Final Report DEVELOPMENT OF BASELINE 2009 EMISSIONS FROM OIL AND GAS ACTIVITY IN THE WILLISTON BASIN

Transcription

1 NVIRON International Corporation Final Report DVLOPMNT OF BASLIN 2009 MISSIONS FROM OIL AND GAS ACTIVITY IN TH WILLISTON BASIN Prepared by Amnon Bar-Ilan John Grant Rajashi Parikh NVIRON International Corporation 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115 Novato, CA Kathleen Sgamma Western nergy Alliance th Street, Suite 1920 Denver, CO June 25, San Marin Drive, Suite 2115, Novato, CA

2 TABL OF CONTNTS Page XCUTIV SUMMARY... S1 INTRODUCTION...1 Temporal and Geographic Scope...1 Well Count and Production Data...4 MIDSTRAM SOURCS...9 Permit Data for Midstream Facilities from Montana and North Dakota State Agencies...9 Permit Data for Major Sources from PA Region SURVYD SOURCS SURVY-BASD SOURCS MISSION CALCULATION MTHODOLOGIS Amine Units Artificial Lift (Pumpjack) ngines Well Blowdowns CBM Pump ngines Well Completions and Recompletions Compressor ngines Compressor ngine Startups and Shutdowns Dehydrators Drill Rigs Drilling Operations Flaring Fugitive missions (Leaks) Gas Plant and NGL Plant Truck Loading Heaters Oil and Gas Well Truck Loading Pneumatic Control Devices Pneumatic (Gas Actuated) Pumps Condensate and Oil Tanks Workover Rigs SUMMARY RSULTS RFRNCS Final Report i

3 LIST OF TABLS Table S-1. Summary of emissions from oil and gas operations in the Williston Basin....2 Table S-2. Comparison of Williston Basin emissions with those of other basins in this study....4 Table S-3. Comparison of production characteristics of all basins inventoried in this study to date....4 Table well count by well type and by county for the Williston Basin...5 Table production by production type and by county for the Williston Basin...6 Table spud counts by county for the Williston Basin....7 Table 4. Table 5. Table emissions of all criteria pollutants by county for the Williston Basin NOx emissions [ton/yr] by source category for the Williston Basin VOC emissions [ton/yr] by source category for the Williston Basin LIST OF FIGURS Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Williston Basin boundaries overlaid with 2009 oil and gas well locations NOx emissions by source category and by county in the Williston Basin NOx emissions by tribal and non-tribal land in the Williston Basin VOC emissions by source category and by county in the Williston Basin VOC emissions by tribal and non-tribal area in the Williston Basin Williston Basin NOx emissions proportional contributions by source category Williston Basin VOC emissions proportional contributions by source category Final Report ii

4 XCUTIV SUMMARY This study provides an analysis of the criteria pollutant emissions for oil and gas exploration and production operations in the Williston Basin in Montana and North Dakota. The analysis is part of an effort sponsored by the Western nergy Alliance (formerly the Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain States IPAMS) jointly with the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) for the development of a Phase III regional oil and gas emission inventory for the inter- Mountain West. The overall effort will build on the Phase I and Phase II oil and gas inventory projects previously sponsored by WRAP. The Williston Basin emissions inventory is part of an overall effort that is focused on creating a comprehensive criteria pollutant emissions inventory for all activities associated with oil and gas field operations in the basins throughout the study region for a baseline year and future projection years; that includes all point and area sources related to the oil and gas industry. The primary sources of information were a survey outreach effort to the producers in the Williston Basin, and detailed permit data from the Montana Department of Natural Resources (MTDNR), North Dakota Department of Health (NDDOH), and US PA for larger midstream sources operating in the basin. Survey forms consisting of 26 xcel spreadsheets were forwarded to major participating operators in the Williston Basin. ach spreadsheet contained a request for specific data related to the identified oil and gas source categories. All data requested from participating companies were for these companies activities in the calendar year Well count and production data for the basin were obtained from a commercially available database of oil and gas data maintained by IHS Corporation ( the IHS database ). As with the emissions estimates, the focus of the IHS database was calendar year The companies participating in the survey process for the Williston Basin represented approximately 20% of well ownership in the basin, 30% of gas production in the basin, and 33% of oil production in the basin. The ownership percentages in the Williston Basin survey responses were significantly lower than in past basins, primarily due to the rapidly changing nature of oil production in the Bakken Shale formation, the large geographic area of the basin, and production distribution among many companies in the basin. The project sponsors determined that despite these limitations, there was a need to develop an initial inventory for the Williston Basin. There are other efforts currently ongoing to develop a more comprehensive and recent inventory for the Williston Basin such as that sponsored by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (WRAP, 2013). Considering the low survey response rate, insufficient detailed information was available to estimate emissions for some source categories. This may be due to the participating companies not having access to this data, not using this equipment, or being unable to provide this data. In some cases the categories with insufficient survey data were determined to be significant to the overall inventory based on past experience, and broader state or national data, or average input factors from other basins were used to gap-fill. Source categories for which no data was obtained and which were therefore excluded from the study include amine units, CBM pump engines, truck loading at gas and NGL processing plants, water disposal pits, water tanks, saltwater disposal engines, and vapor recovery units (VRUs). This study does not consider fugitive emissions from oil and gas pipelines from well heads to the main compressor stations. Accurate quantitative information on the length of pipeline in the basin was not available from sources queried as part of this effort or other data bases that were analyzed, and therefore a reasonable estimate of basin-wide pipeline fugitive emissions could not be derived. Because of the prevalence of venting and/or flaring of produced gas from oil wells Final Report S-1

5 (casinghead gas), casinghead gas venting and flaring was added as a separate source category in this study. The Williston Basin was defined as consisting of Carter, Custer, Daniels, Dawson, Fallon, Garfield, McCone, Prairie, Richland, Roosevelt, Sheridan, Valley, and Wibaux Counties in Montana; Butte and Harding Counties in South Dakota; and all counties in North Dakota. For purposes of this report only those counties in North Dakota with some oil and gas activity or midstream sources were included, consisting of Barnes, Billings, Bottineau, Bowman, Burke, Burleigh, Divide, Dunn, Golden Valley, McHenry, McIntosh, McKenzie, McLean, Mercer, Morton, Mountrail, Renville, Slope, Stark, Stutsman, Ward and Williams Counties in North Dakota. The Williston Basin had significantly more oil production in 2009 than any other basin studied thus far in the Phase III project for any calendar year, with approximately million barrels of oil produced in 2009, primarily from the Bakken Shale formation. The gas production in the Williston Basin in 2009 consisted of primary gas from gas wells and associated gas from oil wells. There is minimal CBM gas production in the Williston Basin in The total emissions of NOx in the Williston Basin were 14,387 tons in 2009 while total emissions of VOCs in the Williston Basin were 357,798 tons in Overall, compressor engines accounted for approximately 34% of NOx emissions basin-wide, including wellhead and midstream compressor engines, and drilling rigs accounted for approximately 35% of NOx emissions basin-wide. Flashing emissions from oil storage tanks accounted for approximately 63% of basin-wide VOC emissions, with venting of casinghead gas, condensate tank flashing and pneumatic devices and pumps accounting for an addition approximately 30% of VOC emissions. Approximately 71% of NOx emissions were derived from the survey data, with the remaining approximately 29% of NOx emissions being derived from permit data for primarily midstream sources from NDDOH, MTDQ and PA. The vast majority of VOC emissions were derived from the survey data, with only a small fraction being derived from permit data. Table S-1 below contains a summary of the total emissions from oil and gas operations in the Williston Basin. Table S-1. Summary of emissions from oil and gas operations in the Williston Basin. County NOx [tons/yr] VOC [tons/yr] CO [tons/yr] SOx [tons/yr] PM [tons/yr] Carter (MT) Custer (MT) Daniels (MT) Dawson (MT) Fallon (MT) 1,111 14,198 1, Garfield (MT) McCone (MT) Prairie (MT) Richland (MT) 1,149 19,516 1, Roosevelt (MT) 341 3, Sheridan (MT) 124 2, Valley (MT) 487 1, Wibaux (MT) 39 1, Barnes (ND) Billings (ND) , Final Report S-2

6 County NOx [tons/yr] VOC [tons/yr] CO [tons/yr] SOx [tons/yr] PM [tons/yr] Bottineau (ND) , Bowman (ND) , Burke (ND) 285 7, Burleigh (ND) Divide (ND) 268 6, Dunn (ND) 1,381 32,895 1, Golden Valley (ND) 51 2, McHenry (ND) McIntosh (ND) McKenzie (ND) 1,727 43,336 2, McLean (ND) Mercer (ND) Morton (ND) Mountrail (ND) 2, ,447 4, Renville (ND) 104 4, Slope (ND) 46 2, Stark (ND) 151 4, Stutsman (ND) Ward (ND) Williams (ND) 1,830 24,439 1,356 1, Butte (SD) Harding (SD) 241 6, TOTAL 14, ,798 18,765 2,081 1,045 Daniels, (MT) (Tribal) Roosevelt, (MT) (Tribal) 99 1, Sheridan, (MT) (Tribal) Valley, MT (Tribal) Dunn, ND (Tribal) 222 2, McKenzie, ND (Tribal) McLean, ND (Tribal) Mountrail, ND (Tribal) ,678 1, TOTAL (Tribal) 1,114 24,802 1, Daniels, (MT) (Non-Tribal) Roosevelt, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 242 1, Sheridan, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 124 2, Valley, MT (Non-Tribal) 470 1, Dunn, ND (Non-Tribal) 1,159 30,257 1, McKenzie, ND (Non-Tribal) 1,689 42,699 2, McLean, ND (Non-Tribal) Mountrail, ND (Non-Tribal) 2,127 83,768 3, a numbers in the table may not sum exactly to the total value listed due to rounding Final Report S-3

7 Table S-2 below shows a summary of the emissions inventory results for the basins which have already been inventoried as part of this Phase III effort the D-J, Uinta, Piceance, North San Juan, South San Juan, Wind River, Powder River, and Southwest Wyoming Basins. This table is intended for comparison purposes and therefore should be considered in conjunction with Table S-3, which shows a summary of the production and well count characteristics of each of these basins. As these two tables show, significant differences in production characteristics are observed among these basins, with subsequent effects on the emissions inventories for NOx and VOC. It should also be noted that significant variations in gas compositions and operational practices were observed among these basins, which also account for differences in the final basin-wide emissions. Table S-2. Comparison of Williston Basin emissions with those of other basins in this study. Basin missions (tons/yr) NOx VOC CO SOx PM D-J Basin 20,783 81,758 12, Uinta Basin 13,093 71,546 8, Piceance Basin 12,390 27,464 7, North San Juan Basin 5,700 2,147 6, South San Juan Basin 42,075 60,697 23, Wind River Basin 1,814 11,981 2,840 1, Powder River Basin 21,086 14,367 12, Southwest Wyoming Basin 21,569 94,013 13,150 5, Williston Basin 14, ,798 18,765 2,081 1,045 Table S-3. Comparison of production characteristics of all basins inventoried in this study to date. Basin Well Count Oil/Condensate Production (bbl) Total Conv. CBM Total Oil Well Oil Gas Production (MCF) Spud Counts Gas Well Condensa te Total CONV CBM Total D-J Basin 16,774 16, ,242, ,242, ,630, ,630, Uinta Basin 6,881 6, ,528,121 9,758,247 1,769, ,844, ,219,432 77,624, Piceance Basin 6,315 6, ,158,305 5,755,076 1,403, ,358, ,165,237 1,193, N. San Juan Basin 2,676 1,009 1,667 32,529 27,962 4, ,828,500 28,642, ,186, S. San Juan Basin 20,649 16,486 4,163 2,636,811 1,002,060 1,634,751 1,020,014, ,060, ,953, Wind River Basin 1,350 1, ,043,459 2,563, , ,190, ,166,868 1,023, Powder River Basin 25,652 7,793 17,859 19,662,896 19,144, , ,813,743 64,019, ,794,584 3,275 SW WY Basin 9,173 9, ,109,922 6,324,849 9,785,073 1,468,167,385 1,462,748,978 5,418,407 1,146 Williston Basin 8,144 8, ,868, ,729,112 4,139, ,025, ,979,559 45, Final Report S-4

8 INTRODUCTION The Western nergy Alliance, formerly the Independent Petroleum Association of Mountain States (IPAMS), is sponsoring the development of a Phase III regional oil and gas emission inventory for the inter-mountain West jointly with the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP), to build on the WRAP Phase I and Phase II inventory projects (Russell, et al., 2005; Bar-Ilan, et al., 2007). This effort is focused on creating a comprehensive criteria pollutant emissions inventory for all activities associated with oil and gas field operations in the basins throughout the study region for a baseline year (primarily 2006, but for the Williston Basin 2009 was used) as well as future projection years; that includes all point and area sources related to the oil and gas industry. The inventory presented in this analysis is for the Williston Basin in Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota and is the ninth such inventory conducted to date as part of this work, including the Denver-Julesburg Basin, Uinta Basin, Piceance Basin, North San Juan Basin, South San Juan Basin, Wind River Basin, Powder River Basin and Southwest Wyoming Basin. The 2009 baseline inventory consists of four primary categories: sources that were permitted by the State of Montana; sources that were permitted by the State of North Dakota; sources that were permitted by US PA (for tribal land); and sources that were either exempt from any permitting or for which data was collected from surveys of major companies operating in the Williston Basin, which are collectively termed survey-based sources in this document. This document describes the methodologies by which the 2009 inventory was constructed. This methodology is specific to the Williston Basin and has additions and changes relative to the other basins in the Phase III project. For each source category, a basic description is given of the methodology used to estimate emissions from a single source or from all sources belonging to companies that participated in the survey effort ( participating companies ), and a description of how those emissions were scaled up to the county and basin-wide level. In general, the inventory was developed using a combination of well count and production activity from a commercially available database of oil and gas data maintained by IHS Corporation ( the IHS database ), extensive data on large sources from state and PA permits, and detailed survey responses of oil and gas activity from a number of major participating companies that operate in the Williston Basin. Some additional data sources were also used, including the US nvironmental Protection Agency s (PA) AP-42 emissions factor technical guidance (PA, 1995), the US PA s NONROAD emissions model (PA, 2005), and the US PA s Natural Gas Star program technical guidance (PA, 2008). The survey response rate in the Williston Basin was significantly lower than in other basins. The data gathered through surveys is therefore not considered to be as representative of operations across the basin as compared to survey data gathered in other Phase III basins. Nevertheless, as this represented the only data that was available, the inventory was developed using the limited survey data available. For some source categories, other sources of data were used to estimate emissions including state agency-developed emission factors, broad national emission factors or data from other basins used to gap-fill or supplement the missing data in the Williston Basin. Temporal and Geographic Scope This inventory considers a base year of 2009 for purposes of estimating emissions. This differs from other Phase III basins, but 2009 was selected to reflect the recent boom in oil production Final Report 1

9 activity in the Williston Basin, and to allow operators to submit more current data given the time frame for completion of the Williston Basin baseline inventory. All data requested from participating companies were for these companies activities in the calendar year Similarly, all well count and production data for the basin obtained from the IHS database were for the calendar year missions from all source categories are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout the year except for heaters and pneumatic pumps, which are assigned seasonality fractions as they are typically used primarily in winter. The geographic scope of this inventory is the Williston Basin in Northeastern Montana, North Dakota, and including a small portion of Northwestern South Dakota. For the purposes of this study, the boundaries for the Williston Basin were modified from those of the US Geological Survey (USGS) (USGS, 2008) to wholly include Carter, Custer, Daniels, Dawson, Fallon, Garfield, McCone, Prairie, Richland, Roosevelt, Sheridan, Valley, and Wibaux Counties in Montana; Butte and Harding Counties in South Dakota; and all counties in North Dakota. For purposes of this report only those counties in North Dakota with some oil and gas activity or midstream sources were included, consisting of Barnes, Billings, Bottineau, Bowman, Burke, Burleigh, Divide, Dunn, Golden Valley, McHenry, McIntosh, McKenzie, McLean, Mercer, Morton, Mountrail, Renville, Slope, Stark, Stutsman, Ward and Williams Counties in North Dakota. The geographic scope of the analysis also considers activities on tribal and non-tribal land for the Fort Berthold and Fort Peck Indian Reservations. Only those counties for which there are tribal and/or non-tribal oil and gas activities are presented in the tables in this report, in order to minimize presenting duplicate information. Adjacent areas of oil and gas development are covered in the inventories for other basins, including the Powder River Basin. Figure 1 shows the boundaries of the Williston Basin, with the 2009 well locations extracted from the IHS database overlaid. The Williston Basin includes activity on Indian Tribal land in the Fort Berthold and Fort Peck Indian Reservations. Final Report 2

10 Figure 1. Williston Basin boundaries overlaid with 2009 oil and gas well locations. 1 1 Includes data supplied by IHS Inc., its subsidiary and affiliated companies; Copyright (2009) all rights reserved. Final Report 3

11 Well Count and Production Data Oil and gas related activity data across the entire Williston Basin were obtained from the IHS nerdeq database queried via online interface. The IHS database uses data from each state s Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (OGCC or equivalent) as sources of information for oil and gas activity. This data is also available directly through database querying tools maintained by the respective agencies, however it was determined that the IHS database is more accurate and complete than these state databases and therefore was chosen as the basis for production statistics for this analysis. Two types of data were queried from the nerdeq database: production data and well data. Production data includes information relevant to producing wells in the basin while well data includes information relevant to drilling activity ( spuds ) and completions in the basin. Production data were obtained for all counties in the Williston Basin in the form of PowerTools input files. PowerTools is an IHS application which, given PowerTools inputs queried from an IHS database, analyzes, integrates, and summarizes production data in an ACCSS database. The Williston Basin PowerTools input files were loaded into the PowerTools application. From ACCSS database created by PowerTools, extractions of the following data relevant to the emissions inventory development were made: active wells, i.e. wells that reported any oil or gas production in oil, gas, and water production by well and by well type. The production data are available by API number. The API number in the IHS database consists of 14 digits as follows: Digits 1 to 2: state identifier Digits 3 to 5: county identifier Digits 6 to 10: borehole identifier Digits 11 to 12: sidetracks Digits 13 to 14: event sequence code (recompletions) Based on the expectation that the first 10 digits, which include geographic and borehole identifiers, would predict unique sets of well head equipment, the unique wells were identified by the first 10 digits of the API number. Well data were also obtained from the IHS nerdeq database for the counties that make up the Williston Basin in the form of 297 well data. The 297 well data contain information regarding spuds and completions. The 297 well data were processed with a PRL script to arrive at a database of by-api-number, spud and completion dates with latitude and longitude information. Drilling events in 2009 were identified by indication that the spud occurred within If the well API number indicated the well was a recompletion, it was not counted as a drilling event, though if the API number indicated the well was a sidetrack, it was counted as a drilling event. The well counts by well type and by county and tribal/non-tribal land in the basin are presented in Table 1, and the oil, gas and water production by county and by tribal/non-tribal land in the basin are presented in Table 2. The spuds by county and by tribal/non-tribal land in the basin are presented in Table 3. There are significant amounts of primary oil production relative to other Final Report 4

12 Phase III study basins. All of these production types are accounted for in the emissions inventory analysis. Table well count by well type and by county for the Williston Basin. Well Count County Conventional Gas Conventional Oil CBM Carter (MT) Custer (MT) Daniels (MT) Dawson (MT) Fallon (MT) Garfield (MT) McCone (MT) Prairie (MT) Richland (MT) Roosevelt (MT) Sheridan (MT) Valley (MT) Wibaux (MT) Barnes (ND) Billings (ND) Bottineau (ND) Bowman (ND) Burke (ND) Burleigh (ND) Divide (ND) Dunn (ND) Golden Valley (ND) McHenry (ND) McIntosh (ND) McKenzie (ND) McLean (ND) Mercer (ND) Morton (ND) Mountrail (ND) Renville (ND) Slope (ND) Stark (ND) Stutsman (ND) Ward (ND) Williams (ND) Butte (SD) Harding (SD) TOTAL 1,518 6,623 3 Daniels, (MT) (Tribal) Roosevelt, (MT) (Tribal) Sheridan, (MT) (Tribal) Valley, MT (Tribal) Dunn, ND (Tribal) McKenzie, ND (Tribal) McLean, ND (Tribal) Mountrail, ND (Tribal) TOTAL (Tribal) Daniels, (MT) (Non-Tribal) Roosevelt, (MT) (Non-Tribal) Sheridan, (MT) (Non-Tribal) Valley, MT (Non-Tribal) Dunn, ND (Non-Tribal) McKenzie, ND (Non-Tribal) McLean, ND (Non-Tribal) Mountrail, ND (Non-Tribal) Final Report 5

13 Table production by production type and by county for the Williston Basin. Oil/Condensate Production [bbl] Gas Production [mcf] County Condensate Oil Conventional Gas CBM Gas Water Production [bbl] Carter (MT) 0 47,422 69, ,720 Custer (MT) , Daniels (MT) 0 4, ,420 Dawson (MT) 2, , , ,205,703 Fallon (MT) 14,210 6,052,817 26,202,607 43,204 39,306,771 Garfield (MT) 0 15,519 2, ,231 McCone (MT) 0 5, ,907 Prairie (MT) 0 73,478 8, ,181,456 Richland (MT) 24,353 15,030,932 15,498,756 2,297 5,952,063 Roosevelt (MT) 0 1,231, , ,516,282 Sheridan (MT) 7,598 1,399, , ,004,061 Valley (MT) 0 108,677 1,651, ,013,884 Wibaux (MT) 0 683, , ,416,417 Barnes (ND) Billings (ND) 10,777 3,851,040 4,402, ,465,786 Bottineau (ND) 47,970 1,886, , ,193,774 Bowman (ND) 1,508,525 11,775,394 19,532, ,673,365 Burke (ND) 24,719 1,339,403 2,785, ,375,969 Burleigh (ND) Divide (ND) 71,387 1,466,984 2,142, ,032,633 Dunn (ND) 212,131 8,593,878 6,055, ,795,596 Golden Valley (ND) 0 541, , ,492,158 McHenry (ND) 0 32, ,299 McIntosh (ND) McKenzie (ND) 1,088,712 8,836,117 17,798, ,942,503 McLean (ND) 0 116,514 66, ,446 Mercer (ND) 0 2,107 1, ,981 Morton (ND) Mountrail (ND) 254,811 29,356,264 16,006, ,923,604 Renville (ND) 32, ,115 70, ,251,276 Slope (ND) 149, ,320 2,055, ,777 Stark (ND) 0 1,194, , ,424,025 Stutsman (ND) Ward (ND) 0 60,132 18, ,831 Williams (ND) 676,574 4,914,674 19,596, ,450,513 Butte (SD) Harding (SD) 12,215 1,603,928 12,610, ,610,035 TOTAL 4,139, ,729, ,979,559 45, ,453,486 Daniels, (MT) (Tribal) 0 4, ,056 Roosevelt, (MT) (Tribal) 0 324,432 34, ,947,157 Sheridan, (MT) (Tribal) 0 10,137 4, ,457 Valley, MT (Tribal) 0 108,677 7, ,592 Dunn, ND (Tribal) 0 717, , ,790 McKenzie, ND (Tribal) 0 135, , ,199 McLean, ND (Tribal) 0 116,514 66, ,446 Mountrail, ND (Tribal) 0 5,368,044 2,596, ,642 TOTAL (Tribal) 0 6,785,976 3,604, ,586,339 Daniels, (MT) (Non-Tribal) Roosevelt, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 0 907, , ,569,125 Final Report 6

14 Oil/Condensate Production [bbl] Gas Production [mcf] County Condensate Oil Conventional Gas CBM Gas Water Production [bbl] Sheridan, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 7,598 1,389, , ,969,604 Valley, MT (Non-Tribal) 0 0 1,644, ,292 Dunn, ND (Non-Tribal) 212,131 7,876,280 5,545, ,537,806 McKenzie, ND (Non-Tribal) 1,088,712 8,700,405 17,414, ,682,304 McLean, ND (Non-Tribal) Mountrail, ND (Non-Tribal) 254,811 23,988,220 13,409, ,006,962 Table spud counts by county for the Williston Basin. Total Number of County Spuds in 2009 Carter (MT) 0 Custer (MT) 0 Daniels (MT) 0 Dawson (MT) 3 Fallon (MT) 31 Garfield (MT) 0 McCone (MT) 0 Prairie (MT) 0 Richland (MT) 16 Roosevelt (MT) 7 Sheridan (MT) 5 Valley (MT) 10 Wibaux (MT) 0 Barnes (ND) 0 Billings (ND) 2 Bottineau (ND) 35 Bowman (ND) 15 Burke (ND) 19 Burleigh (ND) 0 Divide (ND) 27 Dunn (ND) 138 Golden Valley (ND) 3 McHenry (ND) 0 McIntosh (ND) 0 McKenzie (ND) 77 McLean (ND) 9 Mercer (ND) 3 Morton (ND) 0 Mountrail (ND) 239 Renville (ND) 5 Slope (ND) 3 Stark (ND) 1 Final Report 7

15 County Total Number of Spuds in 2009 Stutsman (ND) 0 Ward (ND) 6 Williams (ND) 45 Butte (SD) 4 Harding (SD) 13 TOTAL 716 Daniels, (MT) (Tribal) 0 Roosevelt, (MT) (Tribal) 2 Sheridan, (MT) (Tribal) 0 Valley, MT (Tribal) 1 Dunn, ND (Tribal) 28 McKenzie, ND (Tribal) 4 McLean, ND (Tribal) 9 Mountrail, ND (Tribal) 69 TOTAL (Tribal) 113 Daniels, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 0 Roosevelt, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 5 Sheridan, (MT) (Non-Tribal) 5 Valley, MT (Non-Tribal) 9 Dunn, ND (Non-Tribal) 110 McKenzie, ND (Non-Tribal) 73 McLean, ND (Non-Tribal) 0 Mountrail, ND (Non-Tribal) 170 Final Report 8

16 MIDSTRAM SOURCS Permitted sources in the Williston Basin analysis refer to three types of sources for which data was gathered: (1) Title V or major sources in use in midstream, gas gathering applications from permit data from the MTDNR; (2) Title V or major sources in use in midstream applications from NDDOH; and (3) Part 71 major sources on tribal land from US PA Region 8. The three source types are described below. In general, these permitted sources were used to supplement the emissions associated with well-site sources which were derived from survey data. Most permitted emissions used in this inventory were for midstream facilities which were not included in the exploration and production (&P) sector surveys described in the next section. Although the MTDNR registers production-site equipment, this study used the detailed survey of operators to estimate emissions from these sources rather than permit data for individual production sites due to the availability of the data and the resources available for processing this data. Permit Data for Midstream Facilities from Montana and North Dakota State Agencies As noted in previous inventories, midstream companies were generally not participants in the survey process conducted in the Williston Basin, with the exception of some gas and oil producers who may also own and operate midstream facilities. Because NDDOH and MTDNR permit large midstream sources on non-tribal land in each state respectively, it was determined that these permit databases would be the most comprehensive source of data on midstream facilities such as gas plants, compressor stations and associated equipment. Requests were made to the MTDNR and NDDOH to query their database of permitted facilities to identify midstream oil and gas sources in the Williston Basin using a combination of NAICS (SIC) and SCC codes corresponding to onshore oil and gas sources. The queries were conducted in several iterations, with review of the resulting database of sources and clarification of any issues with the sources in subsequent iterations. This query was focused on facilities and to the extent possible excluded production sites. It is noted that both NDDOH and MTDNR require registration of production sites including registration of equipment at the sites, but discussions with both agencies indicated that this information was not considered readily available and of sufficient quality for use in the inventory. Permit Data for Major Sources from PA Region 8 Title V and Part 71 permits were requested from PA Region 8 covering the Williston Basin, primarily for the Fort Berthold and Fort Peck Indian Reservations. Data provided by PA indicated only a single source in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation meeting the Title V emission thresholds, and at the time of the request no additional permit data was available for sources operating in the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. PA Region 8 did indicate that they were aware of existing sources on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation but that these sources had not yet received Title V permits at the time of the data request and therefore data were not readily available on these sources. It is acknowledged that other large midstream sources may be operating on tribal land that have not been captured in this inventory, and that minor midstream sources below the Title V thresholds operating on tribal lands may also be missing from this inventory. Additional data on these sources would be required in order to incorporate these emissions into future inventories of the Williston Basin. Final Report 9

17 SURVYD SOURCS Survey forms consisting of 24 xcel spreadsheets were forwarded to participating operators in the Williston Basin. ach spreadsheet contained a request for specific data related to one of the following source categories: Amine units Artificial lift engines Well blowdowns CBM pump engines Well completions Compressor engines Compressor startups and shutdowns Dehydrators Drilling rigs Flaring Fugitive emissions Gas plant truck loading Heaters Miscellaneous engines Gas composition analyses for the basin NGL plant truck loading Oil and gas well truck loading Pneumatic devices Pneumatic pumps Salt water disposal engines Condensate and oil tanks Water disposal pits Water tanks Workover rigs The companies participating in the survey process for the Williston Basin represented approximately 20% of well ownership in the basin, 30% of gas production in the basin, and 33% of oil production in the basin. The ownership percentages in the Williston Basin survey responses were significantly lower than in past basins, primarily due to the rapidly changing nature of oil production in the Bakken Shale formation, the large geographic area of the basin, and production distribution among many companies in the basin. The project sponsors determined that despite these limitations, there was a need to develop an initial inventory for the Williston Basin. Insufficient survey data was obtained to estimate emissions for certain source categories. These source categories were therefore excluded from the study and include amine units, CBM pump engines, truck loading at gas and NGL processing plants, water disposal pits, water tanks, and saltwater disposal engines. Finally, potential fugitive emissions from oil and gas pipelines from well heads to the main compressor stations were not estimated, consistent with other basins. Insufficient data was available on the components of pipelines or the complete extent of pipelines to tractably estimate basin-wide pipeline fugitive emissions. Final Report 10

18 Considering the low survey response rate, insufficient detailed information was available to estimate emissions for some source categories that were otherwise considered significant to the overall inventory, or were demonstrated to be significant sources of criteria pollutants in past Phase III inventories. The lack of data may be due to the participating companies not having access to this data, or being unable to provide this data. Where surveys were unable to provide sufficient data to estimate emissions for key source categories, broader state or national data, or average input factors from other basins were used to gap-fill. This includes condensate and oil tank flashing and working and breathing losses, flaring of condensate and oil tanks, and casinghead gas flaring. mission factor data from studies conducted in the Bakken and data gathered by NDDOH on flaring controls for tanks were used to estimate crude oil and condensate tank emissions. Detailed inventory methodologies for each of the source categories follow. xtrapolation of these data was necessary to account for emissions from all oil and gas activity in the basin. The extrapolation methodology to obtain county-level, tribal county-level, non-tribal county-level and basin-wide emissions for each source category is described below, but is largely based on scaling by the proportional representation of the respondents of basin-wide well count or oil or gas production, as appropriate. For source categories for which emissions were not derived from survey data, county-level, tribal and non-tribal and basin-wide emissions were estimated directly using the appropriate surrogate. For emissions from those source categories that relied on estimates of volume of gas vented or leaked, such as well blowdowns, completions, and fugitive emissions, gas composition analyses were requested from all participating companies for gas produced from oil wells (casinghead or associated gas) and gas produced from gas wells (primary gas). These composition analyses were averaged using two methodologies to derive two basin-wide produced gas composition averages: (1) weighted average by oil well vs. gas well count; and (2) weighted average by associated gas production vs. primary gas production. The average composition analyses were used to determine the average VOC volume and mass fractions of the vented gas basin-wide and each composition was applied to those source categories which use well counts and gas production as surrogates, respectively. In both the well-count weighted and gas productionweighted average gas compositions, the average is closer to that of associated gas since that is the dominant gas production type in the basin. 73% of basin-wide gas production is associated gas from oil wells, and 81% of active wells are oil wells. Finally, because of the minimal volume of CBM gas produced in the basin, no separate gas composition was derived for CBM gas and all CBM gas production was treated equivalent to other gas production for purposes of emission estimates. It should be noted that the emission estimates calculated for unpermitted sources rely on data that is not as rigorously documented as permitted sources. Much of the data provided for these sources is based upon estimates and extrapolation from the survey responses. Given the extent of participation in the survey effort these estimates reflect greater uncertainty and variability than other past Phase III basins. Final Report 11

19 SURVY-BASD SOURCS MISSION CALCULATION MTHODOLOGIS Amine Units As noted above, the production companies surveyed as part of this work indicated minimal or no usage of amine units in field operations. Insufficient data was gathered to estimate emissions for this source category. It is possible that some amine units or other acid gas removal systems are in use at large gas processing facilities and their vented emissions would be counted with the facility total VOC emissions for purposes of the inventory. Artificial Lift (Pumpjack) ngines Methodology The participating companies provided data on artificial lift engine usage in their operations. mission calculations for artificial lift engines are based on engine parameters including horsepower, and break-horsepower-based emissions factors. The basic methodology for estimating emissions from an artificial lift engine is shown in quation 1: quation (1) engine Fi HP LF t 907,185 annual engine are emissions from an artificial lift engine [ton/year/engine] F i is the emissions factor of pollutant i [g/hp-hr] HP is the horsepower of the engine [hp] LF is the load factor of the engine t annual is the annual number of hours the engine is used [hr/yr] mission factors were adjusted to account for deterioration due to engine wear and tear and also the sub-optimal field conditions under which the engines operate. To make this adjustment the deterioration factors from the PA NONROAD2005 model were applied (PA, 2005). Given the lack of survey data regarding engine age, all engines were assumed fully deteriorated. Note that SO 2 emissions are estimated using the BSFC of the engine, and the assumed sulfur content of the fuel, assuming that all sulfur emissions are in the form of SO 2. For natural gasfired engines, it is assumed that sour gas containing H 2 S would not be used for direct combustion in engines; therefore SO 2 emissions were also assumed negligible from artificial lift engines powered by natural gas. xtrapolation to Basin-Wide missions missions from all artificial engines from the participating companies were summed. The total emissions from all participating companies were scaled by the ratio of total oil production in the basin to oil production ownership by the participating companies according to quation 2: Final Report 12

20 quation (2) engine, TOTAL engine P P TOTAL engine,total is the total emissions from artificial lift engines in the basin [ton/yr] engine is the total emissions from artificial engines owned by the participating companies [ton/yr] P TOTAL is the total oil production from oil wells in the basin P is the oil production from oil wells by the participating companies County-level emissions were estimated by allocating the total basin-wide artificial lift engine emissions into each county according to the fraction of total 2009 oil production from oil wells located in each county. Tribal and non-tribal emissions were estimated in each county by allocating the county total emissions into tribal land according to the fraction of total 2009 oil production from oil wells occurring on tribal land in that county and into non-tribal land according to the fraction of total 2009 oil production from oil wells not occurring on tribal land in that county. Well Blowdowns Methodology missions from well blowdowns were calculated using the estimated volume of gas vented during blowdown events, the frequency of the blowdowns, and the VOC content of the vented gas as documented by representative compositional analyses. The calculations applied the ideal gas law and gas characteristics defined from laboratory analyses to estimate emissions according to quations 3 to 5: quation (3) V vented f V vented, TOTAL V vented is the volume of vented gas per blowdown [mscf/event] f is the frequency of blowdowns [events/year] V vented,total is the total volume of vented gas from the participating companies [mscf/year] quation (4) CONV, PCO V vented, CONV Vvented, TOTAL P PPCO V vented,conv is the total volume of vented gas from participating companies conventional oil and gas well production [mscf] P CONV,PCO is the total conventional oil and gas well gas production in the basin in 2009 by the participating companies [mscf] P PCO is the total gas production in the basin in 2009 by the participating companies [mscf] quation (5) blowdown, CONV Vvented, CONV 1000 MWVOC, CONV R YVOC, CONV Final Report 13

21 blowdown,conv is the total VOC emissions from blowdowns conducted by the participating companies [lb-voc/yr] MW VOC,CONV is the molecular weight of the VOC for conventional oil and gas well vented gas [lb/lb-mol] R is the universal gas constant [L-atm/K-mol] Y VOC,CONV is the volume fraction of VOC in the conventional oil and gas well vented gas The conversion from volume of gas vented to mass of VOC produced was evaluated at standard temperature and pressure. xtrapolation to Basin-Wide missions The total VOC emissions from conventional well blowdowns reported by participating companies were scaled by the proportional production ownership of the participating companies according to quation 6: quation (6) blowdown, CONV, TOTAL blowdown, CONV P TOTAL, CONV P PCO, CONV blowdown,conv,total are the total emissions basin-wide from blowdowns at conventional wells [tons/year] blowdown,conv are the blowdown emissions from the participating companies at conventional wells [tons/year] P TOTAL,CONV is the total gas production in the basin in 2006 from conventional wells [mscf] P PCO,CONV is the total gas production in the basin in 2006 by the participating companies from conventional wells [mscf] County-level emissions from conventional oil and gas wells were estimated by allocating the total basin-wide blowdown emissions from conventional oil and gas wells into each county according to the fraction of conventional 2009 gas production occurring in that county. Tribal and non-tribal emissions from conventional oil and gas wells were estimated in each county by allocating the county conventional well blowdown emissions into tribal land according to the fraction of 2009 conventional oil and gas well gas production occurring on tribal land in that county and into non-tribal land according to the fraction of total 2009 conventional oil and gas well gas production not occurring on tribal land in that county. CBM Pump ngines As noted above, there is minimal CBM activity in the Williston Basin and producers responding to the surveys did not indicate any usage of CBM pump engines at gas wells in the Williston Basin. Insufficient data was gathered to estimate emissions for this source category. Final Report 14

22 Well Completions and Recompletions Methodology missions from well completions were estimated on the basis of the volume of gas vented during completion and the average VOC content of that gas, obtained from the gas composition analyses. The well completion source category refers to initial completions of wells after drilling, and the well recompletion category refers to recompletions occurring at existing production wells. The calculation methodology for completion emissions is very similar to the method for well blowdown emissions, and follows quations 7 to 9: quation (7) V vented f V vented, TOTAL V vented is the volume of vented gas per initial completion or re-completion [mscf/event] f is the frequency of completions [events/year] V vented,total is the total volume of vented gas from completions for participating companies [mscf/year] quation (8) W CONV, PCO V vented Vvented, TOTAL WPCO V vented is the total volume of vented gas from participating companies conventional well production [mscf] W CONV,PCO is the total conventional well count ownership in the basin in 2009 by the participating companies [mscf] W PCO is the total well count ownership in the basin in 2009 by the participating companies [mscf] quation (9) completion Vvented, TOTAL 1000 MW VOC R Y VOC completions is the total VOC emissions from completions conducted by all participating companies [lb-voc/yr] MW VOC is the molecular weight of the VOC [lb/lb-mol] R is the universal gas constant [lb-mol/379scf] Y is the volume fraction of VOC in the vented gas The conversion from volume of gas vented to mass of VOC produced was evaluated at standard temperature and pressure. xtrapolation to Basin-Wide missions The total VOC emissions from all completions reported by participating companies was scaled by the total number of completions in the basin to the number of completions conducted by the participating companies according to quation 10: Final Report 15

23 quation (10) C TOTAL completion, TOTAL completion CPCO completion,total are the total emissions basin-wide from completions at conventional wells [tons/year] completion, are the completion emissions from the participating companies at conventional wells [tons/year] C TOTAL is the total number of conventional well completions in the basin in 2006 [mscf] C PCO is the total number of conventional well completions in the basin in 2006 by the participating companies [mscf] A similar procedure was used to estimate total basin-wide VOC emissions from recompletions. County-level emissions from conventional oil and gas well completions were estimated by allocating the total basin-wide completion emissions from conventional oil and gas wells into each county according to the fraction of conventional 2009 oil and gas well count occurring in that county. Tribal and non-tribal emissions from conventional oil and gas wells were estimated in each county by allocating the county conventional oil and gas well completion emissions into tribal land according to the fraction of 2009 conventional well count occurring on tribal land in that county and into non-tribal land according to the fraction of total 2009 conventional oil and gas well count not occurring on tribal land in that county. Compressor ngines Methodology: The participating companies provided survey data on wellhead and lateral compressor engines in use for their operations. Large central compressor engines were assumed to be part of midstream point sources, as described above under permitted sources. It was assumed that all wellhead and lateral compressor engines are natural-gas fired. mission calculations for compressor engines follow a similar methodology as for artificial lift engines. mission factors for the compressor engines were directly obtained from the survey respondents where such information was provided. If emissions factors were not provided, emissions factors from engines of a similar make/model were used. If make/model were also unavailable, average emission factors from engines with similar horsepower were used or average emissions factors from all engines were used. In the case of PM 10 emissions factors, PA AP-42 emissions factors were used as most survey respondents did not provide PM 10 emissions factors for these engines (PA, 1995). fforts were made to track emissions separately from lean-burn and rich-burn wellhead compressor engines where such a distinction was clear. An engine was determined to be rich-burn or lean-burn based on either information directly from the survey data, from the model number of the engine, or from examining the engine s brake-specific NOx emissions factor. Load factors were directly obtained from survey respondents where such information was provided. For engines where a load factor was not provided, the load factor was estimated by taking the average of compression engine load factors supplied in producer surveys. Final Report 16

24 The basic methodology for estimating emissions from compressor engines is shown in quation 11: quation (11) engine F i HP LF t 907,185 annual engine are emissions from a compressor engine [ton/year/engine] F i is the emissions factor of pollutant i [g/hp-hr] HP is the horsepower of the engine [hp] LF is the load factor of the engine t annual is the annual number of hours the engine is used [hr/yr] It was assumed (and confirmed through discussions with operators) that gas-fired engines would not use gas high in H 2 S content due to operational issues; therefore SO 2 emissions were assumed negligible from these engines. xtrapolation to Basin-Wide missions missions from all compressor engines from the participating companies were summed. The total emissions from all participating companies were scaled by the ratio of total gas production in the basin to gas production from the wells owned by the participating companies according to quation 12: quation (12) engine, TOTAL engine W W TOTAL engine,total is the total emissions from compressor engines in the basin [ton/yr] engine is the total emissions from compressor engines owned by the participating companies [ton/yr] W TOTAL is the total gas production in the basin W is the total gas production from the wells owned by the participating companies County-level emissions were estimated by allocating the total basin-wide compressor engine emissions into each county according to the fraction of total 2009 gas production that are located in each county. Tribal and non-tribal emissions were estimated in each county by allocating the county total emissions into tribal land according to the fraction of total gas production on tribal land in that county and into non-tribal land according to the fraction of total gas production that are not on tribal land in that county. Compressor ngine Startups and Shutdowns Methodology Compressor engine startups and shutdowns refer to the emissions associated with venting of gas contained in compressor engines when they are restarted or shut down for maintenance, repairs or any other routine or non-routine reason. missions from compressor engine startups and Final Report 17