Atmospheric Research from Svalbard in a Pan-Arctic context

Transcription

1 Svalbard Science Conference - Cooperation for the future 6 November 2017 Atmospheric Research from Svalbard in a Pan-Arctic context Cathrine Lund Myhre NILU - Norsk institutt for luftforskning

2 My story goes from Zeppelin to Kigali

3 The Zeppelin Observatory - A Research Infrastructure Unique location for atmospheric monitoring: Measures global changes and changes in the northern hemisphere I. Long-term observations related to trends, protocols and international obligations II. Access to infrastructure for short-term research projects Photo: Konsta KathyA. PunkkaThompson

4 The Zeppelin Observatory A Research Infrastructure in the Arctic Environmental contaminants Ca 125 POPs, + ca 10 Hg, other heavy metals, since 1994 Trace gases Tropospheric ozone since 1989 CO 2 by University of Stockholm since 1989, NILU since 2012 more than 40 other greenhouse gases including CH 4, ozone, CFCer, HCFCer, HFCer, halons, others since 2001/2010 (GC), and new OHFCs Other trace gases: NMHS and other VOCs since 2010, CO, H 2, SO 2, HNO 3 since 2001 d 13 CH 4 since 2012 Particle properties NILU: PM 10 PM 2.5, Chemical composition (inorganic since ca 1978, carbonaceous since 2001, ToF ACSM since 2015 ACES-SU: Aerosol impact on radiation balance scattering and absorption of the sun light since ca 2002 changes of cloud radiation properties and life cycle

5 Zeppelin measurements are used world wide In fact, since 2010: About 1300 different single users of Zeppelin data About 6000 time series have been downloaded 55 articles in scientific journals w / NILU involved

6 SOOT PARTICLES METHANE BLACK CARBON Heating effects 1. heats the atmosphere 2. change snow albedo Cooling effects 1. Always emitted together with other species, cooling the atmosphere = Total effect: Uncertain. Black carbon heats the atmosphere locally, Particularly effective above snow and ice surfaces

7 Arctic particle levels are not well understood and the models fail to reproduce annual and seasonal variations Picture : Ann-Christine Engvall

8 Emissions from agricultural fires reaches the Arctic Stohl et al., ACP, 2007

9 Dramatic effect on pollution levels in the Arctic New records set for virtually all measured components! Forcing calculations shoved heating effect above snow, and cooling effect above ocean Black Carbon (soot)

10 There are other sources as well, and Arctic exploration is increasing

11 What about methane and the Arctic Ocean? Global mean, WMO, 30 October 2017 CH 4 Zeppelin trend: 5.6 ppb/year +12 ppb per year, the last years. Second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after CO 2 Lifetime ca 9-10 years 28 times stronger than CO 2 as greenhouse gas over 100 years

12 MOCA: Methane from OCean to the Atmosphere

13 MOCA: Methane from OCean to the Atmosphere Do the methane emitted from sea floor reach the atmosphere? How is the concentration just above the sea surface compared to Zeppelin? Are there any hot spot regions? Myhre et al. (2016) GRL

14 MOCA: Methane from OCean to the Atmosphere c) b) Myhre et al. (2016) GRL

15 MOCA: Methane from OCean to the Atmosphere c) b) Atmospheric methane over the Arctic Ocean hot spots Controls of methane transportthrough the water column Ethane and propane emissions substantially underestimated in community emission datasets Myhre et al. (2016) GRL Climatic impact of Arctic Ocean methane hydrate dissociation in the 21 st -century

16 Konsta Punkka Zeppelin & Kigali?

17 Ca 20 greenhouse gases with only anthropogenic sources are measured at Zeppelin pptv 10 8 SF 6 SF 6 Lifetime 3200 years 6 ppt v pptv ppt v January April July October 2015 CF HFC-125 HFC-134a 1. January 2016 HFC-125 Lifetime 28 years HFC-134 Lifetime 13.4 years HFC-152 Lifetime 1.5 years 15 ppt v 10 5 HFC-152a Year Lifetimes from IPCC AR5 Chap. 8, Myhre et al,

18 Trends in greenhouse gases with extremely long life time PFC-116 (C 2 F 6 ) lifetime in the atmosphere: years, GWP = (over 100 år) ppt v PFC sites, of these only 9 sites are capable of measuring this

19 On the international agenda for climate policy and mitigation

20 On the international agenda for climate policy and mitigation 15 sites, of these not all are capable of measuring these

21 Svalbard Science Conference Cooperation for the future Atmospheric opportunities Zeppelin Observatory is an atmospheric supersite far from local and regional sources Long time series from a unique observatory in the Arctic are a essential for both research, for mitigation strategies and in policy making with global impact Detect changes in the northern hemisphere, and provides a global picture of the development of about 40 greenhouse gases Regional trends in a suite of properties of particles and POPs and heavy metal Well located to study changes in the Arctic, and exchange between atmosphere-sea-land Climatologies and long term studies Process studies, also on campaign bases Most data and all NILU data is open to everyone: Many visitors and collaborating institutions each year, more is welcome!

22 NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research Ove Hermansen, Chris Lunder, Nobert Schmidbauer, Andreas Stohl, Stephen M. Platt, Sabine Eckhardt, Ann Mari Fjaeraa, Kjetil Tørseth CAGE Jürgen Mienert, Benedicte Ferré, Anna Silyakova, Sunil Vadakkepuliyambatta Acknowledgement to funding institutions Infrastructure support Ministry of Climate and Environment Norwegian Environment Agency: Long term funding of monitoring of atmospheric change in the Arctic MOCA: Methane Emissions from the Arctic OCean to the Atmosphere, grant no CAGE Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate and the Centres of Excellence funding scheme grant no SOCA: Signal from OCean to Atmosphere Strategisk instituttsatsning ACTRIS ECLIPSE