Ohio Sea Grant and OSU Stone Lab Lake Erie Research Nutrients and harmful algal blooms

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1 OWEA Biosolids Workshop OHIO SEA GRANT AND STONE LABORATORY Ohio Sea Grant and OSU Stone Lab Lake Erie Research Nutrients and harmful algal blooms Dr. Christopher J. Winslow Associate Director, Ohio Sea Grant College Program December 11 th, 2014

2 The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Lake Erie Region of Ohio Total Tourism Impact Lake Region Sales Wages Taxes Employment $12.9 billion $3.3 billion $1.7 billion 119,491 Detailed on following slides Tourism Sales ($) Top quintile Middle quintile First quintile

3 Tourism Sales (Output) (US$) Direct* Indirect Induced Total Agriculture, Fishing, Mining - 72,165,627 26,803,587 98,969,215 Construction and Utilities - 134,753,378 54,342, ,096,130 Manufacturing - 535,737, ,910, ,647,147 Wholesale Trade - 21,365,207 15,141,607 36,506,814 Air Transport 230,116,638 3,010,766 2,712, ,839,403 Other Transport 933,974, ,503,351 66,350,562 1,124,828,809 Retail Trade 2,622,707,546 64,497, ,333,429 2,946,538,509 Communications - 135,022,292 58,439, ,462,131 Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 281,887, ,974, ,817,722 1,027,679,616 Business Services - 559,455, ,300, ,756,638 Education and Health Care - 1,854, ,471, ,325,673 Recreation and Entertainment 1,576,733,846 38,346,274 32,511,351 1,647,591,471 Lodging 886,644,456 13,573,138 11,297, ,514,938 Food & Beverage 2,000,436,660 34,403,890 97,934,101 2,132,774,651 Personal Services - 55,136,254 93,667, ,803,324 Government - 51,250, ,560, ,811,277 TOTAL 8,532,501,220 2,288,050,478 2,114,594,048 12,935,145,746 Direct sales includes costs of goods and services purchased by visitors during their stays

4 Tourism Income (Compensation) (US$) Direct Indirect Induced Total Agriculture, Fishing, Mining - 14,073,615 6,120,171 20,193,786 Construction and Utilities - 39,852,144 13,716,417 53,568,560 Manufacturing - 67,647,793 30,598,434 98,246,227 Wholesale Trade - 6,240,715 4,497,920 10,738,635 Air Transport 62,670,693 1,025, ,630 64,620,212 Other Transport 298,225,391 61,353,102 26,763, ,342,433 Retail Trade 196,881,484 25,641, ,803, ,326,759 Communications - 33,662,915 12,256,757 45,919,672 Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 45,268,864 90,892,649 64,210, ,371,526 Business Services - 238,899,689 72,735, ,635,527 Education and Health Care - 857, ,899, ,756,741 Recreation and Entertainment 617,041,966 16,135,794 12,680, ,858,188 Lodging 312,083,943 4,738,497 3,678, ,501,224 Food & Beverage 537,221,923 11,126,528 31,168, ,516,911 Personal Services - 19,908,733 36,362,623 56,271,357 Government - 13,635,256 7,551,139 21,186,394 TOTAL 2,069,394, ,691, ,967,930 3,332,054,152

5 The tourism industry generated $1.7 billion in taxes in Tourism generated $847 million in state and local taxes o $510 million in state taxes o $337 million in local taxes Tourism-Generated Taxes (US$) Total Federal Taxes 811,222,211 State Taxes 509,942,467 Local Taxes 337,335,475 TOTAL 1,658,500,152

6 Tourism Employment Direct Indirect Induced Total Agriculture, Fishing, Mining ,056 Construction and Utilities Manufacturing - 1, ,517 Wholesale Trade Air Transport 1, ,230 Other Transport 10,335 1, ,116 Retail Trade 9, ,283 14,001 Communications Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 1,841 2,282 1,360 5,483 Business Services - 4,632 1,429 6,061 Education and Health Care ,081 4,106 Recreation and Entertainment 20, ,148 Lodging 11, ,045 Food & Beverage 33, ,809 35,952 Personal Services ,442 2,047 Government TOTAL 89,258 14,380 15, ,491 Tourism supports 1 in every 12 jobs in Lake Region

7 Lake Erie Critical Issues The bulk of research funded by Ohio Sea Grant and conducted by its staff fall into one of seven Critical Issues Funded research: Available through two RFPs olarge grants osmall grants (PD) ~$550,000 available annually

8 Critical Issues 1. Sediment and Dredging 750K of seds from Maumee Raised homes in Toledo and Ag fields 2. Monitoring of HABs as_dredging_f.html

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10 Critical Issues 3. Deadzone (CB and WB) Linked to HABs o Where do blooms go? o Internal loading (WB) /pictures/ extreme-algae-bloom-fertilizerlake-erie-science/#/algae-blooms-in-lakes-may-benew-normal-fish_66478_600x450.jpg

11 Critical Issues 4. Nutrient management issues Less point. now non-point (dissolved) Nature of the problem has changes 5. Climate Change (Heidelberg data) All decisions within different framework Modified from: National Center for Water Quality Research, Heidelberg University

12 Critical Issues Photo courtesy of 6. Coastal and Economic Development Relationship with OH tourism ~12 of 40b 7. Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Left: ptember/pnpsept2009.htm Right: /indoor-waterpark

13 One of the Most Important Lakes in the World Dead lake image of 60s and 70s; poster child for pollution problems in US Also best example of ecosystem recovery in world e/research/posters/logos/self-guided.html /wiki/file:earth-week-logo.jpg EPA est. on Dec 2 nd, st Earth Day on April 22 nd, 1970 Clean Water Act of 1972 Photos courtesy of Cleveland Press Collection at Cleveland State University Library and Wikipedia

14 Lake Erie Stats Shared by 4 states and 2 countries Drinking water for 11 million people Houses over 20 power plants (greatest water use) Houses 300 marinas in Ohio alone Walleye Capital of the World Photos courtesy of 40% of all Great Lakes charter boats Also, Ohio s charter boat industry is largest in North America $1.5 billion sport fishery The most valuable freshwater commercial fishery in the world Again, tourism value is $12.9 billion (~40) Photo courtesy of Grave Yard Rabbit of Sandusky Bay Photos courtesy of eview-g50940-d reviews- Cedar_Point_Amusement_Park- Sandusky_Ohio.html

15 Setting the Stage for HABs

16 Great Lakes Land Use Image: Ohio Sea Grant

17 Great Lakes Land Use Continued 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 10% Least 2 nd 1 st 1 st Superior Michigan Huron Erie Ontario Residential Cropland Pasture Forest Brush/Wetland Image: Ohio Sea Grant

18 Because of Land Use Lake Erie Gets.. More sediment and nutrients (i.e., fertilizers and sewage) than all the other Great Lakes Above are exacerbated by storms We are seeing more frequent and severe storms due to climate change Data on next slide Don t forget, it is also the shallowest (sunlight) As a result Lake Erie is the most productive of the Great Lakes, and likely will be!!

19 Maumee Storm Runoff Statistics (from ) Statistically significant increases in : Number of storm runoff events per year (up 67%) Number of spring runoff events (up 40%) Number of winter runoff events (up 47%) Annual storm discharge (up 53%) Summer storm discharge (up 27%) Other seasonal comparisons show increases but 80-90% they are of not loading significant occurs 10-20% of time Source: Dr. Peter Richards, Heidelberg University

20 Discharge and Phosphorous Data Cumulative spring discharge (km 3 ) Mar 01-Apr 01-May 01-Jun 01-Jul Cumulative spring DRP load (metric tons) Mar 01-Apr 01-May 01-Jun 01-Jul Range ( ) Mean ( ) Source: Dr. Peter Richards, Heidelberg University

21 50:2 Rule (Not exact, but instructive) Lake Superior: 50% of the water and 2% of the fish

22 50:2 Rule (Not exact, but instructive) Lake Erie: 2% of the water and 50% of the fish

23 80:10:10 Rule 80% of water from upper lakes 10% from Lake Erie tributaries 10% direct precipitation The Maumee River ~5% of all LE tributary water YET 50% of LE phosphorous!!

24 Late 80 s and Early 90 s Healthy, What Brought About the Rebirth? Phosphorus reductions from POINT sources (29,000 metric tons to 11,000) Somewhat aided by agriculture practices Blue-green Algae Bloom circa 1971, Lake Erie Photo: Forsythe and Reutter

25 Phosphorous Levels are Rising Again; now Soluble Modified from: David Baker, National Center for Water Quality Research, Heidelberg University

26 Why Do We Target Phosphorus? Normally limiting nutrient in freshwater systems P reduction is best strategy ecologically and economically Ohio Phosphorus Task Force II calling for 40% reduction (3/14/13) Eliminates HABs and therefore toxins Reducing both P and N would help Toxin is 14% N by weight

27 Data from MERIS , MODIS 2012

28 Microcystis at Stone Lab (8/10/10)

29 Microcystis, Stone Lab, 9/20/13

30 Stone Lab September 11, 2011 Photo: Jeff Reutter

31 August Photo: NOAA Satellite Image

32 October 9, 2011 Microcystis near Marblehead Photo: Richard Kraus, United States Geological Survey

33 September 24 th,

34 Only Western Basin Problem? October 9, 2011 Photo: NOAA Satellite Image

35 Microcystin Concentrations 1 ppb WHO drinking water limit 20 ppb WHO swimming limit 60 ppb highest level for Lake Erie until Lake Erie Maumee Bay area ppb highest level for Grand Lake St. Marys until Grand Lake St. Marys 2010 Currently no national standards How do we test? How do we treat?

36 Toxin Reference Doses Dioxin ( mg/kg-d) Microcystin LR ( mg/kg-d) Saxitoxin ( mg/kg-d) PCBs ( mg/kg-d) Cylindrospermopsin ( mg/kg-d) Methylmercury ( mg/kg-d) Anatoxin-A ( mg/kg-d) DDT ( mg/kg-d) Selenium (0.005 mg/kg-d) Botulinum toxin A (0.001 mg/kg-d) Alachlor (0.01 mg/kg-d) Cyanide (0.02 mg/kg-d) Atrazine (0.04 mg/kg-d) Fluoride (0.06 mg/kg-d) Chlorine (0.1 mg/kg-d) Aluminum (1 mg/kg-d) Ethylene Glycol (2 mg/kg-d)

37 Possible Agriculture Action Areas Eliminate fall and winter application of fertilizer and manure Eliminate broadcast application and incorporate fertilizer Soil testing of all fields to prevent application of too much P Do not apply P above agronomic need (OSU Ag research) 30% of Ohio fields have too much P already No fertilizer when rain is in forecast (within 48 hours) Place a moratorium on addition of more tiles 50% of dissolved Phos. leaving fields is going through tiles Consider reducing the size of farms falling under CAFO regulations

38 What other levers can we turn? Lawn Care Recommendations: Follow Scott s lead..all lawn care fertilizer sellers and lawn care applicators meet the zero P goal Sewage Treatment Plant Recommendations: Expedite actions to eliminate CSOs Water Treatment Plant Recommendations: Ortho-P as a corrosion reduction strategy More closely monitor septic tanks: Assure that all septic tanks are working properly

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41 HABs Challenges and review Need agriculture solutions (4Rs): Right fertilizer source (i.e., manure and P free) Right rate (i.e., amount; Ag need) Right time (i.e., rain and frozen ground) Right place (i.e., only where needed) Lack of funding for monitoring CSO elimination is expensive Regulation of septic tanks is weak

42 Questions? For more information: Dr. Christopher Winslow, Assistant Director Ohio Sea Grant Office, Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH Phone:

43 Beneficial reuse of dredged material in manufactured soil blending: economic, logistical and performance considerations. Elizabeth Dayton (OSU) rd yr Impacts of climate change on public health in the Great Lakes due to harmful algae blooms. Jay Martin, Tim Buckley, Stuart Ludsin (OSU), and Carlo DiMarchi (Case Western) nd yr

44 Should nitrogen be managed in Lake Erie? The potential role of nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria. Darren Bade, Xiaozhen Mou, and Laura Leff, (Kent State University); 2 nd yr. Linking agricultural production and Great Lakes ecosystem services --- modeling and valuing the impacts of harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie: Elena Irwin, Mike Fraker, Seyoum Gebremariam, Jay Martin, and Wendong Zhang (OSU)

45 Source tracking and toxigenicity of Planktothrix in Sandusky Bay. George Bullerjahn and Michael McKay (Bowling Green State University) Mapping drain tile and modeling agricultural contribution to nonpoint source pollution in the western Lake Erie basin. Kevin Czajkowski and April Ames (University of Toledo)

46 Understanding dam removal impacts on a formerly prolific Great Lake s walleye population. Chris Vandergoot (ODNR) and Richard Kraus (USGS) The role of nitrogen concentration in regulating cyanobacterial bloom toxicity in a eutrophic lake. Justin Chaffin (OSU)

47 Delivery of sediment amendments using far-field ultrasound. Linda Weavers and John Lenhart (OSU) Relative contributions of hypoxia and natural gas drilling to methane emissions from Lake Erie. Amy Townsend-Small (University of Cincinnati) sions/ocean_research/image2.html

48 Ohio Sea Grant Small Grants A Tool for Predicting the Spread of Invasive Species by Ballast Water. Jonathan Bossenbroek (University of Toledo) Developing Soluble Reactive Phosphorus and Nitrogen Adsorption Materials from Agricultural Waste and Natural Products. Rafiq Islam and Jon Witter (OSU

49 Ohio Sea Grant Small Grants Assessment of effect of atmospheric acid deposition on nutrient cycling in the Lake Erie watershed. Jon Witter (OSU) Sustainable Management of Commercial Aquaculture: Implications for the Supply and Demand of Seafood. Steven Vickner and Laura Tiu (OSU)

50 Update on Sea Grant Projects NOAA Great Lakes Coastal Storms TNC/DU/ONWR fish monitoring LEWS Post-Delist monitoring Numerous EPA grants (HABs) ACRCC outreach and education New reporting database

51 The New Threat Asian Carp..actually, Bighead, Silver, Black and Grass Carp Big and Silver average pounds, can reach 100 Juveniles can eat 120% of weight/day 25,000 pounds caught by commercial fishermen in Illinois river this year _chronicle_extra/2007/08/asian_ carp_pose_dire_threat_to.html

52 The New Threat Continued.. Plankton and Blue-green algae will support Will rivers support reproduction? What is being done: Pheromones (caged females and food cues) Identifying likely dispersal routes edna work Water cannons CO 2 Poisons ACRCC carp.php