Visualization experiments on the influence of wall wettability on the liquid loading in

Transcription

1 Visualization experiments on the influence of wall wettability on the liquid loading in wells V. Khosla, L.M. Portela, R.A.W.M. Henkes (Delft Univ. of Technology) G.J.N. Alberts, S.P.C. Belfroid (TNO) C.A.M. Veeken (Shell NAM) Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

2 Outline Introduction: Liquid loading Why wall wettability? Experiments 2 Phases 1. Steel tubes : 20mm, 67mm 2. Perspex tubes : 20mm, 50mm Results: Pressure gradient, liquid hold-up, flow Conclusions Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

3 Liquid Loading Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept, mm ID, Pressure 1 bara, u sl 1cm/s

4 Introduction Normal well Annular flow = Film + Droplets Liquid loading governed by Film reversal Droplet size assumed by Turner not observed J.M.C. van t Westende, 2008 Gas core of droplets Pipe center Film Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

5 Introduction Onset caused by liquid film reversal creates new mitigation opportunities Veeken & Belfroid (2011) Ordinary tube Tube with Hydrophobic coating Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

6 Liquid Loading Tubing Performance Curve Loading point Onset of instabilities Critical rate Unstable Stable Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept, mm ID, Pressure 1 bara

7 Experiments: Steel Tubes Small scale: 20mm ID Air/water Atmospheric pressure 10 sections of 300mm Fixed Mass flows at inflow points LGR: Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

8 Experiments: Steel Tubes, 20mm Hydrophilic 30 Base case SS 60 Hydrophobic 140 Pressure drop [mba ar/m] RVS hydrophilic : interpolated P7-P11 for constant LGR LGR = 2000 LGR = 1000 LGR = 500 LGR = 300 LGR = 200 LGR = 150 Pressure drop [mba ar/m] RVS base : interpolated P7-P11 for constant LGR LGR = 2000 LGR = 1000 LGR = 500 LGR = 300 LGR = 200 LGR = 150 Pressure drop [mba ar/m] RVS hydrophobic : interpolated P7-P11 for constant LGR LGR = 2000 LGR = 1000 LGR = 500 LGR = 300 LGR = 200 LGR = Gas mass flow rate [kg/s] Gas mass flow rate [kg/s] Gas mass flow rate [kg/s] Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

9 Pressure Gradient: Steel Tubes, 20mm Hydrophobic Higher friction Lower gravity Hydrophilic Almost same behavior as base case Shift in minimum Higher P Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

10 Experiments: Steel Tubes, 67mm Large scale: 67mm ID Air/water 1-4 bara pressure Inclination angle: vertical sections of 1000mm Fixed Mass flows at inflow points Qgas = 2-15 MSm 3 /day LGR = Sm 3 /MMSm 3 Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

11 Pressure Gradient: Steel Tubes, 67mm Tube Performance Curves Series 1 and Series 22, non-coated vs. coated, 1 barg, vertical, LGR=1000 m 3 /10 6 Sm 3 GameChangerIII project, LGR September and October 4, 2011 Press sure drop across bottom and top section (mbar) Uncoated, bottom section Uncoated, top section Coated, bottom section Coated, top section No effect of coating! Gas flow (Sm3/d) Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

12 Small Scale vs. Large Scale Comparing test conditions Pressure Range LGR Range L/D [bara] [sm3/mm3] [-] 20mm ID to 2000 ~60 67mm ID 1 to to 4500 ~135 Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

13 Conclusions: Steel Tubes Most promising hydrophobic tube wall Effect of hydrophobic coating: 20mm 67mm Effect of coating Yes No Possible reason: Tube diameter? Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

14 What Next? Use Perspex Visualize flow Understand mechanism Try different pipe sizes with Perspex tubes Objectives: o Flow regime, transitions: o Tubing performance curves: o Liquid hold-up: 20mm, 50mm 20mm, 50mm 50mm Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

15 Experiments: Perspex Tubes Small scale : 20mm ID Hi-speed camera Air/water Atmospheric pressure 10 sections of 300mm Fixed Mass flows at inflow points U sl : Up to 5cm/s Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

16 Pressure Gradient: Perspex Tubes, 20mm Shift in minimum Pressure: Copyright 1 bara, of INSERT COMPANY U sl = NAME 1 cm/s HERE Sept,

17 Pressure Gradient: Perspex Tubes, 20mm E A D C B Pressure: Copyright 1 bara, of INSERT COMPANY U sl = NAME 1 cm/s HERE Sept,

18 Flow Visualization: 20mm Perspex tube 10 mm Perspex tube + Hydrophobic coating U sg (m/s) Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept, U sl = 1 cm/s; Pressure 1 bara

19 Flow Visualization: 20mm Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

20 Experiments: Perspex Tubes Mid scale: 50mm ID Air/water Atmospheric pressure 13 sections of 1m Fixed Mass flows at inflow points U sl : Up to 7cm/s Hi-speed camera Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

21 Flow Visualization: 50mm Uncoated Coated Uncoated Coated Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

22 Flow Visualization: 50mm Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

23 Pressure Gradient: 50mm No Shift! Shift in minimum Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept, 2012 Pressure = 1bara

24 Pressure Gradient: 50mm P COATED P P UNCOATED UNCOATED 100 % Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

25 Liquid Hold-up: 50mm 25 Pressure = 1bara Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

26 Liquid Hold-up: 50mm 26 Pressure = 1bara Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

27 Conclusions Hydrophobic coating: promising deliquification measure Break film Delayed flow reversal Scalability issues, coating adherence 20mm 50mm 67mm Why? Steel Yes -- No Perspex Low usl/usg : Significant Yes improvement ~Yes? Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

28 Conclusions Why the coating did not work at 67 mm? Before After Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

29 Conclusions Why the coating did not work at 67 mm? Before After Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

30 Conclusions Most promising hydrophobic tube wall Break film Delayed flow reversal Scalability issues, coating adherence 20mm 50mm 67mm Steel Yes -- No Perspex Low usl/usg : Significant Yes improvement ~Yes? More investigation: Tube diameter, inclinations, coating technology Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

31 Acknowledgements Dries van Nimwegen, PhD student Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

32 Q & A Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,

33 Flow Assurance for Flowlines and Wells Three-days course April 2013, TNO Delft The Fluid Dynamics Department of TNO in Delft organizes this course for engineers in the process and oil and gas industry. This course will provide a mixture of both solid theoretical knowledge on multiphase physics and application to flow assurance topics, presented by Prof. Rene Oliemans and Prof. Ruud Henkes of Delft University of Technology and senior consultants of the TNO Fluid Dynamics Department. Demonstrations in multiphase flow facilities as well as simulations and practical exercises will be used to illustrate the course s material. Copyright of INSERT COMPANY NAME HERE Sept,