Rapid range expansion of invasive quagga mussels in Western Europe

Transcription

1 Rapid range expansion of invasive quagga mussels in Western Europe by Rob Leuven Jon Matthews, Frank Collas, Remon Koopman Bram bij de Vaate & Gerard van der Velde April 23, th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada 1

2 Problem statement 1. Recent range expansion of the quagga mussel Russia (> 1940), North America (> ) and SouthEastern Europe (>2004) 2. Regarded as an highly invasive species 3. In 2006 first record in the Netherlands (Molloy et al., 2007) and rapid range expansion in Western Europe 4. An overview characterizing the spread and impacts is lacking 5. Lack of insight into key factors that influence the distribution and population establishment 2/20

3 Research objectives 1. To characterize the spread of quagga mussels in Western Europe and NL 2. To analyze dispersal rates and mechanisms allowing predictions of range expansion 3. To analyze environmental factors that influence colonization 4. To assess effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (replacement of zebra mussel?) 5. To derive feasible management options Main research question What are controllable environmental factors that influence distribution, population establishment and effects of quagga mussels? 3/20

4 Material and methods 1: Data acquisition Data in scientific papers, reports and websites Zoological Record Web of Knowledge Scopus Google Scholar Several grey literature search engines Data bases Governmental organizations NGOs volunteers citizen scientists Additional field surveys littoral zones Standard sampling of hard substrates (5 stones) Scrape, pond net and sediment core sampling Wash on banks (dead mussels) (Potential) vectors Physicochemical properties Monitoring spatial and temporal trends 4/20

5 Material and methods 2: Additional field survey locations in NL Lake IJsselmeer Lake Markermeer River Nederrijn River IJssel River Waal River Rhine Germany River Meuse Belgium 5/20

6 Results 1: Range expansion of quagga mussels in Europe Indigenous range Until the 1940s only the rivers Southern Bug and Dnieper in the Ukraine (Son 2007) Dispersal rates: Average 120 km yr1 Range km yr1 5 9 Indigenous range Indigenous range 6/20 8

7 Results 2: Range expansion of quagga mussels in the NL Location of first record 7/20

8 Results 3: Cumulative number of quagga locations in NL Km grids 8/207

9 9/20 Results 3: Presence of dreissenids species per water type

10 Results 4: Environmental conditions versus physiological tolerances Properties Calcium (mg l 1 ) Cadmium (μg l 1 ) Copper (μg l 1 ) Lead (μg l 1 ) Zinc (μg l 1 ) Oxygen (mg l 1 ) ph Salinity (psu) Temperature ( o C) Flow velocity (cm S 1 ) Ranges in rivers, canals and lakes # Tolerances (Literature) >12 1 <272, *, <43 2,*, <91 2,*, <131 2,*, > * ,5,6* <5 7,8 > 9 reproduction 9 < ,7,11 < 92012, 13 10/20 1: Jones and Ricciardi (2005); 2: Kraak et al. (1994); 3: 787 Karatayev et al. (2007); 4: Ramcharan et al. (1992); 5: Neary and Leach (1992); 6: Bowman and Bailey (1998); 7: Karatayev et al. (1998); 8: Spidle et al. (1995); 9: Bij de Vaate (2008); 10: Mills et al. (1996); 11: 790 Verbrugge et al. (2012); 12: Ackerman (1999); 13: Eckman et al. (1989); : EC50 for filtration, 10 weeks; * only available for zebra mussel

11 Results 4: Environmental conditions versus physiological tolerances 11/20

12 Results 4: Environmental conditions versus physiological tolerances 12/20

13 Results 5: Influence of hydrological connectivity on occurrence Zebramussel Quagga mussel 13/20

14 14/20 Results 6: Relevant dispersal vectors / mechanism

15 15/20 Results 6: Relevant dispersal vectors / mechanism

16 Results 6: Relevant dispersal vectors / mechanism Vector or mechanism DS US L V O Remarks References Foot and shell movement Triggered by change in habitat 1 Water flow Floating materials Commercial and recreational shipping Overland transport of watercraft pontoons, buoyes etc. Several animal species Seasonal drift of veligers; detached adults By water flow and wind driven Attached to hulls, ballast water, etc. Attached to hulls etc, entangled vegetation Endo and exozoochory, attached to prey etc. 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 4,7, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 26, 27, 28 1: Kappes and Haase (2012); 2: Johnson and Padilla (1996); 3: Stoeckel et al. (1997); 4: Carlton (1993); 5: Horvarth and Lamberti (1997); 6: Wilson et al. (1999); 7: Matthews et al. (2012); 8: Keevin et al. (1992); 9: Nehring (2002); 10: Slynko et al. (2002); 11: Bij de Vaate et al. (2002); 12:Olenin (2002); 13: Minchin et al. (2003); 14: Carlton and Geller (1993); 15: Endresen et al. (2004); 16: Holeck et al. (2004); 17: Padilla et al. (1996); 18: Buchan and Padilla (1999); 19: 776 Kraft and Johnson (2000); 20: Allen and Ramcharan (2001); 21: Johnson et al. (2001); 22 : Kraft et al.(2002); 23 : Minchin et al. (2002); 24 : Pollux et al. (2003); 25 : Bidwell (2010); 26 : Johnson and Carlton (1996); 27 : Bossenbroek et al. (2001); 28: Karatayev et al. (2003). 16/20

17 17/20 Results 7: Relative contribution of quagga mussels to total number of dreissenids

18 Discussion 1. Uncertainty in dispersal rates 2. Evidence for species replacement 3. Relative abundance is a poor predictor of colonization time 4. Various environmental factors determine density and relative abundance Multiple toxicants, temperature and salinity Desiccation Water depth Shipping induced wave stress 5. Ecosystem based management options Natural heterogeneity of littoral zones Water level fluctuations during extreme events 18/20

19 Conclusions 1. Quagga mussels showed a rapid and continued range expansion in the Western European network of waterways (rivers and canals) 2. The average dispersal rate was 120 km yr 1 (range km yr 1 ) 3. Hydrological connectivity determined the speed of colonization 4. Isolated water bodies were not colonized (requires a suitable vector) 5. Relative abundance of quagga to zebra mussel greatly increased in most sampling sites 6. Limited evidence for displacement of the zebra mussel 19/20

20 Thanks for your attention Questions? 20/20 For more information or cooperation: Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands