Table 4.1 Linnaean Classification System of Organisms.

Transcription

1 Table.1 Linnaean Classification System of rganisms. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class rder Family Genus Species

2 Table.2 Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Characteristic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cell wall Composed of peptidoglycan Absent of peptidoglycan DA ucleoid or plasmids Chromosomal DA Energy generation Part of cytoplasmic membrane Mitochondria ucleus Absent Present Photosynthetic pigments Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present Phylogenic group Archea, bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Single cell: algae, fungi, and protozoan. Multicellular: animals, fungi, and plants. Size range 1 2μm by 1 μm >5 μm Source: Henzeet al. (2008) pp ; Metcalf and Eddy (2003) page 106; Pelczar et al. (1977) pp. 7 8; Rittman and McCarty (2001) pp

3 Table.3 Comparison of free energy yields for oxidation of glucose by various means. xidation/reduction reaction Process simulated 1 2 C 6 H = 1 C H 2 Fermentation and aerobic respiration, 2 electron acceptor 1 C 2 6 H H+ = 1 C H C 2 6 H S H+ = 1 H 16 2 S HS + 1 C H 2 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration, 2 electron acceptor Fermentation and anaerobic respiration, S 2 electron acceptor 1 2 C 6 H 12 6 = 1 8 C CH Fermentation and anaerobic respiration, C 2 electron acceptor Free energy released, ΔG ( ) kj e eq C 2 6 H 12 6 = 1 C CH 12 3 CH 2H Fermentation to ethanol Adapted from Metcalf and Eddy (2003), pp

4 Table. Microbial reactions and their nutritional classification. Microbial reaction light 5C 2 + 3H 2 + H 3 C 5 H H 2 C 5 H C 2 + 2H 2 + H 3 C 6 H C 2 + 6H 2 C 6 H C 2 H 6 + 2C 2 5C 6 H H+ 30C H 2 2H H 3 + 2H 2 C 6 H C 2 + 3CH utritional classification Autotrophic, photosynthetic Cellular respiration, aerobic Heterotrophic, aerobic (aerobic oxidation) Heterotrophic, anaerobic (ethanol fermentation) Heterotrophic, anoxic (denitrification) Autotrophic, aerobic (nitrification) Heterotrophic, anaerobic (methanogenesis) Adapted from Benefield and Randall (1980) page 26; Rittman and McCarty (2001) page 133.

5 Table.5 ATP yield from fermentation and aerobic respiration. Pathway or process Mechanism for ATP production Total ATPs produced Fermentation to pyruvate 2ADHproduced 2 3ATPs ADH = 6ATPs Substrate-level phosphorylation 2 ATPs Subtotal = 8ATPs Aerobic respiration (TCA) cycle ADHproduced 3ATPs ADH = 12ATPs 1FADH 2 produced 1 2ATPs ADH = 2ATPs GTP + ADP GDP + ATP 1ATP Subtotal = 15 ATPs pyruvate 2 moles of pyruvate enter TCA 2 15ATPs pyruvate = 30ATPs Total = 38 ATPs Adapted from Brock (1979), page 111.

6 Table.6 Temperature classification of microorganisms. Classification Temperature range, C Psychrophiles 10 to 30* 7 to 30** 5 to 20*** Mesophiles 20 to to 5** 8 to 5*** Thermophiles 35 to 75 5 to 60** 0 to 70*** Hyperthermophiles 65 to 110*** Source: *Metcalf & Eddy (2003), page 559; **Pelczar et al. (1977), pp ; ***Rittman and McCarty (2001), page 16.

7 Table.7 General comments concerning the effect of ph on various microorganisms. Classification ph range ptimal ph *Bacteria **Fungi Minimum at and maximum at 9.5 Prefer acid environment and have minimum between 1 to to ***Protozoa Adapted from *Metcalf and Eddy (2003), page 559; **Gaudy and Gaudy (1988), page 183; ***Pelczar et al. (1977), page 358.

8 Table.8 Common amino acids. ame Structure Aspartic acid H H 2 H Glycine Lysine + H 3 H 2 H 2 H Tyrosine H H H H 2

9 Table.9 ucleic acid bases and structure. itrogen base name Adenine ucleic acid DA & RA itrogen base structure H 2 H Cytosine DA & RA Adenine H 2 H Guanine DA & RA Cytosine H H H 2 Thymine DA Guanine H H Uracil RA Thymine H H Uracil

10 Table.10 Major reservoirs of carbon. Source Quantity, gigatons (Gt) % Atmosphere Fossil fuels, ceans 38, Terrestrial biosphere 2,000. Total 5, Source: Falkowski et al. (2000), page 29.

11 Table.11 Global nitrogen reservoirs. Environment Tg TERRESTRIAL Plant biomass to Animal biomass Litter to Soil: organic matter insoluble inorganic soluble inorganic.a. microorganisms Rocks Sediments Coal deposits Subtotal: CEAIC Plant biomass Animal biomass Dead organic matter: dissolved particulate to 2. 10

12 Table.11 (continued ) Environment Tg 2 (dissolved) H Subtotal: ATMSPHERIC H H X 1to rg- 1.0 Subtotal: Total A.: not available. Source: Adapted from Soderlund and Svensson, 1976, page 30. Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

13 Table.12 Scheme of the global sulfur cycle during the mid-1980s. umber Route Sulfur compounds Flux, TgS/yr 1 Aeolian emission S Volcanic emission into the continental atmosphere S 2, H 2 S, S Anthropogenic emission into the atmosphere S 2, H 2 S, S 2 93 Emission of long-lived sulfur compounds into continental atmosphere CS, CS Emission of short-lived sulfur compounds into continental atmosphere H 2 S, DMS, etc Emission of short-lived sulfur compounds into the atmosphere from coastal regions of the ocean 7 Emission of short-lived sulfur compounds into the atmosphere from the open ocean H 2 S, DMS 5 DMS, etc Emission of long-lived sulfur compounds into oceanic atmosphere CS, CS Volcanic emission into the oceanic atmosphere S 2, H 2 S, S Emission of sea salt aerosol sulfur from the ocean S Anthropogenic output from the lithosphere S 2, S Weathering and water erosion S Wastewaters S Mineral fertilizers S River runoff into the ocean S Scavenging from the atmosphere on the continental surface S 2, S Scavenging from the atmosphere on the oceanic surface S 2, S Transport from the oceanic atmosphere into the continental atmosphere S 2, S Transport from the continental atmosphere into the oceanic atmosphere S 2, S 2 81 CS = carbonyl sulfide; CS 2 = carbon disulfide; DMS = dimethyl sulfide. Source: Brimblecombe, et al., 1989, page 83. Reproduced by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

14 Table.13 Solubility of oxygen in water exposed to water-saturated air at atmospheric pressure. Temperature ( C) xygen solubility (mg/l) Temperature ( C) xygen solubility (mg/l) Temperature ( C) xygen solubility (mg/l) Developed using on-line program from the USGS:

15 Table.1 Reaeration Coefficients. Water body k R at 20 C, d 1 Small ponds and backwaters Sluggish streams and large lakes Large streams at low velocity Large streams at normal velocity Swift streams Rapids and waterfalls >1.15 Reaeration coeffients, k R, were calculated using self-purification constants, f, and a deoxygenation constant k of 0.23 d 1 from Fair, Geyer, and kun (1968) page