Key words: Tariff, Sustainable, Health.

Transcription

1 Management of Sustainable Drinking Water Supply through Alternative Methods in Municipal Councils of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Raigad District of Maharashtra - Sanjay Rode 1 Abstract The safe, regular and adequate drinking water supply is a basic requirement of human being. But the increasing population, commercial units in Municipal Councils has affected on the supply of drinking water. Drinking water is not provided regularly and adequate. It is not treated in most of the councils. The drinking water storage facilities, transmission and distribution system is deficient. The drinking water is provided through wells and springs in few Municipal Councils in region. The consumer meters are not installed or they are not in working condition. The drinking water tariff rates are very low for domestic and commercial units and the water bills recovery rate is very low. There is unequal distribution of water to different units in council area. The future water supply deficit is observed in all Municipal Council of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Raigad district. The ordinary least square regression analysis shows that the total demand of drinking water is positively co-related with population, industry, garages and educational centers. Therefore state government must allocate more funds for water supply schemes. It will help to build more dams and storage facility and distribution network. The Municipal Councils must supply regular and safe drinking water in council area. The Municipal Councils must increase the tariff and recovery rate. It will help to increase resources for water supply system. Municipal Councils must work to save drinking water through advertisement in newspaper, street drama, radio and television etc. Public private participation in water supply management is most important aspect. Key words: Tariff, Sustainable, Health. 1 Sanjay Rode, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, S. K. Somaiya College, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India. 36 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

2 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March

3 Introduction The safe drinking water improves health and work efficiency and school achievements among children. It also reduces the burden of number of water borne and water washed diseases. According to World Health Organization, the toll from unsafe drinking water is more than five million deaths annually of which about four million children are under the age of five. The diarrheal disease is one of the most potent threats to the population in the developing world (Roy et.al. 2004). Drinking water must be free from components which may adversely affect the human health. Such components include minerals, organic substances and disease causing microorganisms. A large portion of the population in developing countries suffers from health problems associated with either lack of drinking water or due to the presence of microbiological contamination in water (Haydar S. et.al 2009). Therefore quality of drinking water is important in regular supply. There is a well-established correlation between the coverage, quality of drinking water supply and quality of life. Experience indicates that water-borne epidemics tend to disappear more quickly in places with good quality of the drinking water supply is guaranteed (Marilena O. et.al 2002). Unsafe drinking water may create health problems over time. Besides, insufficient water would hinder the ingestion of food. Low ingestion of water, keeping the quantity of food intake the same, would result in under utilization of nutrients contained in the food consumed (Shah C. H. 2005). There is direct link of urbanization and supply of drinking water. The rapid urbanization is observed in developing countries. Therefore it is increasing pressure on public institutions to provide adequate supplies of clean water to population. In most developing countries, the general public is not involved in strategies and policies regarding enhancement, conservation, and management of water supply systems (Ahiablame L. et.al 2012). The drinking water supply is not growing with increase in population, industrial and commercial units. The investment in drinking water supply system is inadequate. It has affected on the provision of water supply to population and other units. The low efficiency in managing drinking water supply resource is also because of distribution and transmission losses (Reddy V. Ratna 2001).The water supply systems are facing number of issues and only few issues are discussed and solved in India. Maharashtra is highly urbanized state in India. The successive governments in Maharashtra have continued to pour money into water supply schemes, yet the numbers of habitats and councils threatened by scarcity continue to rise (Kumar A. 2002). In the Municipal Councils, water supply schemes and situation is not efficient in Kokan region. As potable water is becoming scarce, the private water market is growing in every small and big town (Bharwada C. and Vinay Mahajan 2002). The Municipal Councils do not supply adequate and continuous drinking water to population and other units in region. Urban water supplies are traditionally based on limited freshwater resources located outside the cities. However, a range of concepts and techniques to exploit alternative water resources has gained ground as water demands begin to exceed the freshwater available to cities (Rygaard M. et.al 2011). The drinking water is limited in supply and it is unequally distributed in council area. The drinking water storage facilities are limited in councils. The well managed water supply scheme will always result into 24*7 drinking water supply to different units in area. But due to increase in population, industrial units, educational institutions and commercial units, the demand of water has increased fast. The population requires water for drinking, washing clothes and utensils, garden, bath, cleaning floors and toilet and vehicles etc. But the low supply affects on the use of water for different purposes. An irregular and inefficient supply of drinking water forces women and children to carry water from long distance. The time of women and children has high opportunity cost. But the time spent for carrying water cannot be used for productive purposes. The demand of drinking water is high in educational institutions for gardening, floor and toilets cleaning etc. Garages use water for drinking, vehicles cleaning etc. The demand of water by garages is increasing with increase in vehicles in the council. Industry demand drinking water for drinking, cleaning, processing etc. The water demand is continuously increasing but municipal councils do not plan more water supplies for population and other units. It leads to decrease in supply for available use. Municipal Councils do not treat drinking water. If it is treated then it is treated with the unconventional method. The untreated water is harmful for health of people. It may lead to water washed and waterborne diseases. In summer season, drinking water is not provided regularly in most of the Municipal Councils. The water transmission is not regular and households do not get regular supply. In some areas of Municipal Councils, the transmission lines do not exist. Most of the Municipal Councils do not have water supply dams. They supply water from wells and springs. Such type of drinking water may be contaminated. But it is not treated regularly in treatment plants. In summer season, the water level of wells and springs are not adequate. There is no any other alternative water supply source. It may result into the water scarcity in different councils. Most of the Municipal Councils have an inadequate storage facility. Low storage of drinking water results into lower supply for few hours a day. It further increases the shortage of drinking water to households. They need to store water in different types of plastic barrels and small tanks. It is a transfer of storage capacity from council to household and other units. Poor households cannot store more water due to lower storage resources. The magnitude of water insecurity is greater for those who cannot afford to store water when flows are interrupted for several days (Peloso, M. and Morinville, C. 2014). The poorer households cope simply by lowering water consumption. The survey estimates indicate that in the dry season, a family of five or six would sometimes make do with just ten liters of water in a day (Krishnan Rekha 2003). Most of the Municipal Councils do not have water meters for different units. Some consumers use more water but pay flat rate of tariff. If there are water meters then regular reading is not taken by council. The flat tariff rates are 38 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

4 charged from all units. Households and commercial units pay uniform tariff of water. Municipal Councils have provided group connections in council area. There is no regular reading of meters of group connections. It is affecting on recovery rate, billing and economic resources. The recovery rate is very low in all Municipal Councils. It is affecting on the water supply resource and investment. The water supply department of Municipal Councils has less resources and low recovery rate. Such situation leads to the water supply system inefficient. All Municipal Councils need investment in drinking water supply system. The first part of this paper explains the data collection, methodology and economic model of water supply system in Municipal Councils. The Second part of paper discuss about the history of water supply system, the transmission distribution and treatment of water. Third part of research paper explains the water demand of Municipal Councils according to different types. Fourth part of paper explains the regression results and last part of paper deals with policy implication and conclusion. Data Collection and Methodology We have collected the population data of Municipal Council from 2011, 2001 and 1991 census. We have referred the district socio-economic review of Ratnagiri, Raigad and Sindhudurg district of 2011 and We have taken number of industrial units, educational units, health care facilities, commercial units from these socio-economic reviews. We have calculated the water requirement of number of units in each Municipal Councils in these districts. For calculating water requirement for different units, we have referred different water supply systems and reports. The water supply system of Mumbai, Pune and Delhi has been referred. The reports are of World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Ministry of Water Supply and Sanitation, Government of India also referred. We have processed water demand data in 20 and software. The water supply deficit in each Municipal Council is calculated based on simple forecast of water demand minus water supply in excel sheet. Economic Model We have developed economic model for water supply in Municipal Councils. The model explains the demand of drinking water by different units and it is further divided into sub units. ΣW d =f (P, E, H, G, C, I) (1) The drinking water is demanded by the population, educational institutions, hospitals, garages, commercial units and garages. We have divided each unit s drinking water demand into different sub units as follows. P=tp*pcn (2) Population demand water for different purposes and the per capita norm of drinking water supply are fixed. Municipal Councils must supply the per capita norm of water supply in its area. E=(ns+nt)*pcn (3) Educational institutions such as colleges and schools demand drinking water. It is depending upon the number of children, teaching and non teaching staff and water is demanded for different purposes. It is the total demand of water by all schools and colleges in council area. H=(np+s)*pcn (4) Hospital demand water for different purposes and it is for different kinds of patients and hospital staff. Patients are classified as admitted patients in hospital and daily visiting patients. The daily water demand is calculated for both type of patients and hospital staff. G=v*n (5) Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March

5 Garages demand water for cleaning and repairing vehicles. The demand of water is depending on number of vehicles cleaned and repaired in garages. C=v*n (6) Commercial units demand water for its staff and daily visitors. Such demand is depending on daily visitors and number of units in each council. I=u*w*n (7) Industry demand drinking water for different purposes. Total demand is depending upon the number of units and workers in each unit. History of Water Supply System in Municipal Councils We have calculated the total water supply of each Municipal Council from different sources. The water supply schemes are developed over the long period of time in each Municipal Council. In the following table, water supply is added from different sources in each Municipal Council and percentage of the total water supply in Municipal Councils is given. Such Municipal Councils are of the Ratnagiri, Raigad and Sindhudurg district of Kokan region in Maharashtra. Table 1: Drinking Water Supplies in Municipal Councils Type of Municipal Council Drinking water supply (MLD) Percent Kalkavali Malwan Sawantwadi Vengurla Chiplun Dapoli Khed Rajapur Ratnagiri Alibag Mahad Murud Janjira Pen Roha Sriwardhan Total Source: Computed from data The source of drinking water to Kankavali Municipal Council is Jack well on God River. The distance of this water supply scheme from council is 1.5 km. Every day 1.8 MLD drinking water is supplied in council area. Such water supply is 2.52 percent of total water supply of all councils. The Malvan Municipal Council gets drinking water supply from irrigation tank that is Dhamapur. Such dam is 17 km away from city. The daily quantity of water supply to council is 1.12 MLD. It is 1.57 percent of total water supply of all councils. The Sawantwadi Municipal Council gets drinking water supply from Palne kond dam. Such dam is 7.5 km far away from Municipal Council. Drinking water supply is 3 MLD to Municipal Council. The Kesari spring which is 13.5km away from city but supply only 0.5mld drinking water. There are 17 dug wells in council and they supply only 0.35 MLD water. Therefore total drinking water supply to Sawantwadi Municipal Council from all the sources is 3.5mld. It is 4.90 percent of total water supply of all Municipal Councils. The Vengurla Municipal Council is getting water supply from Nishan tank. It is 1.5 km away from city. Total 0.7 MLD water is supplied to city from this source. Other than this source, the Naryan Tank supply drinking water to city. It is located in city itself. Water is supplied from this source is only MLD. Other than this water supply, there are 8 tub wells which supply 0.01mld water to city. There are only two bore wells and they supply 0.02 MLD water. There are 11 dug well in council area and they supply 0.25mld water to city. If we add all sources of water supply then Vengurla Municipal Council get 0.875mld drinking water. It is 1.22 percent of total water supply of all councils. The Chiplun Municipal Council gets water supply from Vashishti river Kherdi. The distance of this water supply scheme is 0.5km from city. The quantity of water supply is 5.25mld. The Vashishti river Govalkot is in city and it is supplying 5.25 MLD water. Other than these two sources, there are 39 bore well in city. They supply MLD drinking water. There are 198 dug wells and they supply 0.06 MLD water to city. From all the water supply sources, Chiplun city gets 10.5 mld drinking water supply. It is percent of total water supply of all council. Dapoli city gets water supply from Nargoli dam. It is 5.5 kilometer away from city. It is supplying 0.5mld water to council. The second source is Korjai river. It supplies 1.2 MLD drinking water and it is 11 km away from city. Other than these sources of water supply, there are 302 dug wells which supply 0.15 MLD water to city. From all the drinking water supply sources, Dapoli Municipal Council gets 1.07mld water. It is 1.50 percent of total water supply of all council. The area of Khed Municipal Council is 2.01 sq. km. There are 17 wards in this Municipal Council. In Khed Municipal Council, the water supply from all the sources is 3MLD. The Borai dam supply 1.5 MLD water which is km away from city. The Jagbudi river supply 1.5 MLD water which is 2.65 km away from city. There are 53 bore wells and supply 0.53 MLD water. There are total 6 dug wells in council area which supply MLD water. The water supply of council is 4.20 percent of total water supply. The area of Rajapur Municipal Council is 6.19 km. There are 17 wards in this council. The Kankavali weir is supplying 1.8 MLD drinking water to council. The distance of this water supply scheme from city is 3.5 km. The Tithavali check dam supply MLD water which is 1.5 km. Other than these sources, the wells at Rantale also supply MLD drinking water. It is 0.3 km away from city. There are 32 bore wells and they supply MLD water to city. There are 161 dug wells in council area and they supply 0.32 MLD drinking water. In Rajapur city, the water supply from all the sources is 2.69 MLD and it is 3.76 percent of total water supply. In Ratnagiri Municipal Council, the water supply is 16 MLD from all the sources. It is percent of total water supply. It is one of the larger council due to population and industrial unit growth. Total area of Ratnagiri Municipal council is 10 sq.km. There are 29 wards in this council. The Nachane weir supply 0.5 MLD water for city. It is 5 km away from city. The Panvel dam supply 3.5 MLD water and it is 13 km away from city. The Sheel dam supply 12 MLD drinking water which is 6.5 km away 40 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

6 from city. In Alibag Municipal Council, the water supply is 5.5 MLD. It is 7.70 percent of total water supply. It is a c class Municipal Council. The population of council in 1991 was only In 2001, population has increased slowly and it is observed as Area of council is 1.93sq.km. There are 17 wards in this city. The MIDC is supplying 5.5 MLD drinking water. The distance is 4.8 km. Other than this source, there are 16 bore wells in council and 7 dug wells. In Mahad, the drinking water supply from all the sources is 5.2mld. It is 7.78 percent of total water supply of all councils. The Mahad is a c class Municipal Council. In 1991, population of Mahad city was In 2001, population is observed as The area of this Municipal Council is 4.07 sq.km. There are 17 wards in this Municipal Council. Council gets drinking water supply from Kurla. It is 4 km away from city and total 1.8 MLD water is supplied from this source. The Kothurde dam is located 13.5 km away from city but supply 3 MLD water. The Jack well river Gandhari is located 3 km away from Municipal Council and supplies only 0.4 MLD water. In Murud Jangira city, the drinking water supply is only 2.2 MLD. Such water supply is 3.08 percent of total water supply of all councils. The Murud Jangira is C class Municipal Council. Total population as per 1991 census was only In 2001, there is small growth of population of this council and it is observed as Area of the Municipal Council is 3.15 sq.km. There are 17 wards in this council. For this council, the Garamb water supply scheme provides 0.6 MLD water. It is 6.6 km away from Municipal Council. The Navdar spring is located 6.6 km way from city. But it supply only 0.6 MLD drinking water. The Savatkada spring is 58.8 km away from council. But supply only 1 MLD water to council. Other than these sources, there are two tub wells in council. Pen is c class Municipal Council. In 1991, population of Pen city was In 2011, it was observed as It means there is growth of population in city. Area of Municipal Council is 9.84 sq.km. The Pen city gets water from Bhogaw reservoir. Such water supply scheme provides 6 MLD water to city. It is located 1 km away from council. The Ameghar dam is 4 km away and it has reservation of water up to 15 MCFT. The Hetawane dam is proposed and it is 10 km away from city. It has reserves up to 2.50 MCM water. All are the reserve sources of water supply to city. Other than these sources, there are 107 tube wells. The availability of daily water is 0.05 MLD. There are 66 bore wells in council and they supply 0.05 MLD water. The Roha is C Municipal Council in Raigad district. As per the 1991 census, the population was According to 2001 census, the population was observed as The area of council is 8 sq.km. There are 17 wards in this council. The source of water is Dolvahal and it is 13 k.m away from city. Total 6 MLD water is supplied to city. There are 16 bore wells, 7 dug wells in city. The Shriwardhan is C class Municipal Council. As per 1991 census, population was In 2001, it is observed as Area of council is 4.04 sq.km. There are 17 wards in the city. The water supply to city is Ranvali which supply 6 MLD water. Such water scheme is 1 km away from council. Other than this water supply scheme, there are 2 bore wells and 39 dug wells in city. In Pen, Roha and Sriwardhan city, each Municipal Council supply 6 MLD drinking water to different units. If we combine all the water supply in all the Municipal Councils of Ratnagari, Raigad and Sindhudurg district, then the total drinking water supply in all councils is MLD. Such water supply is not enough for different units. The water scarcity is observed because of population growth, commercial units and tourists in these cities. Water Treatment, Storage and Distribution We need to understand the water storage, treatment and distribution in each Municipal Council. The water distribution network, tariff, number of connection and coverage of water supply, recovery is different in each Municipal Council. In Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March

7 Kankavali Municipal Council, the water treatment plant is located opposite to Mudeshwar hillock. It is unconventional type of water treatment plant. The capacity of this water treatment plant is 3.63 MLD. During normal and summer season, total 90 lpcd water get supplied in council area. Maintenance and operation of entire water supply scheme is done through council itself. Each GSR and ESR has different capacity. In the council, the Shivajay ESR has 4 lakh liters capacity. The Kalmath ESR has 31 lakh liters capacity. Near WTP, the GSR has 5 lakh liters capacity. The Bandha Karwandi GSR has 4 lakh liters capacity. The sump Kalmath sump has 1.20 thousand liters capacity. The transmission main from Jack well to WTP has mm diameter with 2372 meter length. The transmission main from Jack well-two to WTP is mm diameter. The length of line is 2372 meter. The Jack well-three to WTP has 200 mm diameter line with 2372 meter length. The MBR at WTP to EST at Shivaji nagar is 250 mm diameter line with total 3372 length meter. The Bandha Karvadi GSR to Kalmath sump has 250 mm diameter line with 3487 meter length. The recovery rate in this council is percent in In Malwan Municipal Council, the drinking water is not treated in the council. In summer and winter season, total 55 lpcd drinking water is supplied in council. It is far below than the required per capita daily water supply. As far as storage capacity in council is concerned then the Kunbhar math GSR has 6 lakh liters capacity. The transition main from well Dhamapur tank to BPT is 200 mm diameter with total length is 8 thousand meter. The gravity main from BPT to ACCIDI is 200 mm diameter line. Total length of this line is 6180 meter. The recovery rate of water bills is percent for in this council. In Sawantwadi Municipal Council, the Kunkeri is an unconventional water treatment plant. It is treating only 3 MLD water in council. In normal season, only 90 lpcd water is supplied in council. In the summer season,70 lpcd drinking water gets supplied in council. Such water supply is far below the required water supply. The Municipal Council itself operates and maintains the entire water supply system. The Narendra hills GSR has 4 lakh liters capacity. The Chiwar hills GSR has 1.60 thousand liters capacity. The Ubhabajar GSR has capacity of 1 lakh liters. The Samaj Mandir GSR has 1 lakh liters capacity. The Shilpgram GSR has 1 lakh liter capacity. The Samaj Mandir, Ubhabajar and Shilpgram GSR have same storage capacity. Transmission main is located from Palankond dam to Narendra hills GSR. The diameter is 300 mm with 7500 meter length. The Kesari to Chiwar hill GSR has 150mm diameter. Total length of transmission line is meter. The billing and recovery rate is 91 percent for in this council. In the Vengurla Municipal Council, the conventional water treatment plant is located at Vengurla camp. It has capacity of 4.5MLD. In normal season, 70 lpcd (July to February) and in summer season (March-July), only 40 lpcd drinking water is supplied in council area. Water supply operation and maintenance agency is Municipal Council itself. The Vengurla camp GSR has 7 lakh liters capacity. The Vengurla Vadkhol ESR has 40 thousand liters capacity. Dabholi road GSR has 175 lakh liters capacity. The transmission main from Nishan tank to WTP is 200mm and the length is 1580 meter. The WTP to GSR has 200 mm diameter with 100 meter length. The supply well to GSR Dabholi has 110 mm diameter with 396 meter length. There is full recovery of water supply bills in this council over the period of time. In Chiplun Municipal Council, the water treatment plants are located at Kherdi. It is unconventional type of water treatment plant with 7.88 MLD capacities. Second, the Govalkot water treatment plant is unconventional type in nature. It has 7.88 MLD water treatment capacities. In normal season (July to February), only 100 lpcd water is supplied in council area. In summer season (March to June), total 60lpcd drinking water is supplied. The operation and maintenance of water supply system is done by council itself. The Kherdi GSR has 4.54 thousand liters capacity. The Khend ESR has 6.75 thousand liters capacity. Similarly Khend-two GSR has 6.75 thousand liters capacity. The DBJ College GSR has 8 lakh liters capacity. The Kagnewadi GSR has 60 thousand liters capacity. The Peg GSR has 20.3 thousand liters capacity. From Kherdi Jack well to WTP Kherwadi has 300 mm diameter line with 650 meter length. From Kherdi Jack well to WTP Kherdi, the diameter is 300mm and length is 650meter. The Govalkot Jack well to WTP Gowalkot has 300 mm diameter and length is 264 meters. From sump near DBJ to GSR is 200 diameter and the total length is 246 meters. The sump to peg to near GSR has 200 mm diameter with 175 meter length. The Sampat Khend to GSR Kagnewadi has 100 mm diameter with total length is 150meters. The water supply billing recovery is percent for in this council. In Dapoli Municipal Council, the water treatment plant is unconventional in nature and it is located near Kalkai Kond. It has capacity of 4.88 MLD. In Normal season, (July-Feb) 55 lpcd water is supplied to city. In summer season, (March-June) only 40 lpcd water gets supplied in city. Such water supply is very as compare to standard per capita daily water supply. The Municipal Council is maintaining and operating water supply system in city. The Kalkai kond GSR has 2.75 thousand liters capacity. The Jogale GSR has 1.10 thousand liters capacity. Family mall two GSR has 40 thousand storage capacities. The Kokamba Ali GSR has 4.12 thousand liters drinking water capacity. The Uday nagar GSR has 40 thousand liters capacity. The Udaynagar-two ESR has 17 thousand liters capacity. From Nargoli head works to WTP has 200 diameters with 5400 meter length. From Korjai head work to BPT has mm diameter. The Korgai head work to BPT has 250 mm diameter line of 4435 meter length. The BPT to WTP has 300mm diameter line of 4700 meter length. The sump WTP to MBR is 250 mm diameter line with 550 meter length. The MBR to GSR has 250 mm diameter line. The MBR to other GSR has 200 mm diameter with total 3430 meter length. The branch from DI pipe to GSR Uday nagar has hundred meter line with 1210 meter length. Drinking water tariff of domestic purpose for ½ inch line was Rs.806 KL. For ¾ inch line, it was Rs.1555 KL from to For non domestic purposes, it was Rs.3667 KL from to in this council. For commercial purposes, the tariff of ½ inch line was Rs.3580 KL from to For ¾ inch line, it was Rs.7138 KL from to One inch line had Rs tariff in In , it was Rs KL. The water 42 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

8 supply recovery of bills was 67.5 for in this council. In Khed Municipal Council, total 3.8 MLD water is treated in Hillock near Samarth nagar. It is unconventional type of water treatment unit. Total 701 lpcd water is provided in this Municipal Council. In normal season, 100 lpcd (July-February) and in summer season (March-June) only 60 lpcd drinking water is provided. In summer season, there is shortage of drinking water in council. There are no consumer meters for households and commercial units. Near WTP, the GSR has 2.96 thousand liter capacity. Near WTP Hillock has 3.40 thousand liters capacity. The Kuwarsai area has thousand liters capacity. Near government rest house GSR has 7.23 thousand liters capacity. The RWRM transmission main is located from Barane Jack well to WTP. The diameter is 300 mm and total length is 2650 meter. The PWRM transmission has 250mm line and length is 80meter. The PWRM has 200 mm diameter and total length is 250meter. The billing and recovery was 75 percent in in this council. In Rajapur Municipal Council, total 3 MLD drinking water is treated through unconventional unit near ST stand. The norm is 135 liter per capita daily for individual. In normal season (July-Feb) total 110 lpcd water is supplied. In summer season (March to June) only 50 lpcd water is supplied to city. There are no consumer meters for water supply in city. Talimkhana GSR has 8.13 thousand liters capacity. Near ST stand GSR has 40 thousand liters capacity. The Priyadarshani vasaha GSR has 31 thousand liters capacity. The Kondetad has liters capacity. Ghate Ali GSR has ten thousand liters capacity. Divatewadi GSR has one lakh liters capacity. The Ambewadi GSR has 25 thousand liters capacity. The ST depot Teliwadi ESR has 25 thousand liters capacity and Rantale ESR has ten thousand liters capacity. The transmission main of PWGM main is located from Kodavaliweir to Talimchana. The diameter is 250mm and total length is 3500 meter. The PWRM main is located from jack well to Talimkhana GSR and the diameter is 200 and total length is 3000 meter. The PWGM transmission main is located from Tithavali check dam to Ambewadi GSR. It has 80 mm diameter with 1500 meter length. The recovery of water supply bills is percent for in this council. In Ratnagiri Municipal Council, total 4 MLD water is treated at Nachane. At Salvi Stop, total 14 MLD water is treated in conventional unit. In (July to February) normal and summer season (March to June) 100 lpcd water get supplied to city. The Nachane ESR has 4.50 thousand liters capacity. Malnaka GSR has 18 lakh liters capacity. The Salvi stop GSR has 4 lakh liters capacity. DSP Banglow GSR has 4.80 thousand liters capacity. Pet killa GSR has 6 lakh liters capacity. Near WTP, the ESR has 14 lakh liters capacity. The Poltehic GSR has 4.80 thousand liters capacity. Water is distributed only few hours a day in council area. There are no water meters in city. In Alibag Municipal Council, drinking water is not treated in council area. There are 5000 households as per 2001 census. Throughout year, people get 135 lpcd drinking water in city. There are 2630 domestic connections and 131 non domestic connections of different size of pipeline. There are 40 stand posts in council and 30 group connections. As far as storage reservoirs are concerned then, Ramnath ESR has 3 lakh liters capacity and staging height is 21.8 meters. The Koliwada ESR has 3 lakh liters capacities and staging height is 18.4 meters. The Shree bag ESR has 6.75 thousand liters capacity and staging height is 20 meters. The gravity main transmission is located from RCF to Vidya nagar. The diameter is 600 mm and total length is 4800 meter. The rising transmission main is located from sump to BMR. It has 250 mm diameter and total length is 50 meters. Gravity main one is located from BPT to sump which has 457 mm diameter and total length is 900meter. The gravity main two is located from BPT to sump and the total diameter is 350 mm. The total length is 700meter. Gravity main three is located from Mahesh talkies to Ramnath ESR. The diameter is 200mm and total length is 900 meter. In 2008, the water bill recovery was percent in this Municipal Council. In Mahad Municipal Council, the water treatment plant is located at Karanjkhol with 3 MLD unconventional capacities. Similarly unconventional water treatment plant is located at Dadali of 2.5 MLD. But both treatment plants hardly treat drinking water. From July to February, only 100 lpcd water is supplied. From March to June, only 50 lpcd water is supplied in the council. Such water supply is very low as compare to standard per capita water supply. There are 3844 domestic, 84 commercial and 18 industrial connection of different size in council. The Shivaji chowk ESR has 8.50 thousand liters capacity. The Navenager ESR has 3 lakh liters capacity. The Dadali GSR has 9.90 thousand liters capacity. The gravity main is located from Kothurde dam to Karanjkhol WTP. The diameter is 400 mm and total length is 2.9 meters. Gravity main three is located from Kurla dam to Dadali WTP with 300 mm diameter and total length is 2.9 meter. In , the water supply billing recovery rate was percent. In Murud Jangira Municipal Council, the drinking water is not treated. As per the 2001 census, there are 4000 households. Drinking water is insufficient for households. This is because only 70 lpcd water is supplied. There are 2305 domestic and 38 commercial connections. There are no water meters in this council. There are 10 stand posts in council. The group connections are 140. The Alkapuri GSR has 4 lakh liters capacity. The Alkapuri water tank GSR has 4 lakh liters capacity. The Alkapuri water tank GSR has 3 lakh liters capacity. The main transmission in city is located from Garambi and Navdar to Murud. The diameter is 175 to 100mm. Total length is 6600 meter. The Savatka transmission main is located from Savatka to Murud city and the diameter is 125mm. Total length is 5500 meter. Billing and recovery rate is 70 percent in this council. In Pen Municipal Council, the water treatment plant is located at Glibar Maidan. The capacity of this water treatment plant is 6 MLD. It is working 24 hours a day to treat drinking water. There are ten thousand households as per 2001 census in council. Actual water supply is 90 lpcd from July to February. From March to June, it is 70 to 80lpcd. Such water supply is far below the standard norm. There are 7 stand posts in the council. Near WTP storage reservoirs, ESR has 7.25 thousand liters capacity. The staging height is 5 meters. The Pir-Dongary GSR has 7 lakh liters capacity. Tare Ali ESR has 3 lakh liters capacity. The staging height is 16 meters. As per , the recovery rate of water bills was only percent. Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March

9 In Roha Municipal Council, water is treated through conventional method at Bhuvaneshwar which has 6.9 MLD capacities. It is carried for 16 hours a day. There are 4844 households as per 2001 census. Throughout year, 100 lpcd water is supplied in this council. There are no water meters in council. The Dohvahal GSR has 60 thousand liters capacity. The WTP GSR has 2.90 thousand liters capacity. The Mahalla GSR has 5.30 thousand liters capacity. The municipal compound GSR has 7.22 thousand liter capacity. The staging height is meters. The Ashtami GSR has 2.60 thousand liters capacity. The staging height is meter. The rising main is located from H/W to BPT. The diameter is 406 mm and total length is 240mm. The gravity main is located from BPT to WTP. The diameter is 467 mm. Total length is meter. Gravity is located from BPT to WTP. The diameter is 450mm. Total length is 1201 meter. The feeder main is located from WTP to Mohalla GSR. It has 250mm diameter. Total height is 1325 meter. Gravity main-3 is located from main line to municipal ESR. Total diameter is 400 meter. Total length is 980 meter. Gravity main-4 is located from Main to ESR with 300 diameter line with 100 meter length. Gravity main-5 is located from main to Ashtami ESR. Total diameter is 125 meter and length is 925 meter. As per , recovery rate of water bills was only percent. In Shriwardhan Municipal Council, there is no water treatment plant. As per 2001 census, there are 4009 households. Total 70 lpcd water is supplied in council throughout year. There are no water meters in this council. There are 74 stand posts in council. Arathi GSR has 4.81 MLD liters capacity. The Dhondgali GSR has 1 MLD capacity. The Bandar Gothan GSR has 1 MLD liter capacity. Transmission main is located from Ranawali dam to Arathi sump. It has diameter of 300mm and length is 4500 meter. The billing and recovery as per was only percent. In Municipal Councils, the water supply to residence and commercial establishments are provided at a fixed flow rate. There are incidents of excess water drawing by certain customers/users by connecting motor pump sets to the water lines which is considered as water theft (Tharanyaa J.P. et.al 2013). There is no proper measurement of leakages in Municipal Councils. Therefore the theft and leakages are affecting on total water supply and demand in Municipal Councils. Water Demand in Municipal Councils We have estimated the water demand for different units for the current year in each Municipal Councils. The methodology is already explained in the above paragraph. The figures in the table explain the Million Liter Daily (MLD) water for Municipal Council and percent of total water demand.. Table 2: Water Demand by Municipal Councils (2015) Municipal MLD percent Councils Kalkavali Malwan Sawantwadi Vengurla Chiplun Dapoli Khed Rajapur Ratnagiri Alibag Mahad Murud Janjira Pen Roha Sriwardhan Total Source: As per table 1 The Kankavali Municipal Council demands 3.56 MLD (4.45 percent) water in current year. The Sawantwadi Municipal Council has demand of 4.84 MLD drinking water. It is 6 percent of total water demand of all Municipal Councils. The Vengurla Municipal Council has lowest demand of drinking water as compare to all other Municipal Councils. Such drinking water demand is only 2.22 MLD (2.78 percent) in Such water demand is lower because of less population, low commercial units and educational institutions. The industrial units are very low in this council. The Chiplun Municipal Council has second highest demand of drinking water as compare to other Municipal Councils of region. It is MLD (13.16 percent) drinking water in current period. The Dapoli Municipal Council has demand of 3.02 MLD drinking water. It is only 3.78 percent and it is lowest as compare to other Municipal Councils in region. The Khed Municipal Council demands 3.21 MLD (4.02 percent) drinking water. The Rajapur Municipal Council demands the 2.45 MLD drinking water in current period. It is only 3 percent as compare to other Municipal Councils in region. Population and other units are less in this Municipal Council. The Ratnagiri Municipal Council demands MLD drinking water. It is percent and highest water demand as compare to all other Municipal Councils. The water demand is highest because Ratnagiri is a district place and Municipal Council. The population is large in city and it is growing over the period of time. The number of educational institutions, hospitals, garages, and commercial units are more in council. They demand drinking water for different purposes. The Alibag Municipal Council has 5.08 MLD (6.35 percent) drinking water demand. Lastly, the Roha Municipal Council has demand of 5.92 MLD (7.40 percent) drinking water. Total water demand by all Municipal Councils in Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district is 79.97mld in We need to understand the water demand by different components in all Municipal Councils of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district. It is given in the following table. Table 3: Water Demand by Components in Municipal Councils Type of water demand Demand of Drinking water (MLD) Percent Population Educational institutions Health care units Restaurants and hotels Shops Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

10 Garages Government offices Community centers Cinema halls Industry Total Source: As per table 1 In all the Municipal Councils, population demands MLD drinking water. It is percent of total demand of drinking water of all Municipal Councils. Population demand drinking water for different purposes. The Municipal Councils also supply drinking water to household with highest priority. The other units have given second priority in water supply. Educational institutions such as school and colleges have only 2.43 MLD of water demand. It is 3 percent of total demand. Health care units in all Municipal Councils demand 1.54 MLD drinking water. Health care institutions are small and very less in number. The daily patients and health care staff are lower in each Municipal Council. Therefore the water demand by health care units is low. The government offices, restaurants and hotels demand 4.98 MLD drinking water each. The restaurants and hotels demand water for different purposes and it is increasing with increase in population and tourists in these districts. Shops demand only 0.02 MLD. Shops required water for drinking purposes. The garages demand 3.12 MLD drinking water in all the Municipal Councils. The community centers demand 1.87MLD drinking water. The community services are used by local people of each Municipal Council in these districts. The cinema halls demand 3.12MLD drinking water in all Municipal Councils. Such water demand is from different theaters for different shows in each day. Industries demand 9.97 MLD water in all Municipal Councils. Industrial units are spread in all the Municipal Councils and they demand drinking water for different purposes. Total water demand by all units in all Municipal Council is MLD for Such water demand is estimated based on number of parameters in each Municipal Council of Ratnagiri, Raigad and Sidhudurg district of Kokan Region in Maharashtra. Regression Result The drinking water demand by the population is highest in all the Municipal Councils of Ratnagiri, Raigad and Sidhudurg district of Kokan region in Maharashtra. But we need to understand the co-relation of different factors with total water demand of all Municipal Councils. We have used the ordinary least square regression (Greene W. 2003) to understand the correlation with total drinking water demand. This model is explained with the help of following equation. Twd= α + β1pop + β2edu + β3hos + β4resho + β5sho + β6gar + β7govoff + β7commcen + β7cineh + β7in + ƹ (8) Where Twd= Total water demand in all Municipal Councils of three districts Pop= Water demand by population Edu= Water demand by educational institutions Hos= Hospitals water demand ResHo: Demand of water by restaurant and hotels Sho: Total shops water demand Gar: Water demand by garages Govoff : The water demand in government offices Commcen: Commercial centers water demand Cineh: Water demand by cinema halls Ind: Industrial units water demand The total water demand by different units is regressed on each individual unit of different type. The results are presented in the following table. Table 4: Regression results for Water Demand Variable Beta Standard T test error Population 1.01* Educational 1.00* institutions Health care Garages 0.99* Industry 1.15* Constant R =1.00 *Significant at 1 percent Adjusted R2 =1.00 R2 =1.00 Std. Error of the estimate : Above results shows that the total water demand is positively co-related to population. The increase in population will demand more drinking water for different purposes such as bath, cooking, washing cloths and cleaning. Therefore it is statistically significant and positively corelated with total water demand. The water demand by educational institutions such as schools and colleges is positively corelated and statistically significant. Schools and colleges use water for drinking, toilets, gardens etc. Therefore water demand is positive and statistically significant. The water demand by health care units is not statistically significant and positively co-related. The water demand by garages is statistically significant and positively correlated with total demand of water. Garages are increasing because of growth of vehicles in all Municipal Councils. The water use is more because vehicles are cleaned and they are repaired regularly in all Municipal Councils. The water demand by industry is statistically significant and positively co-related. The different industrial units use water for various purposes. In general, water in industry is used for processing, manufacturing, drinking and toilets etc. Therefore it is statistically significant and positively corelated with total demand of water in all Municipal Councils. Deficit of Drinking Water in Municipal Councils In India, very few Municipal Councils have estimated drinking water supply for future purposes. Most of the Municipal Corporations and Councils have shortage of drinking water in present and future period. Municipal Councils and Corporations in India have got into a vicious cycle of drinking water allocations. The supply of drinking water has become an annual ritual money allocated, money spent, areas covered. The following year brings on the same drinking water crisis Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March

11 MLD water De.icit of drinking water in Municipal Councils (MLD) and money is allocated again. And as everyone on the ground realizes, these monetary allocations will only grow, and there will still be uncovered habitations. Unfortunately India continues to look at the issue of drinking water in terms of money spent. However, allocating greater sums of money each year will not solve the problem unless the country learns to deal with its available water resources. Water crises are developing because the government and the people are not looking beyond temporary, non-sustainable measures to alleviate scarcity (Gujja, B. and Hajara Shaik 2005). We have also observed similar situation in all Municipal Councils of Kokan region. Following figure shows the deficit of drinking water over the period of time. We have calculated the deficit of drinking water based on following equation. Where D=Deficit of drinking water Ss=Supply of drinking water Dd= Demand of drinking water over the 9) Years Kalkavali Malwan Sawantwadi Vengurla Chiplun Khed Rajapur Ratnagiri Alibag Mahad Murud Janjira Pen Roha Sriwardhan Figure 1: Deficit of Drinking Water in Municipal Councils (MLD) period of time Above equation means supply minus demand of drinking water in ith Municipal Council at time t. The deficit is measured from 2015 till Based on the above formula, we have calculated the deficit of drinking water in each Municipal Council up to It is presented in the following figure as follows. Drinking water demand is increasing in all councils over the period of time. But drinking water supply is stagnant in all Municipal Councils. A growing number of users required larger quantities with every passing year. The need is to increase quantities of available water (Chauhan Malavika 2006). Total water demand in all Municipal Councils of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg is increasing fast due to number of reasons. In 2015, Malwan Municipal Council has observed 2.52 MLD drinking water deficit. The surplus of water is observed (1.42MLD) in Sriwardhan Municipal Council. It is the only Municipal Council where water supply is surplus. In Roha Municipal Council, only 0.08 MLD surplus drinking water is observed in In 2031, Pen Municipal Council has observed as 5.61MLD deficit in drinking water. In Sriwardhan only 0.58MLD deficit is observed of drinking water. In 2050, the highest deficit in drinking water is observed in Ratnagiri Municipal Council and it will be MLD. The lowest deficit is observed in Sriwardhan Municipal Council. In Sriwardhan Municipal Council, the surplus is observed in In 2040, the surplus will get over and deficit will be observed in drinking water. Such situation is also observed in Chiplun and Pen Municipal Council. The deficit in drinking water will be observed as 11 MLD in We do not have water supply data of schemes of each Municipal Council. The supply for future is not planned by Municipal Councils. With insubstantial allocations for provision of drinking water, there is a massive gap between need and availability. This in turn has meant that water-borne diseases continue to account for the high morbidity levels draining the public health system. We have not taken to consideration of ground water and other sources of water. The pattern of water availability in low-income urban areas is often complex with a variety of different sources offering different qualities, reliability, accessibility and cost. These include piped water obtained from public and private sources, protected point sources (Howard Guy et.al 2002). We have estimated the deficit of piped water supply over the period of time in these councils. Policy Implication and Conclusion Drinking water is essential for human life. But slowly, it is becoming scarce in India. Water has a direct bearing on health and development. All citizens had to be provided with safe drinking water before But this goal has not been achieved although we have entered the 21st century (Kanmony J Cyril 2005). We found that drinking water is not provided adequately in Municipal Councils of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district. The future drinking water deficit is observed in all the Municipal Councils. At the same time, drinking water is not treated, storage facilities are inadequate. The drinking water tariff rates are low. The water distribution network is inadequate in Municipal Councils. Therefore numbers 46 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

12 of alternative policies are required to solve the drinking water related issues in Municipal Councils. Firstly, all municipal councils must convert nonconventional water treatment plants into modern water treatment plants. Modern water treatment methods are more reliable and they will reduce the water borne and water washed related diseases. Women and children are most affected of water related diseases in these Municipal Councils. Water treatment will improve school achievement of children. Economic productivity of adults will increase because of quality of drinking water in these councils. Health related expenditure will decline. Most of the Municipal Councils have lower spending on water supply system. A low level of official budgetary appropriations and difficulties with gathering payment at water-users has strongly limited internal financing, which has appeared insufficiently to execute essential requirements of capital investments. Even if financing would be increased, it is doubtful, that bodies of water supply could effectively to distribute resources in sector with account of its many urgent needs. In addition to investments structural reforms are necessary for increase efficiency of maintenance services and strengthening of stimulus of rational water consumption (Normatov I.Sh. et.al 2010). More drinking water storage facility will help to provide drinking water equally to all units throughout year in council area. The Municipal Councils must invest in water supply distribution network. The pipeline with different size must be spread in all council area. It will help to provide drinking water continuously with same pressure to different units in council area. The concept of water bodies should incorporate rivers and groundwater as well since most of the non-drinking water requirements are met by groundwater. It is an unfortunate story that most of the rivers flowing through cities are polluted beyond acceptable norms and they resemble gutters and sewers. And the groundwater in their vicinity has been contaminated to such an extent that people dependent on them are suffering from multiple ailments. Release of untreated sewage and effluents is the single most reason for this situation (Ramachandraiah C. 2001). Municipal Councils in Raigad district must reduce the water pollution at different water supply source. The Municipal Councils must put the meter for every water use. They must provide meters for different connections based on size and types of units. Commercial connections must be charged higher tariff for more water use. Tariff rate must be increased with increase in water use. It will help Municipal Councils to raise resources for water supply system. Water supply services can be delivered through public, private or community based institutions. Cost recovery of water supply services is also necessary to ensure their long-term utilization. Government should change its role from being an implementer to being a regulator, facilitator and coordinator in order to help improve efficiency and effectiveness in private sector delivery of water services. It is a new strategy in conformity with the on-going reforms in the public sector. For every water supply system, there is need for an independent regulatory body. It can be made up of professional bodies, local officials, government officials, community members, technocrats, NGOs, and other resource users (Emmanuella C. O., Sabina C. 2012). The Municipal Councils must avoid group connections to avoid irregular payments. It is found that the state has proved itself inefficient in most productive and service delivery functions. It has now to make way for other bodies to secure these objectives and leave development to the people and market forces. Its productive functions are to be taken over by private corporations and service delivery functions are to be taken over by other forms of private bodies (Sampat P. 2007). Therefore Municipal Councils must allow private sector involvement in drinking water supply. We strongly recommend public private partnership in drinking water supply storage and distribution of Municipal Councils of Maharashtra. Such policies will certainly help to improve present and future drinking water supply in all councils. Bibliography 1. Ahiablame, Laurent, Bernard Engel and Taisha Venort (2012). Improving Water Supply Systems for Domestic Uses in Urban Togo: The Case of a Suburb in Lomé, Water 4(1): Bharwada, C. and Vinay Mahajan (2002). Drinking Water Crisis in Kutch A Natural Phenomenon? Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.37 (48): , November 30, Chauhan, Malavika (2006). Biodiversity versus Irrigation case of Keoladeo National Park, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.41(7): , February 18, Emmanuella, C. 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13 Tavares (2002). Inequities in Access to and Use of Drinking Water Services in Latin America and the Caribbean Luiz, American Journal of Public Health, 11(5/6): Normatov, I. Sh., N. Karomatulloeva, I. M. Rakhimov (2010). Current Situation of Water Supply and Improvement of Sanitary Conditions in Republic of Tajikistan, International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume 38(8): , bkyoto, Japan Peloso, M. and Morinville, C. (2014). Chasing for Water: Everyday Practices of Water Access in Peri-urban Ashaiman, Ghana, Water Alternatives 7(1): Ramachandraiah, C. (2001). Drinking Water as a Fundamental Right, Economic and Political Weekly Vol.36: , February 24, Rygaard, Martin, Philip J. Binning, Hans- Jørgen Albrechtsen (2011). Increasing Urban Water Self-Sufficiency: New era, new challenges, Journal of Environmental Management 92: , Reddy, V. Ratna (2001). Declining Social Consumption in India, Economic and Political Weekly, July 21(41): Roy, J. S.Chattopadhyav, S.Mukherjee, M. Kanjilal, S. Samajpati, S.Roy (2004). An Economic Analysis of Demand for Water Quality Case of Kolkata, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.34 (1): , January 10, Shah, C. H. (2005). Economic Analysis of a Drinking Water project in Andhra Pradesh Economic and Political Weekly, January 29, 2005, pp Sampat, Preeti (2007). Swajaldhara or Pay -jal-dhara: Right to Drinking Water in Rajasthan, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLII (52): , December 29, Tharanyaa, J.P.Shri, A.Jagadeesan, A.Lavanya (2013). Theft Identification and Automated Water Supply System Using Embedded Technology International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2(8): , August Veerashekharappa (2000). Reforms in Rural Drinking Water Supply, Economic and Political Weekly Vol.41(7): , February 12, Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March 2015

14 Supply Chain Pulse / Volume 5 / Issue 4 / December 2014 & Volume 6 / Issue 1 / March