for Impact Assessment

5 Project overview 4 year project, fully funded, started January participants (UK, Greece, Netherlands, Italy, Norway, Sweden, France, Germany) + Australia, Canada, USA 6 industrial participants (Enel, Statoil, Vattenfall, EoN, PPC, RWE) providing funding (c 200k each), research input and advice 4 non-european participants (CO2CRC & Montana State, Regina, Stanford universities) in advisory role 1 NGO (ZERO) CO2GeoNet (Primarily represented by NIVA, BRGM in addition to 5 participants) IEA-GHG advice and help with dissemination

6 Project organisation WP1 Description of reference environments and scenarios WP2 Assessing impacts in marine environments Eperiments and field observations WP3 Assessing impacts in terrestrial environments Eperiments and field observations WP4 Assessing impacts - numerical simulations WP5 Integration and dissemination WP6 Coordination/management

7 WP1 Description of reference environments and scenarios WP1 will develop a comprehensive set of credible CO2 impact scenarios for varied near-surface reference environments. A scenario may be defined as: a hypothetical sequence of processes and events, devised to illustrate a range of possible future behaviours and states of a nearsurface system, for the purposes of evaluating potential impacts of CO2 leakage and for considering the long-term fate of CO2. This will be developed through workshops and refined in follow up studies

8 WP1 Aims The scenario analysis process will eplore: - The main features, events and processes (FEPs) typically associated with CCS systems, and surrounding environments - How such systems are likely to evolve with time - Potential failure/leakage mechanisms - Potential human/ecological impact mechanisms Together, these factors will be used to derive a credible range of scenarios indicating the mechanisms by which impacts to the environment might occur

9 WP1 Aims The overall purpose of the scenarios is to provide a sound basis for the regulation and monitoring of CO2 storage sites. The scenarios will be a basis for: eperiments / field studies investigating marine impacts in WP2 eperiments / field studies investigating terrestrial impacts in WP3 modelling potential terrestrial impacts in WP4.1 modelling potential marine impacts in WP4.2 communicating investigations of impacts in WP5

10 WP2 Assessing impacts in marine environments via field eperiments and observations Panarea field site OGS/PML: <10 L? PML: 1000 L IMARES : 4500 L + benthic chamber lander (CO2GeoNet)

11 WP2 2.1 Eperiments in artificial enclosures Response & recovery individual species (growth, survival reproduction) Response & recovery benthic communities Microbial communities Response & recovery Macro-/meiofauna communities Response Macro-/meiofauna communities recovery 2.2 Field observations Chemical, biological and physical monitoring at Panarea site, southern Italy

12 WP2 Chemical/physical parameters Enclosure eperiments Field species micro macro recov chem micro phys a 2.1.2b 2.1.2c temperature salinity diss. oygen nutrients DOC DIC alkalinity Pressure Chemico/physical ph nutrient flues miing??

13 WP2 Field observations To address issues related to system compleity and spatialtemporal variability at a marine site where natural CO2 is leaking to the water column To etrapolate the laboratory and mesocosm eperiments into real-world situations An integrated study will be performed, including measurements of the physical, chemical, and biological systems Panarea

14 WP3. Assessing impacts in terrestrial environments via field eperiments and observations Northern Europe Norwegian eperiments UK (ASGARD) eperiments Southern Europe Observations (Italy, Greece, France)

15 Norway Eposure (simulated CO2 leak) Effects (greenhouse eperiments) Risks: combining both data sources in a mechanistic modelling approach, using ASPECTS (atmosphere-soil-plant echange of C in terrestrial systems)

16 Norway Eposure (simulated CO2 leak) Measurements with 13C/12C TDL (tunable diode laser spectrometer) 1m Injection CO2 / δ13c Sampling ports

17 UK: ASGARD University of Nottingham eperimental site

18 ASGARD Our approach is: Inject controlled amounts of CO2 into soil Test detection techniques 1. Remote sensing 2. Isotope analysis 3. Continuous monitoring Monitor changes in plant and soil conditions (chemistry, microbiology) Test sensitivity to soil and plant types and gas concentration (impact thresholds, effects on roots, ecosystem recovery)

19 WP3.3: Naturally leaking sites in southern Europe Wide variety of flu rates and different gas compositions Different time scales (Florina well site, Latera, San Vittorino and Montmiral sites) Impact of leaking gas on: Vegetation potable groundwater quality the impact of using CO2-impacted groundwater for crop irrigation

20 WP4 Assessing Impacts numerical solutions Synthesise information from WPs 1, 2 & 3 Quantify CO2 transport onshore and offshore in space/time and the associated chemical perturbation Develop marine model system describing the key biogeochemical and ecological components relevant to CO2 and its impacts in shallow sediment layer and overlying water column, applicable to target sites identified in WP1 (varying depth, miing, temperatures and fauna) Develop terrestrial systems model representing the important processes in the transport of CO2 to and in the near-surface terrestrial environment, and its impacts, for reference scenarios identified in WP1

21 Leak Schematic Zone Leakage form Processes Atmosphere Air-Sea echange Pipeline leak Localised Controllable Easy to replicate Pelagic Dispersion micro/meso Bubble plume dynamics Bio-impacts Pipeline Reservoir leak Larger footprint? Uncontrollable Hard to replicate Benthic (Bio zone) Flues Bio-impacts, function Biochemical / Microbial Contaminant Remobilisation Plume dynamics Overburden Geo fluid dynamics

22 First Order Biogeochemical Implications of high CO2 Trace metal speciation Toin mobilisation ph Nutrient speciation & cycles CO2 hypercapnia acidosis Bicarbonate Primary production Substrate for photosynthesis Consumers Carbonate Calcification

23 WP5. Guide for Impact Assessment An integration of key results from WPs to: Inform key stakeholder groups on specific issues: What to consider when appraising potential impacts in the event of leakage from a storage site How to evaluate the potential impacts of storage project development: design stage, construction, operation, postinjection and to enable transfer of site liability to the competent authority Options for directly assessing the potential scales (temporal and areal, realistic leakage ranges (flues, masses)) and ecosystem responses; Options for identifying, predicting and verifying the nature of impacts.

24 WP5. Guide for Impact Assessment A high-quality, well-illustrated report will be produced in 3 versions and then a final version Each version will supersede and etend the previous version GIA will be developed through close consultation with key stakeholder groups at a series of workshops Scope of impact appraisals will be set within relevant regulations Published results from other projects will also be incorporated.

25 Thank you! Project coordinator: Dave Jones Tel: Presented by Karen Kirk